the provision and iron region of the southwest. | system of transporting the raw material to a From the character of their climate and soil, great distance, at a great expense, to get it their agricultural pursuits are more varied; manufactured, will be perpetuated. And a they cannot be said to have any decided and bushel of corn grown in the west for ten cents, fixed staple, except in some small districts, must continue to be sent to the east at the and consequently as their population increases, cost of from thirty to forty cents, to feed the they will more naturally diversify their pur- operatives; and after giving employment to suits. Situated between the south and the the eastern population, and paying a large north, their location is a most happy one for profit on eastern capital, and to eastern merthe distribution of their great leading pro- chants, the manufactured article will be reducts; and when our population shall reach turned to the west, charged with transportaeighty or a hundred millions, as it must before tion and other expenses, to be consumed and the present generation shall all have passed paid for in part with corn at ten cents per away, the middle states will become the rich bushel, and other western produce at correest and most interesting portion of the Union; sponding prices. The whole process is so abthe great internal commerce of the Union surd and preposterous when fairly stated, that will find its centre here, and cities and markets we can scarcely believe in its present existence, will be established, equalling, and perhaps although the whole country is engaged in surpassing, those situated upon the sea coast. carrying it on every day. Besides the article of provisions, this region There is another consideration connected will be able to produce and manufacture the with the perpetuation of this system. As articles of iron, hemp and tobacco cheaper the lands become more and more exhausted than they can be any where else produced; in the older and more northern parts of the and by reason of advantage of location, these slaveholding districts, slave labor will become articles can be distributed in every direction | less and less valuable; it will therefore press as from a common centre, with less cost of south and southwest, and their places will be transportation to the consumer. Here like filled by white laborers, thus insensibly narwise will centre the arts and refinements of rowing the limits of the slave district, until civilization, which will give the distinctive the whole of this population will be crowded tone and coloring to the American character. into a comparatively small area in the exSuch predictions may appear rash to many, treme south. This result of all others should but before they are condemned as visionary be avoided if possible by the slaveholders; and false, I respectfully invite an attentive for it would in every way tend to lessen the examination of the map of the United States, value of their property, and would sooner or with a careful inquiry into the natural re- later verify the prediction of the eccentric sources of each and every state and territory statesman of Roanoke, that instead of the east of the Rocky Mountains. After such an slaves running away from the master, the examination, let it be imagined that the valley master would run away from his slaves. of the Mississippi, including Texas, contains a As the country fills up with a more crowdpopulation of one hundred millions, and that ed population in the non-slaveholding states, two fifths of this population is situate west of free labor by degrees will press upon the the Mississippi river, and I think it will be northern limits of the slaveholding states, admitted that the eastern cities can no longer and gain a footing within its borders. This control the commerce and finances of this will be a different race from the southern nonmighty region; and this is a state of things slaveholder; these will be people who are not so remote but that many now living may inured to habits of industry and enterprise; realize it, for in seventy years from this time, they will bring the means to purchase the if our population should continue to increase worn-out fields, and they will go to work to at a ratio equal to the seventy years past, it restore them to fertility by their own industry will reach over one hundred and fifty millions. and skill; they will not use slave labor, and Such is the destiny that awaits the southwest, all the land thus purchased and occupied will if her population should have the foresight be so much taken from the occupation of and wisdom to improve the means that slaves; for it may be safely assumed that nature and her peculiar institutions have when the slaves have once progressed south, placed in her power. But if she blindly ad- they will never return to the north again. heres to her old system of applying all her This process has already commenced, and labor to the production of but one, or a few some of the northern counties of Virginia are articles, thereby exhausting her natural beginning to attract the attention