Some of the lead ore of Missouri, analyzed by found in different parts of Missouri. The subDr. King, was found to contain an amount of soil of the region around St. Louis, abounding silver equal in value to the lead. Tin has as it does in oxide of iron and alumina, makes been found near Caledonia, but not in sufficient brick of a very handsome red tint and smooth quantities, it would seem, to justify working. texture. It is fitted, too, for the manufacture Gold has not been discovered in Missouri. It of pottery. Variegated clays are found in the will probably never be found in placers, but same vicinity. Kaolin (the Chinese name for may be in combination with other metals. porcelain clay) and pipe clays, of which porceIn minerals of the non-metallic kind, Mis-lain and earthenware may be made, have been souri abounds. The carboniferous limestone discovered near Caledonia and near Cape Giformation, on which St Louis is built, and rardeau. Delftware is manufactured in St. which extends throughout the northern di- Louis from clay obtained near Commerce, in vision of the state, forms a beautiful and Scott county. compact building material. Some of the lay- INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.-Missouri is far ers abound in a species of coral, the stone in the rear of other newly settled states, as refrom which presents a fine appearance when gards works of internal improvement. There polished. Other layers furnish an excellent were in the state, at the beginning of 1850, lime; and it is thought by Dr. Prout that five Macadamized roads, commencing at the some are sufficiently aluminous to make a city of St. Louis, neither of which, however, good hydraulic cement. Sandstones are abun- were in use more than a few miles beyond the dant, but are of too loose a texture and too city limits; a railroad in progress of construccoarse-grained to be used as a building ma- tion from Independence to the Missouri river, a terial, though some species would answer very distance of about three miles; and certain imwell for flag-stones. The white sandstone of St. provements had been made on the Osage river, Genevieve makes superior glass. Porphyries, at a cost of about $18,570. Common roads and some of them having a red ground interspersed bridges excepted, these were all the public with crystals, and susceptible of a high polish, improvements made up to 1850, in the state. are numerous in southern Missouri. They are Charters for sundry railroads-one running well fitted for architectural and ornamental from Palmyra to the Mississippi, one from uses. Syenite is also found, but it is too coarse Hannibal to St. Joseph's, one from Indepenand loose of texture to answer building pur-dence to White River, one from Alexandria to poses. Marbles are found in different parts of the state. They are usually of a highly crystalline character, and traversed sometimes by veins of different colors, which impart to the marble a beautiful appearance. Several varieties are found in the vicinity of Pilot Knob Mountain. Gypsum, or sulphate of lime, from which plas ter of Paris is made by heating the gypsum, has been discovered in Jackson county, extending in a regular layer some distance along the bank of the Missouri. It may prove very valuable in agriculture. Saltpetre is known to exist in caverns on the banks of the Maramec, Current and Gasconade. Sulphate of ba ryta, or heavy spar, is found in the lead dig. gings. St. Francisville, in Clark county, and another from Lexington, Lafayette county, to the Mississippi-have been obtained from the legis lature; but it is probable that no further steps will be taken for some time towards constructing at least the second, third, and fifth mentioned roads. The obtaining a charter has been the only noteworthy event in the history of most railroad enterprises in Missouri. We have learned by verbal communication, that a plank road is being constructed, in lieu of the proposed railroad from St. Genevieve to the Iron Mountain. The work is being carried on with zeal. Measures are being taken also for the construction of a plank road from Cape Girardeau to Jackson. The amount of $30,000 has been subscribed for the purpose. The work has been commenced. Coal exists in abundance in the northern part of the state. It is, in general, what is called Manufacturing and mining are in advance of bituminous coal. At Côte sans Dessein, how-internal improvements. The amount invested ever, it assumes the form of cannel coal, a in both would not, it is thought, have exceeded, variety which contains less bitumen and more in 1850, $2,000,000. Few states possess more carbon than the other. It has been discovered manufacturing facilities than Missouri, but as at several distinct points in Cole and Callaway yet only a few factories are in operation. In connties, and as high as 40 miles upon the 1840 there were in the state, according to the Osage. Some of its layers are of a great census, 9 woollen manufactories, 6 in Callothickness. On distillation, this coal furnishes way and 3 in Pike, with 13 workmen, a capan excellent coke, and gives out gas of a fine ital of $5,100, and goods produced to the value illuminating power. It burns with a bright of $13,750. There are no cotton or silk manuand copious flame, and leaves but little ashes. Being destitute of sulphur, it is well adapted to furnaces and manufacturing purposes. Clays, useful for economical purposes, are VOL. II. factories. Home-made cotton goods, of family wearing, amounted in value to $1,149,544. Several bale rope and bagging factories were in operation on the Missouri, and two in St. 5 Louis.