year Arrivals Tons trade have been so enhanced, as much to Calendero Foreign 24,614,035 Foreign Foreign Arrivals Imports Exports 912 171,963 $26,020,012 $12,124,645 .1,172 226,790 33,912,453 .1,217 226,789 30,601,455 21,089,698 .1,364 252,769 37,785,147 50,024,973 .1,389 274,997 34,728,664 .1,414 292,872 41,441,832 ..1,277 275,677 39,117,016 1829.. .1,310 281,512 34,972,493 314,715 38,656,064 337,009 57,291,727 401,718 50,995,924 430,918 56,527,976 1834. ..1,932 444,904 72,224,390 ..2,044 464,464 89,304,108 .2,285 556,730 118,886,194 .2,071 539,372 68,374,558 .1,790 468,890 77,214,729 ..2,159 565,335 97,078,687 527,594 56,845,924 549,025 75,268,015 1830.......1,489 1831.......1,634 1832.. 1.808 1833. .....1,926 1835.. 1836.. 1837.. 1838. 1839. 1840.. 1841. 1,953 ...2,118 The imports of the speculative year, 1836, 15,504,694 the same in which the assessed value of real 22,309,362 estate was the highest, were larger than ever 34,032,279 before. The year 1839 again presented a high 19,437,229 figure, but the trade was of a speculative 25,135,487 character, and ended in great revulsions. The 17,609,600 business of 1847, in the aggregate, is, how17,666,624 ever, larger than ever before, the exports 26,142,719 22,792,599 having swollen to a very important figure, 24,723,903 reaching 50 per cent. of the imports. This has 22,196,061 arisen from the great export of farm produce, 29,035,755 which has been supplied in swelling volumes 27,455,223 23,534,610 from that great source of commercial wealth, 22,182,248 the Erie canal. The progress of the receipts 36,662,223 of produce from the canals for the last ten 30,186,470 30,731,519 years has been as follows: VALUE OF PRODUCE LEFT AT TIDE WATER FROM THE NEW-YORK CANALS. Vegetable Other Manufac- Merchan Food Products 3,621,295 10,074,075 383,386 1,878,456 118,188 1,286,817 21,832,334 4,875,730 4,439,552 10,847,566 355,527 1,574,715 89,428 855,992 20.38.510 .5,256,391 4,217,825 7,650,625 236.849 1,621,762 134,818 1,044,929 20,163,19 .4,518,293 5,167,906 10,888,917 237,140 1,312,231 33,280 1,055,806 23.213,573 .6,645,578 5,582,133 10,766,408 646,407 2,159,832 55,782 1,369,192 23,225.32 ..3,741,059 4,827,615 10,340,427 494,847 1,949,541 55,432 1,342,092 22,751,913 .5,956,474 6,357,344 11,237,625 616,660 2,561,159 56,224 1,667,922 28,453,408 .7,716,032 7,788,922 12,634,616 596,527 3,489,670 86,153 2,328,526 34,64,445 7,759,596 9,002,196 17,579,581 630,404 6,432,259 88,497 3,559,658 45,452.301 .8,589,291 10,633,820 22,286,905 742,093 4,805,799 276,872 3,770,476 51,104,256 ....... In these ten years it is observable that the previously. The accounts for 1847 are not yet materials of commerce, derived from a work made up; but the amount will far exceed that not in operation in 1825, have doubled, adding of 1846. The following shows the quantities $51,105,256 to the value of articles which of four articles that sought tide water in sought New-York for a market twenty years several years: 66 foreigners.. Total...... 271,704 2,634,445 $22,856,659 The capital employed in banking at any one time is not, however, a precise indication of the activity of business, as thus-in November, 1843, the same capital was the basis of $65,314,129, which had loaned $80,278,529 in November, 1847, showing that the activity of business as indicated in the table of imports and exports, was one third greater this year than in 1843. According to the laws of the United States, | Owned by the state.. no vessel can be engaged in the foreign trade without being registered; and no vessel can be employed in the coasting trade without being enrolled or licensed. The registered tonnage, therefore, gives the amount engaged in foreign commerce, showing, comparatively, its progress, and the enrolled, the same in regard to the coasting trade. The shipping of New-York is mostly employed in direct trade, while the carrying trade, so called, is mostly conducted by eastern vessels. The business of navigation is in some degree, distinct from that of commerce, inasmuch as the former may be carried on by a country that has no pro- The city of New-York has a large debt conductions, while the latter depends upon sur-tracted for the construction of the Croton aqueplus productions. Of this latter character is New-York commerce, and it thrives most in those years in which the national exports are largest. Not until 1846 had New-York any steam tonnage engaged in the foreign trade. The new line of Bremen steamers is the first enterprise of the kind, and the business of 35,000,000 Germans is by it brought in closer connection with New-York. The steam tonnage engaged in the coasting trade has more than tripled since 1833. The tonnage engaged in the foreign and coasting trade appears to have progressed in each branch in nearly an equal degree. In the progress of population, trade and value of property belonging to the city, it has necessarily resulted that the active moneyed capital has progressed also. To take the increased capital employed in all as a guide in estimating the amount of existing wealth, would be incorrect; for the reason that although nsurance capital amounts to $31,000,000, it