of their wealth and receiving nothing that is substan-northern neighbors, whose settlement here tial and permanent in its stead, she must will no doubt be beneficial to this particular lose all the advantages of her position and of district. But if this emigration should beher vast resources, and the eastern states come considerable, it must in time greatly must continue to increase their manufactures affect the value of slave property in the until they shall monopolize both the raw ma- south. terial and the fabric. And thus, the absurd Thus I have endeavored to suggest to the public mind such arguments as have occurred any human policy. Nevertheless, it is our to me upon this important subject. I have duty to march onward, guided by the lights endeavored to show, that the agricultural of reason and experience, trusting the events system hitherto pursued in the south and to an overruling Providence. southwest has proved ruinous to the country If this humble effort should in any way be by exhausting the soil, and thereby rendering the means of directing the attention of the it every year less and less capable of produ- people of the southwest to the subject of cing the appliances of human want and hu- manufacturing, and of inducing them to exman comfort; and that it has a tendency to amine the several topics which I have endivide the population into two classes, widely deavored to present for their consideration, I differing from each other in many important trust that individuals possessing more caparespects; that to these and other causes must city, as well as more time and means for probe assigned the reason of the small increase curing correct information, will take the of the population of the older southern states matter in hand, and afford to the country the for the ten years preceding the year 1840, benefit of their talents and observation. It and the great want of education among the will be in the power of such individuals to poorer classes. On the other hand, have confer a lasting benefit upon the country, and endeavored to show some of the effects which place their names among those of its benemay be expected from the introduction of factors. manufactures into the southwest; among which I have supposed that the moral con- MANUFACTURES-INFLUENCE OF ON dition of the people would be improved, and THE GROWTH OF CITIES.-CANNELTON, INthat by diversifying the employments of the DIANA.—We are indebted to Hamilton Smith, country, the means of human comfort would Esq., the distinguished manufacturer of the be greatly increased, and that all classes of West, and the man who is doing more at this the population would share in these benefits; moment for advancing the manufacturing and that the value of the exports would be greatly general prosperity of this great region than enlarged by the process of manufacturing, and perhaps any other in the nation, for a copy of that, instead of a constant drain from the his elaborate pamphlet, prepared by request, country of the products of all its labor and upon the mineral, coal, and manufacturing soil, that wealth would flow into it from every facilities of Cannelton, Indiana. We have part of the world. I have called the atten- examined it with much interest, as many of tion of the south and southwest to the rapid the particulars included have from time to increase of labor in this region, and the ne- time been presented by the author through cessity of finding profitable employment for our Review, and as there are many more it; and have taken the liberty of suggesting which are deserving of the widest circulation a plan of introducing manufactures by de- and study. The attention of capitalists in pargrees, as well for the purpose of preventing a ticular should be directed to this quarter, shock to the established pursuits of the coun- which promises them the most prolific retry, as to avoid the creation of a state of in- turns. Extensive cotton factories are in condebtedness. These, with various other topics, struction, and the coal mines are in control of I have desired to impress upon the mind of a company who solicit capital. The great the people of the southwest. Many of these mill of which a wood-cut representation is topics are no doubt familiar to many, nor given in the pamphlet is intended for 10,800 could they be otherwise to those who reside spindles and 372 looms; it is 287 feet long in the country; but we sometimes become and 65 feet wide; towers 106 feet high. The familiarized with evils until we cease to ob- attic (220 feet by 40 feet) is lighted by winserve them, and in such cases a friendly sug-dows in the gable-ends. Corner-stone laid gestion may be useful. My principal object May 21, 1849. in this essay has been to arrest the attention "This town was laid out in 1835, and setof the people of the southwest, and to invite tled by colliers under the supervision of them to the consideration of a subject intimately connected with their prosperity. My conclusions may not in every instance be correct, and although they would seem to be fair deductions from the facts stated, yet the unforeseen