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United States troops taking part in action against the enemy, 1,390,000.”

WAR SUPPLIES SOLD

Sales to foreign Governments of more than $200,000,000 worth of surplus war supplies were announced by the War Department on March 26. Most of the material went to France, whose purchase included smokeless powder, acids, copper, cannon and steel plates, for which $155,000,000 was paid.

Italy bought $41,000,000 worth of machine guns and ammunition, acids, and other supplies. The Netherlands bought $685,000 worth of nitrate of soda. About $1,000,000 worth of airplanes and supplies, $496,000 worth of soldiers' personal equipment, $294,000 worth of machine guns, and $171,000 worth of hand grenades went to Czechoslovakia. Supplies were sold to other countries in the following amounts: Great Britain, $2,300,000; Cuba, $108,000; Liberia, $14,500; Switzerland, $9,500.

EMPLOYMENT FOR SOLDIERS

It was stated on April 5 that rapid progress was being made in the nationwide organization, by the Council of National Defense and the Emergency Committee of the War Department, of local councils to secure employment for discharged soldiers, seamen, and marines. One hundred thousand dollars was reported as available for the employment service in New York City. Buffalo, N. Y., reported that $12,000,000 worth of public work was to be started as quickly as possible. In not a single instance had cities, States, and counties refused their hearty co-operation in the work. Colonel Arthur Woods, former Police Commissioner of New York City, is at the head of the Emergency Committee.

NEW VOLUNTEER ARMY

A call was issued by the War Department for 50,000 volunteers for service in Europe with the American Expeditionary Forces.

The purpose of the department in raising this force was declared to be to obtain 50,000 men to take the places of an equal number of drafted enlisted men who had good reasons for coming back

to this country, under the rules laid down by the War Department relative to demobilization. The 50,000 to be relieved could not be spared, it was explained, unless others took their places, and to obtain the relief force of 50,000 men it was necessary to ask for volunteers.

TANKS AND AIRPLANES

The War Department, April 6, announced its program for a peacetime organization of the tank and airplane arms of the service.

The United States will maintain in commission and ready for service under these plans a minimum of 1,050 tanks, 330 being of the heavy and 720 of the light type. A third type, known as the

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signal tank," is provided for each company and battalion commander, 45 in all being included in the complete tank organization.

A tank brigade, composed of one battalion of heavy tanks and two of light tanks, will be attached to each army corps. The typical heavy battalion includes 45 fighting tanks, with 24 in reserve, and the light battalion 45 fighting tanks, with 27 in reserve. Thus, the army corps complement will total 135 battle craft, fully equipped, with 78 waiting orders from the corps commander.

The American light tank, adopted late in the war, is a two-ton machine, operated by two men and armed with a machine gun or rapid-firing rifle. It is capable of better than fifteen miles an hour under favorable conditions, and can manoeuvre with great agility. The heavy tanks weigh about thirty-five tons, carry a sawed-off 37-millimeter gun, and are driven at a moderate walking speed by their 500 horse power Liberty motors.

The corps is to be made up of 377 commissioned officers and 5,862 enlisted

men.

The plans for aviation service provided for approximately 1,700 airplanes in actual commission and a minimum available reserve of 3,400 additional planes. This was based upon the proposed military establishment of 500,000 men, in which total the air service

personnel will be 1,923 officers and 21,853 men.

The organization tables showed that the air forces on a peace basis would be comprised of eighty-seven service squadrons, of which forty-two would be assigned to coast defense work in the United States and insular possessions, twenty would be pursuit squadrons, and twenty-five observation and bombing squadrons. The typical army airplane squadron includes eighteen planes in service and their personnel.

The table also called for the maintenance of forty-two balloon companies, divided into three wings of fourteen companies each.

RETURN OF ADMIRAL SIMS

Admiral William Snowdon Sims returned to the United States April 7, 1919, after two years' service as commander of the American fleet in European waters. His services were notable and a hearty welcome greeted him as the Mauretania steamed into New York Harbor.