* The statistics of 1840 show that the St. Louis, and founded in 1829; St. Mary's lumber trade of that year produced $70,355, College, at Barrens, also Catholic, founded and that there were sold 196,032 horses and in 1830; Marion College, at New Palmyra, mules, 433,875 neat cattle, 348,018 sheep, founded in 1831; St. Charles College, Method1,271,161 swine, and poultry to the value of ist. at St. Charles, founded in 1839; Fayette $270,647. Since that time all these articles College, at Fayette, and Missouri University, of trade have increased in yearly quantity, as at Columbia, founded in 1840. They could also the agricultural products of the state. We number in all, in 1840, about 500 students. have no means at present of ascertaining the The University of Missouri bad, in 1850, 154 precise increase. medical students, 6 seniors, 13 juniors, 10 sophomores, 21 freshnien, and 30 in the preparatory department. The President is Rev. James Shannon, A. M.: the professors are―W. W. Hudson, A. M., Math., Nat. Philos, and Astronomy; E. H. Leffingwell, A. M., Chem., Mineral. and Geology; R. F. Barrett, M. D., Physiol. and Mat. Medica; J. M. McDonell, M. D., Anat. and Surgery; J. S. Moore, M. D., Theory and Prac. of Medicine; R. S. Thomas, A. M., Metaph, Rhet. and Logic; G. H. Matthews, A. M., Anc. Languages; John B. Thompson, M. D., Pathol and Clin. Medicine; R. A. Grant, A. M., tutor of Mathematics; W. C. Shields, A. B., tutor of Languages; J. S. Moore, M. D., Dean of Med. Faculty; I. J. Hodgen, M. D., Demonst. of Anatomy; R. S. Thomas, A. M., Librarian. POPULATION. From 1848 to 1850 the state increased 93,936 souls, or nearly sixteen per cent. in population, notwithstanding the large emigration to California. The ratio of increase of the whites and that of the slave is nearly exactly the same. In the 100 counties of the state there resided, in 1848, 588,971 people; in 1850, 682,907, of whom 595,140 were free, and 87,769 slaves. Next to St. Louis county, which contained 105,064, Platte county, containing 16,929, had the greatest number of inhabitants. EDUCATION. The state supports common schools, which seem to be working well. It contains, beside these and private schools and academies, five colleges: the University of St. Louis, a Roman Catholic institution, located in In 1840 the Methodists had 51 travelling preachers in the state; the Baptists, 86 min isters and 146 churches; the Presbyterians, 17 ministers and 33 churches; the Roman Catholics, one bishop and 30 priests; the Episcopalians, three ministers. (See St. Louis.) MISSOURI MINERAL WEALTH.-Dr. Lewis Feuchtwanger gives us this summary: "The establishment of manufactories is attended with its difficulties. To carry them on very successfully, large investments and a superior population are required. We are not without capital, but the high The mineral wealth of Missouri has long rate of interest, and the many supposed profitable in been proverbial. The discovery of lead in vestments for money which have beretofore existed, have prevented the appropriation of funds to the 1715, and the production of 9,000,000 pounds erection of manufacturing establishments. If the rate in 1846, must naturally attach sufficient imof interest were lower, capital would be profitably invested in manufactories to a considerable extent. The portance to this State. Latterly, also, iron tariff, also, retards the establishment of manufactories has been made very conspicuous in it, espe in our state, whether it be a tariff for protection, or a cially since attention has been drawn to the tariff for revenue, for all tariffs for revenue are tariffs iron mountains of southern Missouri, which, for protection to a greater or less extent; but a high tariff tends more to prevent the establishment of man- according to my approximate calculation, ufactories in our state than a low one, being a protec- contain not less than 600,000,000 tons of iron tion to the eastern manufacturer. The eastern manu- in their bowels. A short time ago, (1847,) a facturer contends that he cannot succeed without protection against his foreign competitor. Our in- report was made by Dr. King on the subject terior position, and our remoteness from the principal of erecting more furnaces on a new locality ports of entry, give the manufacturer in this country on the Mississippi river, called Birmingham, a protection which no tariff can immediately affect. and he says that iron exists in that particular If, then, the eastern manufacturer was but lightly protected or not protected at all, he would