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earnings in these mills that has been added to surplus funds, or invested in new machinery, improvements, property, or new stocks.

As the new city of Lawrence is growing with magical rapidity, and new cotton taills are in progress of erection all over the New England seaboard, notwithstanding the changes in the tariff and the desperate struggles of the Eng lish manufacturer to drive us out of foreign markets, (so desperate that brown cottons have been sold cheaper at Calcutta than their cost in Manchester;) and as we know that the bank and railroad dividends in New-England will average 8 per cent., it will not be considered an over-estimate to put this average on our capital to the savings above; or $16,000 plus $44,633 86-860,633 86, or over 30 per cent. dividends, to be reasonably expected from our mills.

If the maximum of advantages is taken and added to 20 per cent. average of earnings of eastern mills, (and it is believed that this calculation would be nearer the truth,) the estimated profits here would be so enormous that western men could scarcely be brought to believe the accuracy of the calculations without the severest tests of experience.

Several months since, and before these articles were written, I sent the results to a friend and practical manufacturer of cotton on the Ohio. His answer was this: "An Irish laborer once wrote home to his friends that he got meat for his meals three times a week. Why, you lying dog,' said his employer, 'do you not get meat three times a day, and every day?' Yes,' said the laborer, but I want my friends to come and join me; meat three times a week will bring them here, but if I promise it three times a day they won't be lieve a word of it.'"

Another practical manufacturer in the west writes to me that the calculations are substantially correct, and the results within the truth, but that a model mill, on the Lowell system, is required to convince the western capitalists of these truths.

MANUFACTURE OF SHOES AT THE SOUTH-AMOUNTS WHICH MIGHT BE GAINED TO US BY ABANDONING THE IMPORTTS OF SHOES, &c.-There are now many shoe factories in operation or going up at the south. The Richmond Dispatch thus speculates upon the subject:

"It has been estimated that ready-made shoes, to the value of not less than five millions of dollars, are annually imported into the several southern states from the north. We are not aware of the quantity taken in Virginia, but we have no doubt it is very large, since one house in this city (so we e learn) imports annually to the amount of $100,000. We regard it as highly probable that the state of Virginia imports from the north, annually, shoes to the value of $2,000,000. Much the

larger portion of these shoes, it is believed, is made in Boston; that very city which sets the laws of the United States at defiance, in order to prevent southern gentlemen from re-capturing their slaves.

"Now what is to prevent us in this city from manufacturing all the shoes which may be wanted to supply our own state? We have the same facilities that they have in Boston for carrying on the business by wholesale, and there can be no doubt that, provided the merchants, who now import so largely, could obtain their supplies at home, they would greatly prefer it. Many of them, it is believed, own property in the city, and are otherwise interested in its prosperity. They know that by offering additional means of employment, they add to the population of the city, and that every addition of an inhabitant increases the value of their property. We will not take into the account, at present, those merchants from the country who pass by Richmond without stopping, and go to the north for their supplies. We will only sup pose that the ready-made shoes imported into this city from the north, and sold here, were manufactured in Richmond-what a great addition would it be to the means of employment! How many boys and females would find means of earning their bread, who are now suffering for a regular supply of the necessaries of life!

We have no means of ascertaining how much of the two millions, which we have supposed to be sent from Virginia to the northern cities, and invested in ready-made shoes for the Virginia market, actually goes from Richmond. We will coufine our remarks, therefore, to the $150,000 sent by the single house, already alluded to. Let us see how many persons these would give employment to, if made in Richmond.

"We see it stated that a case of shoes averages in the northern shoe markets $40.00; so that this house imports, annually, 3,750 cases of shoes. As each case contains sixty pair of shoes, the whole number of cases contain 225,000 pair, or 450,000 shoes. We are not aware how many shoes a good workman can average a day, but we will suppose three shoes. Allowing three hundred working days to the year, a good workman could make at this rate nine hundred in that space of time. To make the whole number, then, it would require five hundred good workmen, and all these workmen would be fed and clothed here at home. We say nothing of the females employed in stitching and binding, but their num ber would be considerable, and they too would be fed and clothed in the city.