consists, for the most part, in bonds and mortgage upon real estate, and is, therefore, only a representation of the property already considered under the assessed values. In New-York almost every species of fixed property, by means of hypothecation in one form or another, becomes circulating capital, which is constantly changing its form and yielding at every conversion a profit to its employers. In regard to calculation connected with the activity of commercial transactions, the amount of bank capital becomes a more direct guide. In 1826 there were fourteen banks in operation in the city, with an aggregate capital of $13,600,000, exclusive of the branch of the United States Bank, which was authorized to employ $2,500,000. At this time there are in New-York twenty-five banks, with an aggregate capital of $24,311,760, and the capital of twenty-three of these institutions is assessed as follows: duct, by which the city is now supplied with water. The Croton river is a stream of wholesome water running into the North river, and is tapped at a point called Croton lake, covering 400 acres, and containing 500,000,000 gallons, by the aqueduct, at a distance of 33 miles from Harlem river. That whole distance is connected by an uninterrupted conduit of stone and brick masonry. The valley of the Harlem river is 1,460 feet across, and the aqueduct is brought over in iron pipes, laid upon a bridge constructed of arches, 114 feet above high water mark, at Yorkville, or 79th street, on 7th Avenue, five miles from City Hall. The pipes discharge into a reservoir 1,826 feet long and 836 feet wide, having an area of 35 acres and a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons. From the receiving reservoir a double line of iron pipes, three feet in diameter, convey the water two miles, to the distributing reservoir, on 42d street. It is 420 feet square, contains 4 acres, and has an elevation of 44 feet above the streets, and a capacity of 20,000,000 gallons. From this reservoir are led the serving pipes which supply the city, and are about 170 miles in length, or 1 mile to 2,240 inhabitants. This will supply 35,000,000 gallons of water per day, or 24 gallons to each person when the population shall have reached 1,500,000. This stupendous work cost in the neighborhood of $14,000,000, and was undertaken by a direct vote of the people on the question-"water" or "no water." The water is supplied to dwellings at a general rate of $10 per head, beside 600 free hydrants and 1,500 fire hydrants. The income of the water is specially pledged as a sinking fund for the redemp tion of the debt. The number of water takers in 1844 was 7,171 private dwellings, paying $72,123, and 2,421 public buildings and factories, paying $59,660, making together 9,582 water takers, paying $131,784. In 1846-7, the number of takers had increased to 15,000, and the revenues to $194,561. The public .$13,872,183 debt created chiefly for this object is as fol2,052,453 lows: 4,025,871 11 Nominal amount of debt.. ..110,166 33 $12,788,015 67 Less stocks and bonds in sinking fund, from sales of real estate and revenues An ample sinking fund is in active operation to redeem this debt completely in a period of forty years. The expenditure of the city, as indicated in the above table of annual tax imposed, is, for 1847, $2,542,361; out of this $147,000 was for state tax. The leading general heads of city expenditures are-common schools, $261,000; police, $400,000; alms house, $343,000; interest city debt, $767,000; lamps and gas, $129,137; cleaning streets, $135,000; water pipes, $54,403; salaries city officers, $233,000, and the balance for sundry expenditures. $14,428,103 67 $2,679,724 28 graphical and external circumstances, has grown thus rapidly, there have been many causes in operation to retard its progressThese have grown mostly out of vicious legis lation, general and local. In recurring to what we have pointed out in the fluctuation of the city's prosperity with the flourishing or decay ing state of the external trade, it becomes erident the welfare of the city depends, in an eminent degree, upon the entire freedom with which capital, in the shape of goods, produce or money, can flow securely in and out to profit by the current state of events. New-York The city of New-York has paid much the holds a relation to the whole trade of the largest portion of the state tax, as thus: in Union different from that of any other city1842, when the mill-tax was imposed, it and also far superior in regard to it, than that amounted for the state to $619,693; of this held by any commercial city in Europe, in reNew-York city paid $237,807, or two fifths of gard to the interior country. All the other the whole. The census of 1840 gives the state cities of the United States are centres of local population at 2,428,921, and the city at 312,932 business. Mobile concentrates that of Ala-or one eighth only of the population. The bama; Charleston of South Carolina; Georgia property owned by the city of New-York and Baltimore of the tract watered by the triconsists of two descriptions, viz: property butary streams. Philadelphia looks mostly embracing town lots, common lands, quit-rents, to her own state, having, however, stretched and various real estates, valued at $2,638,682, forth an arm through her canals to western and yield $64,240 per annum; city real estate, in use for city purposes-City Hall, parks, grounds, schools, markets, &c., valued at $22,468,397, and producing $403,355 per annum, as follows: Value Available property...