look for their continuance? Where are their descendants in skill, knowledge, and refine ments, possessing the same external physical conformation? If the query which I have above suggested be answered in the affirmative, to what chain of causes are we to affix the great debasement of the present existing negro? To what source are we to turn for satisfactory reasons for such a manifest and striking differ ence in the intellectual endowments and sagacious actions of the same people of two different periods? ley, delivered 8th December last, affords us a vast amount of information in reference to the internal condition, resources and prosperity of the state; and feeling, as we naturally do in Louisiana and in New Orleans, the liveliest interest in the welfare of a community with whom our commercial relations are so intimate, it is impossible that a few pages in our Review could be better occupied than with a few of the facts presented by the governor, and obtained from other reliable sources. The design of the Review is to treat from month to month of each of the states of the south and west, in a similar manner, and ultimately of the states of the whole Union, thus furnishing a body of information of incalculable value for present use and future reference. If the citizens of different states, who have the means of information at hand, would aid us in any way in the enterprise, the service we cannot doubt would be universally appreciated. The first permanent settlement in Ohio was made in 1788, at Marietta. French settlers afterwards were located at Gallipolis in 1791. Cleveland was settled in 1791 by emigrants from New-England. From this humble beginning has grown up in half a century a powerful state! Without presuming to offer an opinion, but merely to afford a hint for investigation, I would ask, whether the solution of the difficulty can be advanced by the following attempt at explanation! A succession of conquests, with other political and social causes combined, forced these black descendants of the Palli, or India-Egyptian shepherd kings, and the tribes belonging to them, to emigrate progressively further into the interior of the vast continent of Africa, where at length they find a secure and unmolested haven from their toils and sufferings, unworthy of the ambition and uninviting to the cupidity of their neigh bors. The intense heat of the climate, the sterility of the soil, and the unimprovable appearance of the whole face of the country, In the construction of her numerous public would be sufficient to ward off all intruders, works the state of Ohio has contracted a large whether hostile or commercial. Remaining public debt, the interest upon which, however, for centuries in this isolated condition, they she has always met with great and commendcontinued a distinct and unmixed race. The able punctuality. According to the goverpowerful stimuli of foreign war, of commer- nor's statement the debt is: cial intercourse, of social improvement, being Total Foreign, absent, their minds became contracted and Total Domestic,.. weak. Succeeding generations, adding to the School and Trust Fund,.. stolidity of their progenitors, became still more depressed in mental energies, and after the lapse of many ages, they reached the degraded and melancholy condition which they now exhibit. Finally, having little or no intercourse with the rest of mankind, and a very limited range for the exercise of their intellectual and moral faculties, the gradual disuse of those powers which were originally planted in them, may have created that result on their cranial configuration and intellectual manifes tations, which, under somewhat analogous circumstances, phrenologists have frequently observed. I remain, sir, your ever-instructed reader. $16,964,292 50 765,136 12 1,482,682 68 Total debt,....... $19,212,111 30 The returns of property valuations in the state for purposes of taxation were, in 1845, Valuation. Acres of land,...... 23,216,286 $85,916,169 Town property,. 22,269,575 15,488,000 Number of horses, 387,200 a $40 46 cattle, 725,253 a 8 5,786,824 13,556,517 1,055,742 87,762 $144,160,469 The agricultural capacities of Ohio are unlimited. We learn from a paper prepared by John Brough, Esq., that the valleys of the Scioto and Miami are extensively cultivated in corn, oats, and as meadow lands. Large bodies of these lands are quite level, and the soil is of a rich, deep, and durable character. There are probably no better corn grounds in the Union. In many instances, fields have been cultivated in this crop for forty years in succession, without any evidence of failure in the soil. In the valley of the Scioto, and the territory lying between that and the Miami, there is raised and fattened a great number of cattle, most of which are sent to the eastern markets. Both these valleys-the Scioto and the Miami-are famous for the number and the quality of their hogs. TOTAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF OHIO Value. Bushels of wheat, 15,969,000 $9,581,400 barley,... 191,000 114,600 20,393,000 "oats,. 504,000 mills, &c. Akron and Cincinnati both contain rising and growing manufactories. The state has great facilities for these purposes. MINERALS OF OHIO.