"By the exercise of a proper economy, this $150,000 would be kept at home, for the em ployment of our own people. Let us see how much of our own merchandise and produce these five hundred workmen would take.

"We will allow to each workman twelve better understood. These are the most comdollars a year for clothing. This is a very mo- plete series of returns ever issued, of the derate allowance; far within the mark, we are number and power of the factories in the convinced. Yet it will answer our purpose textile manufactures, with the number, age, for the present. Now here would be $6,000 and sex of the persons employed in them. to be distributed among our merchants for dry They are not in exactly the same form as the goods, and among our tailors and sempstresses returns made in 1834, which are to be found for work. How many of these latter would it in the volume of "Tables of Revenue, Popufeed? Again, the food consumed by each of lation, and Commerce" for that year. We these workmen would amount to at least $100, cannot, therefore, compare the two series at giving $50,000 more to be distributed among all points. But in the most important parour bakers, grocers, millers, &c. This of itself ticulars they correspond, and thus we are would form no inconsiderable item; but when able to institute a comparison, and to show we take into consideration the number of idle the remarkable progress that has been made, hands it would set in motion, its importance in the space of sixteen years, in these great grows upon us. We say nothing of the lodg- departments of industry. To a very considing of these persons, nor of the sheets, blankets, erable proportion of our readers it will be incounterpanes, bedsteads, &c., affording em-teresting to trace the advances made in the ployment and profit to merchants, needle- branches with which they themselves may women, cabinet-makers, upholsterers, &c., nor of the crockery and hardware, and other necessaries which they would be compelled to use. Upon a fair average, we think that if these shoes were manufactured here in Rich mond, it would cause an additional expenditure here of at least $250,000, besides giving employment to seven or eight hundred persons. But this one house, it must be recollected, does but a small portion of the shoe importing business, comparatively. We have no doubt that the annual sums expended in this manner, reach, if they do not exceed, $500,000, and that the employment of it in the way indicated would add to the expenditure in the city 8 or 900,000 dollars, giving employment to more than 2,000 persons.

"That the whole wants of the city of Richmond and its customers might very well be supplied at home, we have not the slightest doubt. That it is time for Virginia to think of doing some such thing, the high-handed measures lately adopted in Boston sufficiently prove. As long as we are dependent upon these people, they will insult us at pleasure. Let us cut loose from them, thus far at least."

MANUFACTURES, GREAT BRITAIN-MANUFACTURING PROGRESS OF GREAT BRITAIN IN COTTON, WOOL, FLAX AND LINEN, SILK, ETC., WITH PRODUCTIONS AND PERSONS EMPLOYED Returns have just been pub lished, in compliance with an order of the House of Commons of the 15th August, 1850, on the motion of Mr. Pilkington, the member for Blackburn, which possess very great interest as an authentic record of several of the most important branches of our national industry. We published in our last the summaries of the returns under each branch of manufacture for the United Kingdom, to gether with a summary of the whole; and this week we publish the details of the same for the counties of England and Wales, by which the localities of the various manufac tures in that part of the kingdom may be]

be directly or indirectly connected, and to compare the several branches among each other. Of course, these returns apply only to the operations carried on in factories, and under the inspection of the factory inspectors, and they do not, therefore, include the auxiliary branches of the manufactures, such as hand-loom weavers, dyers, manufacturers of lace, hosiery, &c.

COTTON FACTORIES, UNITED KINGDOM.-In 1834 the number of cotton factories was 1,304; in 1850 it was 1,932; increase, 628 factories, or 48 per cent.

In the hands employed there was a somewhat greater increase: namely, from 220,134 in 1834, to 330,924 in 1850; increase, 110,790, or 50 per cent.

The increase in the steam and water-power employed in the cotton mills is much greater. These particulars are not given in the returns published by the Board of Trade for 1834, but they were furnished by the factory_inspectors to Mr. Edward Baines, for his "History of the Cotton Manufacture," published at the beginning of 1835, and we extract them from that work, (p. 394.) In 1834, the horsepower was 30,853 of steam, and 10,203 of water-total, 41,056 horse-power. In 1850, the horse-power was 71,005 of steam, and 11,550 of water-total, 82,555; being an increase of 100 per cent.