events and changes which time alone can reveal, may produce results very different from those which I have supposed. Be this as it may, the amelioration of the condition of the human family is among the great du ties of man, and to promote this object we are called to act upon the lights before us; we are not permitted to penetrate the future, and to predict with certainty the result of Rhodes and McLane. In 1836 the American Cannel Coal Company was formed, which owes its origin to the late General Seth Hunt, of New Hampshire; a man whose intelligence was only equalled by the energy of his cha racter, and who, in connection with Messrs. Hobart, Williams and Russell, then wealthy capitalists of Boston, purchased a large tract of land, consisting of about 7,000 acres, and made several entries to the coal strata. The capital stock of this company is $500,000. From 400,000 to 500,000 bushels of coal are mined here per annum. The site of this town is on a bend of the Ohio; and embraces over 1,000 acres between the river and the coal hills. The landing is very fine. The principal improvements and growth of Cannelton have taken place within the last twelve months. Its population is now somewhere between 1,200 and 1,500 persons. prosperity of this town dates from 1770-'80. Its population in 1773 was 5.604; in 1801, 18,583; in 1811, 25,551; in 1821, 32,973; in 1831, 43,397. It is a seat of cotton manufacture, and the birth-place of Arkwright. Its growth is attributed to its command of coal, being situated in a coal district. "A large first class hotel, containing over 70 sleeping-rooms, is now being constructed, "Bradford, England. - Township consists and will be ready for occupation by the last of of 1,680 acres; population in 1801, 6,393; in May. Besides the saw and grist-mill of J. C. 1821, 13,064; in 1831, no less than 23,233, Porter & Co., referred to on the map, the and since that period has increased still more cotton-mill company have already in opera- rapidly. Its growth is owing to its manution a fine steam planing-mill, and, connected factures, which are facilitated by its unlimited with the same power, several circular saws, command of coal and its abundance of iron. turning-lathes, etc. The establishment of Mr. Burnley, England.-Population in 1801, Z. W. Merrithew, for the manufacture of 3,305; in 1821, 6,378; in 1841, 54,192. A shaved shingles, is also worthy of notice. A manufacturing town. Cause of growth, abun short distance above Castlebury Creek, and dance and cheapness of coal found in the upon the bank of the river, Messrs. Ross, Tal- vicinity, with a good supply of freestone, slate, bott & Co. are erecting a large saw and flour- &c. The town is built mostly of freestone. ing-mill. Just below the mouth of Dozier "Bury, England.-A large manufacturing Creek Mr. Thomas M. Smith is about building town, consisting of 4,360 acres. Population another saw-mill. A building has already in 1821, 13,480; in 1841, 77,496. In the been erected by Messrs. Smith and Badger parish of the same name, and which includes for a foundry, but is not yet in operation. this town, are extensive quarries of building The tin, copper and sheet iron establishment stone, and nine wrought coal mines. of J. S. Thayer & Brother is well known to the community. Recently our friend Beacon has commenced the manufacture of brick, and in a short time will be ready to fill all orders in this respect. We have some eight or ten stores of different kinds, and a full supply of professional gentlemen. We have bakers, butchers, shoemakers, tailors and milliners." We take from the pamphlet the following statistical facts, showing the prodigious advances of manufacturing towns, which should furnish to the people of the south in particular the most salutary lessons. Let us take the old cities of Charleston and Savannah, and ask why they have so long been as it were stationary, while every thing around is in motion? By the introduction of an extensive system of manufactures, it would be easy to advance the population of these cities two-fold in a single decade. We believe their citizens are now beginning to perceive it. "The causes of the growth of modern cities are the concentration, or assemblage in certain localities, of the materials, or the most useful materials, which afford labor for the hand of industry, and from the products of which the growing wants of mankind are supplied. 66 "To sustain this position, we submit the following concise statements, showing the causes of the growth and progress of the several cities and towns respectively mentioned: Birmingham, England. This city in 1801 had a population of 73,670, in 1831 of 146,986, in 1839 an estimated population of 190,000, and at the present time of probably not less than 250,000. Its opulence, celebrity and magnitude are ascribable to the iron, stone and coal with which the district abounds. "Bolton, England.