-Bituminous coal in large quantities; valued in Cincinnati at about twelve cents per bushel. Salt is obtained abundantly from water yielded by boring, and extensive works have been constructed. Iron ore exists also in large quantities. "The mineral wealth of Ohio is not, and will not be for many years to come, fully developed. The remark that has been made in regard to our manufacturing advantages, may be applied here with equal force. There is no lack of enterprise among our people; but they do not possess the capital necessary to call forth into active exercise and usefulness these mighty treasures of the earth. Perhaps no state in the Union offers greater inducements to the investment of capital, in this particular, than the state of Ohio. There is here that rare combination so seldom met with, of iron ore, coal, and water power, not 8,058,950 only in the same districts, but in the imme diate vicinity of each other. The state, in her 475,020 Corporate capacity, has done all that justice 48,000,000 9,600,000 requires, or her means will justify. In all these districts, abounding in mineral wealth, potatoes,.. 4,847,000 1,211,750 canals and other public works have been con hay,. 1,876,000 11,256,000 structed, and are now in successful operation; 1,000 60,000 thus adding to the advantages already enu275,520 merated the facilities of transportation to 126,000 other section of the state, and an outevery 306,600 let to the markets of the world. The day cannot certainly be far distant, when these signal advantages will attract the attention of capitalists; and then the mineral wealth of Obio, in its development, will rank the state as high in that particular as she now stands in the vast amount and value of her agricultural productions." 840,000 buckwheat, 792,000 rye, 46 corn,. " flax & hemp, Pounds" tobacco,... 6,888,000 "silk cocoons, Making a total of This statement does not embrace the pork, beef-cattle, horses, over and above the usual stock, sheep, wool, butter, cheese, and divers other items, which, it is safe to say, if they could be in any wise correctly ascertained, would swell the value of the agricultural products of Ohio to at least forty-five or fifty millions of dollars annually. Governor Thomas W. Bartley, in his Message to the General Assembly, in December, 1844, estimated the whole products of the state as follows: PUBLIC WORKS.-The Ohio Canal was undertaken in 1825, completed 1832, connecting Lake Erie at Cleveland with the Ohio at Portsmouth-334 miles; cost $4,694,984 19. The Miami Canal, from Cincinnati to Dayton, 87 miles, cost $1,387,552 16. Hocking Canal, through the salt and coal regions, cost $1,000,$45,362,400 000. Walhording Canal, 25 miles, cost 17,505,600 $610,000. All of these communicate with each other. The Muskingum improvement 9,660,379 2,931,218 of the river of that name by dams and locks 1,013,063 from Dresden to the Ohio at Marietta. The Wabash and Erie Canal, first commenced in Indiana and continued from the Ohio line to the Maumee Bay, 87 miles, cost about $3,000,000. The Miami extension is connected with MANUFACTURES OF OHIO.-At Steubenville this, cost $3.500,000. All of these works are -cotton, woollen, iron; coal in the vicinity. of a state character. The state also bolds At Mount Pleasant-silk, the raw material of stock in the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, which raised in the state; culture encou- and in the Milan Canal Company, the White raged by state bounties. Zanesville-iron Water and Mad River Canals, besides several works. Dayton contains many cotton and railroads and turnpikes. The whole will woollen factories, cotton, paper and flouring appear in the following table: $3,631,878 569,830 $18,162,269 2,945 $101,233 1,058,933 $10,483,526 3,911,836 $2,072,287 1,947,672 $2,449,820 852 15,283,783 64 473,211 441,131 taxes,...... Total taxes on grand list of 1849, Cincinnati, the metropolis of Ohio, is, and has been for some time, the great city of the northwest. Although an object of history for a much earlier period, the city contained in 1795 but 500 inhabitants; in 1805, 960; in 1810, 2,500. It was chartered as a city in 1815; in 1846 estimated as high as 80,000 in Number of sheep,.... population, and by its rapid increase bewilder- Value..................... ing our conceptions of the future. Number of hogs,. Number of pleasure carriages,... The number of hogs slaughtered in Cincin-Value,...... nati has increased from 85,000 in 1832, to Total value of domestic animals, $33,269,135 240,000 in 1843, and over 300,000 in 1846; number bbls. flour made in 1846, 100,000; gallons linseed oil, 26,000, cake of which sent to New-Orleans and Liverpool. The engine shops are extensive, and the number of steamboats fitted out very great, upwards of fifty annually. Besides this, there are white lead and cotton manufactories, &c., &c. The city has yet attained but a tithe of her importance. Value of unenumerated articles, Total amount personal property, 2,117 56,805 $2,523,400 62,516 $854,428 $275,203 4,412,163 15,406,347 31,149,145 92,235,476 The rapid growth of the state," says Mr. Brough, “and her increase in wealth and prosperity, are the best evidences of her advan tages, the surest indications of her future greatness. Located in the very heart of the Union, with a soil unsurpassed in fertility by that of any other state, with living streams flowing through, and abundantly watering every section; rich in mineral deposits; possessed of every facility for manufacturing; her whole southern and southwestern border washed by the navigable waters of the Ohio; Cincinnati and White Water,...