The number of spindles used in the cotton manufactures was not given in any returns of the factory inspectors in 1834; but it was estimated by Mr. E. Baines, on a comparison of the authorities of Burn, Kennedy, &c., at 9,333,000, (p. 383.) In 1850, the number was 20,977,017; being an increase of 102 per cent.

The number of power-looms was estimated by Mr. Baines, in 1834, at 100,000; it is given in 1850 as 249,627: increase, 149,627, or 150 per cent. In 1834 there were believed to be 250,000 hand-loom weavers; we have no means of stating the number in 1850.

The import of cotton wool increased from

303,656,837 lbs. in 1833, to 755,469,008 lbs. in 1849; being an increase of 451,812,163 lbs., or 148 per cent.*

Thus, as might have been expected from the improvements in machinery, and the speeding of the machines since 1834, the increase in the bands employed is less than the increase in the steam and water power, or in the spindles, and this again is less than the increase in the cotton wool consumed. The increase of hands has been 50 per cent, of steam and water-power 100 per cent, of spindles 102 per cent., of power looms 150 per cent, and of cotton wool consumed 148 per cent. Thus the extent of the manufacture has immensely increased; but, owing to the mechanical improvements, the productiveness of each work man, and of the machinery, has increased far more; of course, the consumer gains greatly by the reduction that necessarily takes place in the price of the manufactured article; the consumption increases, and this reacts upon and increases the manufacture.

which are kindred, yet distinct, were put together under the general head of “wool.” They are now given separately. In 1834, there were 1,322 mills; in 1850, there were 1,497 woollen inills, and 501 worsted millstotal, 1,998; increase, 676 mills, or 51 per cent.

The hands employed were, in 1834, 71,274; in 1850, there were 74,443 employed in the woollen mills, and 79,737 in the worsted mills total, 154,180; increase, 82,906 hands, or 116 per cent.

There is no document of authority, so far as we know, giving the steam or water-power of the mills, or the number of spindles employed in either branch of this manufacture, in 1834. The quantity of foreign and colonial sheep's wool retained for home consumption in 1833, was 39,065,620 lbs; in 1849, the quantity imported was 75,100,833 lbs. of sheep's wool, and 1,655,300 lbs. alpaca wool-total, 76,756,133 lbs., of which 12,324,415 lbs. sheep's wool, and 126,082 lbs.

We give the particulars in a tabular form: alpaca wool, was re-exported; leaving for

Mills.

In 1834.
.1,304

Water-power, (do.).....10,233

Spindles.

Power-looms.

....9,333,000
...100,000

home consumption, 64,305,836 lbs. of both Increase kinds. Increase since 1833, 25,239,016 lbs.,

In 1850, per cent.

.1,932 ....48 or 64 per cent. There are no materials for Persons employed.....220.134.......330,924.50 stating the quantity of British wool consumed Steam-power, (horses)..30.853 .71,005) ..100 at the two periods. Mr. M'Culloch estimates 11,550 20,977.017...102 the quantity of British wool used annually ...249,627 ...150 (eight or ten years since) at 110,000,000 lbs.; but we cannot offer any opinion on the comparative quantities in 1833 and 1849; though it may be said that the increase cannot be any thing approaching to the increase in foreign and colonial wool.

Cotton wool import

ed, lbs.............. . . . . . . 303,656,837 ...755,469,008 ...148

The principal seats of the cotton manufacture are shown by the numbers of factory operatives in different countries. Out of the whole number of 330,924, there are found 215,983 in Lancashire, 35,772 in Cheshire, 18,691 in Yorkshire, 22,759 in Lanarkshire, and 7,884 in Renfrewshire; the rest are scattered over other parts of the kingdom.

WOOLLEN AND WORSTED FACTORIES.-In 1834, these two branches of manufacture,]

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It appears, then, that the increase in the number of mills in the woollen and worsted manufactures since 1834, is 51 per cent.; the increase in the hands employed 116 per cent.; and the increase in the consumption of foreign and colonial sheep's wool, which forms less than one half the wool consumed, is 64 per cent.