find it pro- spot in great abundance. One ridge, which is fitable to remove his capital, and to invest it in manu- called the Iron Ridge, contains an immense factures in the west, where nature would always pro- deposit of hydrated brown oxide, averaging tect him against the foreign competitor. No country can manufacture cheaper than our state. We have all from fifty to sixty per cent. cast iron, which the necessary ingredients at the lowest prices. We shows itself for several acres over the summit have the real estate, the water power, the ore to make of the ridge, and extending down its flanks on the iron to make the machinery, the manual labor, each side of the adjoining ravines, where the the provisions to support the hands, the raw material, the flax. hemp, and wool of our own production, and ore may be seen in thick masses. As regards iron in the state of Missouri, it the cotton in exchange for our wheat, corn and tobacco, hogs, horses, cattle and mules; and these ingredients we have, taken together, cheaper than any other appears as plenty there as coal in Pennsylvacountry on earth. Even our manual labor is at the nia; and wherever it is situated, appears to lowest price. But, as before observed, to manufac- lie in such huge masses, like the coal mines ture very successfully, a superior population is re- in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania. quired. This we can soon have by fostering the common school, and developing the genius and mechanical ingenuity of the youth of our country." Next to iron is COPPER of great importance to the state of Missouri. Large tracts, con taining this valuable ore, have been discov-] be formed. Whatever displeasure as a southered on Current river; and on Maramec erner we may have expressed, and however river, and in the southern part of the state, often we may have expressed it, in relation very good veins of copper have been discov-to the unauthorized and illiberal course purered, and wrought to some advantage. In sued by Massachusetts in reference to our Jefferson county, a very good prospect of institutions and our rights, we cannot but copper mines may be seen. COBALT is an ore of no less importance than the former. It occurs in the form of black oxide and sulphuret, and is found either in thin layers, in lead mines, accompanying the drybone, (carbonate,) or in connection with manganese, which is found to contain the cobalt from five to fifty per cent. ZINC, in the form of sulphuret and carbonate, or calamine, is found in great abundance in the lead mines, where it appears to form the lens, or shell of the veins of lead, it being found on the upper and lower crust of the rock. It is thrown away as useless by the miners, although there are imported into this country over $200,000 worth annually. SILVER. It is ascertained that the average of silver contained in all the Missouri lead ores is from six to eight ounces to the ton; but it has never been attempted to separate the same before bringing the lead in market. NICKEL-This rare ore has been found to accompany the copper and cobalt, particularly in localities where the latter is found in a state of sulphuret and combined with the copper ore. One shipment of a mixture of the three metals, averaging in the greatest part the copper, and cobalt and nickel in smaller proportions, has been made a year ago from Mine la Motte, and I understand it has proved profitable. MANGANESE abounds all over the southern part of the state of Missouri. Among the non-metallic substances, BARYTES deserves a conspicuous place in this state; for it is found here in great abundance, and of a beautiful white color, suitable for admixture with white lead. MASSACHUSETTS-HER PRODUCTIVE ENERGIES AND SPIRIT (1849)-During the past summer we had the satisfaction of visiting Massachusetts, and inspecting for ourselves the extraordinary enterprise and industry which has given it character among the first of ancient or modern states. All the docu ments were kindly put into our possession by the Hon J. G. Palfrey, Secretary of State, from which the most complete notions may admire her in the position in which she is truly admirable, and proclaim her honor to the world. As a great sister of our confederacy, we are bound to respect her, despite even of her faults. The paper which we now present will be in this spirit of candor and fellowship, and it is our intention to present similar papers, having a like reference to each of the states of the Union. In this matter, as in others, we must solicit the aid of their citizens. The state is supposed to have derived its name from one of its tribes of Indians. The stormy and troubled periods of its early history will be at once called to memory. Bancroft, one of her own sons, has done ample justice to this epoch-moderating, as much as could be, the asperities it so frequently presents. There are fourteen incorporated counties in the state, their charters dating from 1643 to to 1812. There are also an immense number of towns or districts, presided over by Selectmen, from 3 to 7 in number each. The