$150,000 and the interior traversed in every direction Pennsylvania and Ohio,............. by turnpikes, canals and railroads, enhancing the value of property, and affording outlets to the markets of the world; and withal, an enterprising, industrious, and intelligent population, the future is to Ohio as full of promise as the past is of high and ennobling pride to her own citizens,-of wonder and admiration to the world. In view of all the advantages she possesses, of what has been done in the last twenty years, and of what the next twenty is certain to accomplish, who can set bounds to the future wealth, power and greatness of this YOUNG GIANT OF THE WEST?" (See Cincinnati, etc.) OHIO-HER WEALTH AND RESOURCES1850.-The appendix to the report of the Auditor of State furnishes the following official information: Total,....... . $570,000 The total amount of turnpike, railroad, and canal stocks, held by the state, is $3,011,858. Dividends on turnpike, railroad, and canal stocks, last year, $38,049. The total amount of capital bank stock paid in, in all the banks, is $6,488,817, and the amount of tax paid by them to the state, the past year, was $52,862,05. OHIO. COAL TRADE-It is almost impossible to estimate the amount of coal in the state of Ohio, for, rich as she is in her arable lands and in their vast product of grain, she is not more so in that than in her mineral resources. As population becomes more dense and the arts and manufactures increase, coal will constitute one of the most valuable sources cent., and in the last year 28 per cent.! By of her wealth. The county of Tuscarawas, the year 1860-eleven years-the coal profor instance, has 550 square miles, and it is duction of Ohio will probably exceed twenty stated that coal can be found on every mile millions of bushels per annum, or three times of it. In Professor Mather's Report on Geology the present amount. it is estimated that Tuscarawas county has The consumption of coal as an article of imbedded in it more than eighty thousand domestic fuel has very rapidly increased in millions of bushels of coal. The Cincinnati the interior towns, as the following table of Atlas says that in 1834 the coal trade had the receipts for consumption, at different scarcely commenced in the county of Meigs, points, will show: and this last year (1848) there was at least 2,500,000 bushels got out in that county. So also, at Nelsonville, in Athens county, no coal Received at Cleveland...387,834 1,212,887 1,959 210 was exported before the Hocking canal was made; but in the current year (1848) the coal got out there reached near a million of bushels, which goes into the consumption of towns which before that time consumed no coal. Meigs. Monroe....... Morgan.. 77,400 80,000 80,000 Perry. 34,190 35,000 40,000 Scioto.... 41,100 40,000 45,000 Stark 33,800 35,000 40,000 55,500 60,000 70,000 1848. Aggregate.... ........ 66 ..549,575 1,695,704 2,743,615 This is the consumption only of interior towns-excluding that of Cincinnati. Columbus, for example, has in five years increased Bushels. the use of coal more than four fold. Chilli715,104 cothe has in the same time increased eight fold. The coal used at Chilicothe is the Nel45,000 sonville coal, Athens county, and is of a very 60,000 good quality, at a very low price. (See Rail200,000 roads.) 225,000 200,000 10,000 75,000 .843,400 1,200,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 5,450 6,000 10,000 Summit.... 254,040 Tuscarawas...292,230 15,000 10,000 40,000 OLIVES.-CULTIVATION OF THE OLIVE IN THE Wayne....... 10,000 10,000 10,000 In those counties where there are no public works, and no iron manufactures, the product of coal is estimated to remain nearly the same, because the consumption is local and domestic; but in those counties where the public works run, the increase is great, and we know what it is very nearly. So of the county of Meigs (on the river) we know very nearly its increase. The above table is nearly correct, but it is unquestionably something under the mark. To Summit county, we have credited the entire amount of coal cleared from the port of Akron; but it is probable that some portion of it came there by the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal, from places in the line of the canal. The general result is, how ever, nearly the truth. The comparison of aggregates shows thatFrom 1840 to 1843, the increase was 24 per cent. From 1843 to 1847, the increase was 65 per cent. From 1847 to 1848, the increase was 28 per cent. In the first three years, the annual increase was 8 per cent., in the next four years 16 per "From the first settlement of Carolina, it has been considered well adapted to the culture of the olive. In one of the earliest accounts of the country, by Richard Blome, published in 1678, it is said that the olive trees brought from Portugal and the Bermudas increase exceedingly, and will produce a quantity of oil. And Samuel Wilson, who had been for years agent of the Lords Proprietors, repeats nearly the language of Blome, and adds, The inhabitants take great care to propagate, more so, that in all probability, it will be an excellent oily country.' When the charter of Carolina of 1663 was granted, the other proprietors left the chief management of the colony to the very able and unscrupulous Lord Shaftsbury. It is well known that at his request, Mr. Locke drew up his celebrated Fundamental Constitution of Carolina; but it is not generally known, that for a number of years "The orange tree is found to be more tender than the olive, in France and Italy. The same writer says, "The latter, the orange, is so tender that this, Hieres, is