—The rapid growth and Carlisle, England. - A manufacturing town, supplied with coal from places varying from twelve to twenty miles distant. Popula tion in 1801, 10,221; in 1821, 15,486; in 1841, 36,084. "Charleroy-An important manufacturing town in Belgium, situated in the centre of the great coal basin of Charleroy. In 1836 it had seventy-two mines in active operation, producing 900,000 tons of coal per annum Iron abounds, and also quarries of marble and slate. Its furnaces give employment to 3,000 men, and during the winter season 4,000 men are employed in making naila Its coal, iron and stone have made it what it is Derby, England.-A mancfacturing town, with both water-power and coal. Population in 1841, 35,015; in 1811 it was only 18,043. "Durham, England.-In 1821 this city bad a population of 10,282; in 1831, only 10,520. About this time extensive collieries were opened, and the population immediately increased, so that in 1840 the number of its inhabitants was put down at 40,000. Previous to this it was one of the dullest cities in the kingdom. Stone, lime, coal and iron abound. "Huddersfield, England. - The township consists of 3,950 acres, and had a population in 1801 of 7,268, in 1831 of 19,035. The population of the parish in 1840 was esti mated at 40,000. It is one of the principal seats of the woollen manufacture, and stands in the midst of a rich coal field. There is also an ample supply of water-power. Johnston, Scotland-The rise of this town has been more rapid than any other town in Scotland. The ground on which it stands began, for the first time, to be fued, or let, on building leases, in 1781, when it contained only ten persons. Its population in 1840 is set down at 7,000. Its growth is owing to the introduction of manufactures, it being situated on a fine water-power. It has several foundries and machine-shops, and near the town are four collieries. "Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - Population in 1831, 53,613; in 1841 estimated at 65,000. It owes its importance, if not its existence, to its convenient situation as a place of shipment for the coal wrought in its neighborhood. Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.-The popula"Leeds, England-A celebrated manufac- tion of Pittsburg for each decennary period turing town, and the great centre of the from 1800 was 1,565, 4,768, 7,248, 12,542, woollen cloth trade. Population of the town 21,115. With its dependencies it has a prein 1831, 71,602. Its eminence is owing sent population of about 100,000; and alpartly to its advantageous situation in a fertile country, intersected with rivers, and partly to its possessing inexhaustible beds of coal. "Leigh, England.-A manufacturing town, with a population in 1841 of 22,229. In 1834, according to Mr. Baines, upwards of 8,000 persons were employed in spinning and weaving cotton and silk, both by hand and powerlooms. Its industry and growth is promoted by its abundance of coal and lime. Lowell, Massachusetts. - Population in 1820, 200; at the present time, 35,000. Cause of growth, its great water-power. Lawrence, Massachusetts.-Present population, 7,500. Four or five years ago it was but a school district. Its water-wheels have graded streets, and lined these with splendid edifices, on alluvial land so poor that it would not average a crop of fifteen bushels of corn to the acre without artificial enrichment. “Manchester, New-Hampshire, in 1835 was a small hamlet; in 1840 a few mills had increased its population to about 3,000; it is said to contain now about 17,000 souls. Although it is in a hilly and barren country, and receives its materials and sends its products over about sixty miles of railroad, it is still growing with rapidity, because it has the motive-power of the Merrimac. though it has lost the greater part of its transportation and commercial business, it is now growing more rapidly than ever. The copper ore of Lake Superior, the lead of Illinois, the wheat of Michigan, the cotton of Tennessee, and even the iron and sand of Missouri, are transported to and combined by the power that lies in the Pittsburg coal. “Oldham, England.—A large manufacturing town, chiefly cotton. Population in 1841, 42,594. In 1760 it comprised only about 60 thatched tenements. In 1839 it had two hundred manufactories, set in motion by a steam-power equal to 2,942 horses, and employing 15,391 hands. It has an abundant and immediate supply of excellent coal. Rochester, New-York. Population in 1820, 1,502; in 1830, 9,269; in 1840, 20,191. It owes its great advantages and rapid growth to its vast water-power, created by the falls in the Genesee river. "Sheffield, England-Noted for its hardware, cutlery, etc. Population of the parish in 1801, 45,755; in 1831, 91,692; and in 1841, 110,801. Its manufactures are exten sive, and known the world over. Coal and iron have made the city. 66 Wolverhampton, England. This town, or rather the district including the town, com"Manhcester, England.