college and school system of Massachusetts is the most complete of our times. A Board of Education was established in 1837. Large annual volumes of Reports and Abstracts have been published regularly from that time. The Secretary of the Board, Horace Mann, has published, for several years, an Educational Journal. There are also Normal schools and Teachers' Institutes, for the preparation of instructors. The number of lyceums and public libraries in the state evidences the great educational spirit. There is an Atl enæum, an Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Society of Natural History, and three Musical Associations in Boston, also an American Oriental Society, an American Statistical Association, and a Historical Genealogical Society. There are three Historical Societies in the state: at Boston, at Dorches ter, and at Salem; also an American Antiquarian Society at Worcester. The following table will show the number of agricultural societies, and the amounts they have received from the state's munificence: are 38 Institutions for Savings in the state. The Railroad Corporations would occupy a chapter of themselves. The following table and extract is taken from Dr. Chickering's admirable work published last year: The cattle show and fair of this Society, at Pittsfield, in 1814, was the first held in this country. "By adopting 244,149 as the population of Massachusetts in 1765, we find that the increase in the twenty-five years was 134,638, from which we deduce the average increase yours. We You are not silent in meddling of 9.1811 per cent. in five years; of 19.2054 advances. Let us see the results of your cent, in ten years; and 42.0992 per cent. experiment. per in twenty years. In thirty years the increase with our affairs-excuse the want of courtesy at the same rate would be 169,415, or 69.3920 betrayed in thus intermeddling in per cent. At the average rate of 9 1811 per want facts. cent. increase in five years, the numb r would be 266,565 in 1770; 291,039 in 1775; 317,760 in 1780; 346,934 in 1785. "The average increase of Massachusetts, in each period of ten years, from 1765 to 1790, was 19.2054 per cent.; and from 1790 to 1840, 14.2606 per cent. "The average increase of Massachusetts, in each period of twenty years, from 1765 to 1790, was 42.0992 per cent.; and from 1790 to 1840, 30.5551 per cent. The average increase of Boston, in each period of ten years, from 1790 to 1840, was 38.506 per cent.; and of the rest of the state, only 12.3173 per cent. Pass we now under review some of the PRODUCTS OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1845. Anchors, Chain Ca bles, &c............... other edge tools... Axes, Hatchets, and Beef, &c., slaughtered Berries .... Bleaching or Coloring 2,166,000 Brass articles........ Britannia Ware Broom Seed & Brush ............ Butter.............. Butts or Hinges. The increase of Massachusetts, from 1765 to 1840, was 493,551, or 202.1515 per cent.: of Boston, 77,863, or 501.6945 per cent.; and of the rest of the state, 415,688, or 181.8177 per cent. "The average increase of Massachusetts, from 1765 to 1840, in each twenty-five years, was 44.5688 per cent.; in each twenty years, 34.2950 per cent.; in each ten years, 15.8857 per cent.; in each five years, 7.6503 per cent.; and in each year, 1.4853 per cent. This last is 1433 per cent. per annum greater than 1.3420 per cent., the rate from 1790 to 1840. "It will appear from these statements, that the average increase of the population of Cannon............. Massachusetts was greater from 1765 to 1790 than it has been since. Had the rate continued the same, the number would have been 911,749 in 1840. Also, the increase of Boston was, on an average, much less during the first twenty-five years than that of the other parts of the state, and much greater during the last two periods of twenty-five years each. showing a tendency to centralization in Boston." The number of paupers in Massachusetts is large: 15,261 were supported by the state in 1846; net amount expended in their support, $301,707 08, the state supplying $33,852 of it. In all her precision and system we regret that Massachusetts excludes in her statistics all reference to her black population. Can this be designedly? Surely this class of population is sufficiently large there to attract especial notice. Why is there, then, not a single syllable in all of her documents relative to them? This is not so in slave states. We are not content here without knowledge of the condition, prospects, and improvement of the blacks. Does not Massachusetts owe it to her sister states to show the results of her benevolent systems upon those who were formerly her slaves, and whom, as she tells us, she has been endeavoring to improve? Let us know their condition now, and their Soap Capita! invested. Hands empl. $538,966 $377,685 422 94,441 48,225 94 225,918 981 10,842 10,422 35 127,249 204 82,943 164 45,877 215,105 235 331,890 612,832 1,407 102,550 49,350 93 86,111 200.814 313 153,900 1,116,709 56,080 25.390 3,500 49 4,779,817 1,401,500 2,053 3,613,796 2,451,917 306 |