supposed to be the only part of France in which it will thrive in the open air. I went to Hieres to view them, and it was with pain I found them, without exception, so damaged by the frost in the winter of 1788, as to be cut down, some to the ground, and others to the main stem."" Simonde mentions in his work on "Tuscan Agriculture" that the olive is considered in Italy as hardier than the vine. He further observes that he himself had olives and vines planted together, and the latter suffered most from the cold. Mr. Jefferson, in his letter of July, 1787, to the Agricultural Society of South Carolina, remarks, "Wherever the orange will stand at all, experience shows that the olive will stand well, being a hardier tree." he carried on an active correspondence with the colony, in which he took the deepest interest, and it is highly probable that in 1679 he procured Mr. Locke to write his judicious observations on wine, olives, fruits and silk, with a special view to South Carolina. The troubles in which Shaftsbury was soon after involved, and his death, in January, 1683, no doubt prevented these observations from being published until a long time after. In the description of Carolina, of 1684, by T. A. Gentleman, we are told the olive trees thrive there very well.' Mr. James Colleton, brother to Sir Peter, one of the honorable proprietors, brought an olive stick from Fayal, cut off at both ends, to Carolina, which, put into the ground, grew and prospered exceedingly. If the olive be well improved, there may be expected from thence, perhaps, as good oil as any the world yields. Gov. Glenn tells us, that in the intense frost of the 7th of January, "These extracts, which are from writers of 1747, probably the severest ever felt in Caro- the highest authority, are interesting, as they lina, he lost an olive tree of such prodigious show from the growth of the fig, the pomesize that he thought it proof against all wea- granate, and the orange, that the climate of thers. It was near a foot and a half diameter the olive region of France is no milder than in the trunk, and bore many bushels of excellent olives every year. We may conclude, that this was probably one of the first olives planted in the country, and could scarcely have been less than sixty or seventy years old. Even this terrible winter would seem not to have killed all our olive trees, for Dr. Milligan, in Charleston, in 1763, says, 'We have plenty of olives."* Mr. King then refers to an admirable letter which he had received from J. Hamilton Couper, Esq., of Darien, Geo., from which we extract the following: "The first and all-important question which presents itself is, whether our climate is adapted to the olive tree; and to what portion of our territory we may hope to extend its cultivation. The facts which will be presented are, I think, decisive, that the immediate sea-board of South Carolina and Georgia, the whole of Florida and the borders of the Gulf of Mexico are as suitable for the cultivation of the olive as the south of France. "First as to climate,-Arthur Young, in his travels through France, vol. I., p. 311, observes, Several other plants beside the olive mark this climate, the olive climate. Thus, at Mentelimart, in Dauphiné, besides that tree you meet with, for the first time, the pomegranate, the arbor judæ, the paliurus, figs, and the evergreen oak,' In a letter to Chancellor Johnston, Mr. King quotes from a paper by the Governor of South Carolina, in 1747, who says, "The frost has destroyed almost all the orange trees in the country. I lost about three hundred bearing trees, and an olive tree of such prodigious size that I thought it proof against all weather. It was near a foot and a half in diameter, in the trunk, and bore many bushels of excellent olives every year." the maritime districts of South Carolina and Georgia, and the whole of Florida. But the actual growth of the olive tree itself, proves this most conclusively, as far as the limited period which has elapsed since the introduction of that plant into this country admits of a comparison. "I believe that you had some olive trees growing in Charleston for half a century, before the fatal spring of 1835. Ramsey mentions the fruit being pickled from trees imported by Henry Laurens. "At Dungeness, on Cumberland Island, Georgia, a number of trees bore abundantly for many years before that season. "In 1825, my father imported, through a French house in Charleston, two hundred trees from Provence, via the Languedoc canal and Bordeaux. They were five months on the way, and did not arrive until May, notwithstanding which a very few only failed to grow. These trees were planted at Cannon's Point, his residence on St. Simon's Island, latitude 31° 20'; and had borne several small crops of olives, when the severe cold of February, 1835, (8° of Fahrenheit,) injured them so much that it was necessary to cut them down to the ground. They all threw up shoots from the old stumps; and many of them have now attained to a diameter of nine inches. For the last two years they have produced some fruit ; and this year about one half of the trees are bending under the weight of an abundant crop. About one hundred trees raised from cuttings are also beginning to bear. It is now twentyone years since the importation of these trees, and with the exception of the destructive season of 1835, they have never in the slightest degree been injured by the cold. The last winter was one of unusual severity, the ther |