We give the facts in tabular form, thus:

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Foreign and colonial wool consumed, lbs...39,066,620

..1,625 .... 10,300
..1,595.278 ......875,830....2,471,108
.9.439
...64,305,636

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42,056

64

The woollen mills are scattered over a in Lancashire, 6,043 in Gloucestershire, 2,867 greater number of counties in England, Scot-in Wiltshire, and 2,175 in Somersetshire. Land, and Ireland, than any other description Of the worsted mills, by very far the larg of mills; but, of 74,443 hands employed, there are found 40,611 in Yorkshire, 8,816

In this and all the subseqent comparisons of imports, &c., we take the years 1833 and 1849, in order to have an interval of sixteen years, which is the interval between the factory returns; the trade accounts for the year 1850 are not yet made up.

est number are in Yorkshire. Out of 79.737 hands employed, 70,905 are in this county, chiefly in the parishes of Bradford, Halifax, Keightley, and Bingley.

worsted manufacture since 1834, has been The increase that has taken place in the much greater than in the woollen manufacture.

F

FLAX AND LINEN FACTORIES.-In 1834, there were 347 flax mills; in 1850, there were 393; increase, 46, or 12 per cent.

But the hands employed were 33,283 in 1834, and 68,434 in 1850; increase, 35,151, or 105 per cent.

The raw material imported, flax and tow, or codila of flax and hemp, was, in 1833, 1,159,633 cwts.; and in 1850, it was 1,806,786 cwts.; increase, 677,153 cwts., or 60 per cent.

Mills.....

Persons employed

Inc
In 1834. In 1850, per ct.

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347

398 12

Spindles

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105

Power-looms

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In 1850

42,544

Inc

In 1834
263

per ct

277

5

30,682

39

2,858

853

1,225,560 6,092

2

614,689 168

Silk (raw) imported, lbs...4,417,627 4,518,132
229,119
Do. (thrown) do

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The chief seats of the silk factories are in Cheshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire, Warwickshire, and Yorkshire.

GENERAL SUMMARY.-The view given of our manufacturing industry, in the several departments of our textile manufactures, by comparing the returns of 1850 with those of 1834, is extremely satisfactory. The number of mills has increased within the last sixteen years from 3.236 to 4,330, or 34 per cent.; and the number of persons employed in them from 355,373 to 596,082; being an addition of 240,709 operatives, or 68 per cent.

In this manufacture both Scotland and Ireland have the advantage over England; whereas, in 1834, England had nearly as many hands employed in the trade as both Scotland and Ireland. In England, out of 19,001 hands employed, 11,515 are in Yorkshire, and 2,724 in Lancashire. In Scotland, out of 28,312 hands employed, 16,264 are in Forfarshire, 4,300 in Fifeshire, and 2,899 in Aberdeen. In Ireland, out of 21,121 hands employed, 11,657 are in Antrim, (Belfast,) and 4,336 in Down. The soil of Ireland appears to be peculiarly favorable to the linen manufacture, which has existed in Ulster for centuries. Until lately, however, the spinning by machinery was chiefly carried on in Eng land and Scotland; but an amazing start has been made in Ireland in this respect; in 1834 only 3,681 hands were employed in flax mills In Ireland, the persons employed were in Ireland, and in 1850 the number was 21,9,564 in 1834, and 24,687 in 1850; being an 121; being an increase of 17,440 hands, or increase of 15,123, or 158 per cent. 474 per cent. in sixteen years.

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The entire moving power of steam and water is equal to 134,217 horses, which, reckoning the power of a horse to be equal to 5 men, shows an aggregate mechanical power Only one other point calls for attention, used in the textile manufacture of the United namely, the ages and sexes of the factory Kingdom equal to 738,103 men. If we add operatives. In 1834 there were under 13 the 596,082 human beings employed in direct- years of age 27,774 boys and 29,681 girlsing this machinery, it would appear that the total, 56,455; in 1850, there were under 13 factories of the kingdom employ a power years 21,137 boys, and 20,638 girls-total, equal to 1,334,275 persons, besides ministering 40,775; showing a decrease of 6,637 boys, and

9,043 girls-total, 15,680, or 28 per cent. The effect of the Factory Acts has, therefore, been greatly to reduce the quantity of juvenile labor in the mills. This is considered by some an advantage; but in order to be sure of that, we ought to know how the children who are excluded from the mills are employed or engaged. The number of males from 13 to 18 years of age was 43,482 in 1834, and 67,864 in 1850; increase, 24,382, or 56 per cent.