-The great centre prises 16,630 acres. Its population in 1881 of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain, was 67,514. In 1841 the population of the and the principal manufacturing town in the town alone was 36,189. Wolverhampton, world. Manchester and Salford are separated and the places in its vicinity, owe their rapid by the small river Irwell, and form one rise to the mines of coal and iron-stone. town, covering 3,000 acres. The population "Other illustrations, such as Pottsville, of the town and suburbs, including Salford, Cumberland, Wheeling, Pomeroy, etc., might in 1801, was 95,313; in 1831, 239,388; and be adduced, but those already given are bein 1841 was estimated at 360,000. Manu- lieved to be sufficient to indicate the tendency facturing has made Manchester. The steam- of men at the present time to cluster around engine, with other improved machines for and build their homes in such localities as working up cotton, have made its manufac- afford them the great staples and materials tures, and the coal from the inexhaustible coal-upon which they may bestow their labor, and field, on the edge of which the city is situated, for which they may receive the largest rates has fed the engine. Hence the modern growth of compensation."-Cannelton Economist. of Manchester is ascribable to its coal. "Merthyr Tydvil, S. Wales. - Population 27,460 in 1831; in 1841, 34,977. It is remarkable for its iron works, and is wholly indebted for its prosperity to its rich mines of coal, iron ore and limestone. Towards the middle of the last century it was an insignificant village, and in 1755 the lands and mines for several miles around the village, the seat of the great works now erected, were let for ninety-nine years for £200 a year. MANUFACTURES.-PROGRESS OF T COTTON MANUFACTURE IN THE UNITED STAT -We copy from the last number of the "Dry Goods Reporter," the organ of the manufacturing interest, published in New-York, the following condensed and interesting account of the progress of the cotton manufacture in the United States during the last twentythree years. The reader will perceive that the greatest amount of increase has actually occurred during the existence of the present tariff, thus refuting all the pretenses that the cotton manufacturing interest is suffering for want of adequate protection in the shape of a prohibitory tariff, giving it the monopoly of the American market: Being an increase of consumption, from the three years first named to the last named, of 280 per cent. in twenty-three years; or say the average of 12 per cent. per annum. This, it will be understood, is exclusive of the annual consumption in the cotton-growing states, where the increase may have been even larger. (See Cotton.) SIR-I have thought it might be interesting and important, both to your subscribers and the public generally, to bring before them at the present time the following statistical MANUFACTURES.-EXTENSION OF COT information, comprising the annual consump- TON AND WOOL FACTORIES AT THE Southtion of cotton in the United States for the We have been favored by the author (E past twenty-three years, and the exports of Steadman, of Tennessee) with a very able the domestic manufactured cottons for nearly and instructive paper upon this subject, which the same period, which, at one view, shows we regret our inability to publish entire, but the progressive increase of these exports, and from which we shall freely extract. Mr. the far more remarkable increase of the an- Steadman recommends the application of nual consumption of the cotton manufactured slave labor throughout our limits to these goods in the United States. And I propose to add such commentary as the examination of these statistics has brought to my mind. I begin with the apparent annual consumption of cotton in bales for the years respectively named: Bales. Bales. In 1826-27..149,516 | In 1838-39..276,018 1827-28..120,593 1828-29..118,853 1829-30..126,512 1830-31..182,142 1831-32..173,800 1832-33..194,412 1833-34..196,413 1834-35..216,888 1835-36..236,733 1836-37..222,540 1837-38..246,063 purposes. In this we heartily agree, such labor having been found most advantageous wherever adopted. STATISTICS OF A COTTON AND WOOLLEN MILL OF 5,000 SPINDLES; $100,000 CAPITAL In order that the reader may fully under1839-40..295,193 stand us as we go along, we will here lay be 1840-41..297,288 fore him an estimate of one year's operation 1841-42..267,850 of the proposed cotton and woollen mill of 1842-43..325,129 five thousand spindles, with eighty-eight cot1843-44..346,744 ton and twenty-four woollen looms for manu1844-45..388,006 facturing osnaburgs, sheetings, yarns, jeans, 1845-46..422,397 and linsey, the estimated cost of which, in 1846-47..427,967 cluding lot, buildings and machinery, ready 1847-48..581,772 for operation, is $100,000. 1848-49..518,039 Total of 23 years being....6,281,868 These quantities do not include the cotton consumed in the cotton-growing states themselves, which, for the year ending 1st September, 1848, was estimated at 75,000 bales, and 1st September, 1849, 110,000, thus making the real consumption of raw cotton in the United States for the years ending 1st September, 1848, 606,772 bales; 1st September, 1849, 628,039. Before proceeding to the statistics of exports, let us look at some of the prominent facts exhibited by the foregoing table of annual consumption. Bales. The contemplated mill will an- $46,170 00 81,050 00 52,800 00 |