$ 2,638,682 tracts. Boston is the common centre for NewEngland business, and well has she improved her local advantages by means of railroads of which 700 miles open every remote section of the New-England states, and converge within every trade and travel upon Boston; she has also greatly enlarged her connection $64,241 with the west, by overcoming natural difficul 403,356 ties by means of the Western railroad. NewYork, however, by its canal, makes tributary Income Total..... .$25,107,080 $467,597 the whole northern and western states, and her shipping commands the coasting trade to Although New-York, through force of geo- New-Orleans. NEW-YORK-COMMERCE, 1849-52. EXPORTS FROM NEW-YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1852. 1848. 1852. 4,244,044 353,262 3,556,355 7,730,818 37,273,703 $81,461,032 1849. 1850. 1851. .$33,638,844 $53,226,419 $33,227,676 $47,496,978 $38,853,757 2,693,597 3,614,915 5,433,761 6,107,498 5,333,572 12,028,794 4,629,873 5,885,103 26,622,731 37,273,703 .$38,361,235 $41,471,207 $44,546,540 $80,227,207 $81,461,032 91,668,883 89,464,540 112,968,593 126,270,705 98,801,134 dustry of California has given a product in exchange which sells readily at all times; and the United States domestic productions have been raised by the addition of gold which Europe will take when she does not want foreign produce. The importations at the port have been as follows: This presents a gradual increase in the exports of the port, and to a greater extent than the imports. It also shows the influence of California in developing the trade. That new region has absorbed a large amount of produce and domestic manufactures that would not sell readily in Europe. The in IMPORTS ENTERED AT NEW-YORK FROM FOREIGN PORTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1852, COMPARED WITH THE PREVIOUS YEAR. 12,374,701 1,022,725 1,027,481 81,143 14,506,050 1,167,644 14 650,969 1,584,652 11,315,155 1,788,997 10,035,191 1,605,849 13,277,232 1 255,429 11,489,726 1,380,371 8,646,997 9,302,024 916,519 8,410,448 732,422 1,496,449 6,096,996 453,109 789,046 7,626,181 640,722 1,062,947 429,747 9,759,597 911,479 10,030,354 94,345,831 11,466,714 11,926,912 2,528,391 120,267,848 16,712,962 125,514,096 107,559,164 14.802,824 8,321,042 10,390,501 141,073,531 12 201,313 138,472,020 The diminution in warehouse stock seems operations are annually becoming more imto have been almost altogether of merchan- portant, being already 16 per cent, of the dise other than dry goods. The warehouse goods passed into consumption. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE IN THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW-YORK, AS ASSESSED IN 1851 AND 1852. Total.. $227.015,855 26 $193,095,001 97 $252,186 753 20 $98,520,042 53|| $320,110,868 53 8351,706,795 73 Total valuation in County... Total valurtion in Lamp District.. Total valuation south of centre of Forty-second street $351,706,795 73 337,529,246 73 339,086,019 73 NORTH CAROLINA.-COLONIAL, REVO-, Roanoke, called by the natives Wococon, LUTIONARY AND SUBSEQUENT HISTORY--PHYS- where they were received by the inhabitants ICAL CONDITION-PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY AND with every mark of hospitality. After visitRESOURCES--POPULATION--CHIEF TOWNS-ing the region immediately around Wococon, EDUCATION-RELIGIOUS SECTS--COURTS-CA- they returned to England, and gave a highly NALS AND RAILROADS, &c. &c. favorable account of the salubrity of the COLONIAL HISTORY.--The first English set- climate, and fertility of the soil. The name tlement made in America was planted in Virginia was bestowed upon the country, the summer of 1585, on Roanoke, an island and Raleigh's patent was confirmed by act of situate in the passage between the sounds Parliament. Sir Walter sent out at once, of Pamlico and Albemarle, North Carolina. under Ralph Lane as governor, the colony The patron of the infant colony, which num- above mentioned. Soon, however, the settlers bered one hundred and seven, was Sir became entangled in difficulties with the Walter Raleigh, to whom Queen Elizabeth natives; difficulties which, originating in the had granted, in 1584, a patent for such imprudent conduct of Grenville, the comlands as he might discover in America," not mander of the vessels in which the colonists possessed by any Christian people." The had come from England, kept increasing unsame year he dispatched two small ves- der subsequent tyrannical acts on the part of sels to make discoveries; and these dropped the governor, befitting a conqueror rather their anchors early in July in Ocracoke lulet. than the head of a peaceful colony. HostilThe adventurers landed on an island nearities broke out. The English, who had been |