In 1834, the number of females from 13 to 18 years of age was 64,726, and above 18 years of age, 103,411-total, 168,137. In 1850 no distinction was made, as all females above 13 years of age are subject to the same regulations; their number was 329,577; showing an increase above 1834 of 161,440, or 96 per cent.

The number of males above 18 years of age was 87,299 in 1834, and 157,866 in 1850; showing an increase of 70,567, or 81 per cent. There has, therefore, been a decrease of 28 per cent. in the number of children employed between 1834 and 1850; an increase of 56 per cent. in males from 13 to 18 years of age; an increase of 96 per cent. in females above 13 years of age; and an increase of 81 per cent. in the male adults. Balance of increase on the aggregate, 68 per cent.

Thus our manufactures and commerce are advancing together; and all the figures we have given afford a very gratifying view of the industrial resources and prospects of the country.

NEW-ORLEANS.

"The trade and profit of the city Consisteth of all nations."

In relation to the subject before us-the City-we would occupy a few pages here, as we have occupied over and over again pages in the past. It is so fruitful a theme-so full of interest-so likely to excite enthusiasm and to warm up the fancies of the veriest sleeper, that one may safely approach and touch it. Poetry and plain matter of fact appear to have harmonized for once and blended into an attractive union. Shall we regard the sluggish old "ocean stream," which is winding by us, leaving our levee, leviathianlike, in its pathway to the great deep? It has been working its way onward, that old river, farther than our fancy may trace itthrough all climes and lands and peoples— from where its remote source, a sleeping lake, deep set in impenetrable shades, on mountain heights, beyond all haunts of civilized life, mirrors savage and unchased beast, -it has worked itself on, "father of all

PERSONS EMPLOYED IN MILLS, 1834 AND 1850. waters," among mountains

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Increase or

decrease

per cent

81 increase

68 increase

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28 decrease through glades, over crags and precipices56 increase now gaining breadth, now tapering and con96 decrease strained again, then rushing impetuously forward-here showing limpidly a bebbled bottom, there deepened and frowned upon by heights rising upon heights, rugged and snow-capped-onward, gaining in strength and in vigor, as kindred waters meet and blend and sweep on together, leaving the savage, the intractable forest and its inmates, to be cheered by sounds of busy nations of toiling men as the ocean nears at last.

Lancashire and Yorkshire are the two great manufacturing counties, and the following are the number and classes of factory operatives found in them respectively:

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In Lancashire In Yorkshire
215,983
8,816

18,691

40,611

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It may throw some additioual light on the progress of our manufactures and commerce, if we state that, in the year 1833, the real or declared value of British and Irish produce and manufactures exported, was £39,667,347, and in 1849, it was £58,848,042-increase, £19,180,695, or 49 per cent.

The shipping engaged in the foreign trade of the United Kingdom in 1833, was 2,648,841 tons entered inwards, and in 1849, it was 6,071,269 tons-increase, 3,422,428 tons, or 125 per cent.

Shall we regard the metropolis which the picture shows in the distance? Does it not carry us back to times long past and memories of them we would not, no never, lose? There were classic days then, when all-hearted and chivalrous Frank struggled with the savage, and won a home amid wastes and wildernesses here, and cherished in his dreams fond visions of success so hardly and so seldom won. Bienville, Iberville, D'Abadie, Baron of Carondelet, or even further still, La Salle! Venerated names-ye have struggled here-here your toils, your defeats and your triumphsbut where are ye now?

Let the gloomier times of Spanish domination come. We see O'Reilly in military power high over all,-an armed soldiery to crush a feigned rebellion. O'Reilly magistrate, the

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