When the Admiral went abroad war was imminent, and news of the formal declaration reached him by wireless on the steamer on which he was traveling incognito. The vessel struck a mine as it was entering Liverpool Harbor, but the Admiral escaped injury. He entered at once into active co-operation with the British Navy, and for two years the allied fleets held the seas without any friction developing between them.

The Admiral, who automatically became a Rear Admiral on his return, narrated a number of interesting facts bearing on the work abroad.

Among other stories of the navy's part in the great war, he told that of the depth bomb. His narrative follows:

It all came about in this way: A short time after I arrived in England, two years ago, Admiral Jellicoe told me the story of how the depth bomb came into being. He said that Admiral Madden, who was second in command of the Grand Fleet, had, while in command of a cruiser in the early days of the war, caught sight of a torpedo as it was fired from a submarine. Presently the track of the submarine was seen, and a moment or so later the top of the periscope of the submarine was visible. The U-boat finally took to its heels, with the British cruiser in pursuit.

Admiral Jellicoe then told me that the British cruiser finally got within sight of the submarine, and it was then that Admiral Madden thought of the depth bombs. His men went to work at once, Admiral Jellicoe told me, and after some experimenting brought out the bomb which was later nicknamed the "ash can." They were tested out, and after they were found to be practical each destroyer was loaded up with them, carrying from thirty to forty charges apiece. They were arranged on a track device in such a manner that they could be sent off one every ten seconds merely by the pushing of a button. Going into details of the work of the sea forces in the war, Admiral Sims said:

It was for us to get on with the war and play the game. The results depended on a full discussion with the chiefs of staff of the various navies-the English, the French, and the Italian. To use an army term, we brigaded our forces with theirs, and the whole force handled the coast from Murmansk on the north, in Russia, to the Adriatic, and now to Constantinople, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean.

The United States had a navy of about 80,000 officers and men, of whom 5,000 were officers, and there are yet 25,000 over in Europe doing work which will have to be continued for a long time. Of 350 ships over there, there are approximately 150 still remaining. The officers now there are doing work in every port; matters not exactly navy business, but they concern the sea and our ships. Every vessel that flies the American flag which arrives on the other side is handled by the navy.

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RAILROAD WAGES INCREASED

On April 6 the Railroad Administration granted a further increase of $65,000,000 in wages to train crews, bringing the railroad pay bill up to an annual basis of $3,000,000,000.

The new wage increase, which affected approximately 400,000 men, applied to firemen, engineers, conductors, and brakemen. Most of the men benefiting by the new increase re members of the Big Four Brotherhoods which received an increase of about $70,000,000 in wages under the Adamson act in 1916 and a further increase of about $160,000,000 last Summer on the basis of the recommendations made by the Lane Board to former Director General McAdoo.

Under war operations of the railroads by the Government the wage increases to railway employes have added $910,000,000 to the payrolls, while the railroad companies themselves in 1916 and 1917 raised wages by $350,000,000, making a total wage increase of $1,260,000,000 in three years. In the last three years the wage increases granted have more than absorbed all the additional revenues obtained from higher rates charged for freight and passenger traffic. The Interstate Commerce Commission allowed the railroad companies to increase rates in 1916 and 1917 by more than $100,000,000 a year. The Govern

ment last year added more than $1,000,000,000. The total rate increases are accordingly upward of $1,100,000,000, while the wage increases are $1,260,000,000.

Adding the increased cost of materials to the advance in wages, there has been a total increase in railroad operating expense in three years of $1,750,000,000, as against aggregate increases in rates of approximately $1,200,000,000. creased labor and material costs have, therefore, outrun the increased freight and passenger rates by $550,000,000.

ARMY OF OCCUPATION

In

In the occupied zone in Germany a marked increase of unfriendliness on the part of the population toward American soldiers was noted. Official cognizance

of this was taken in an intelligence summary issued by the Third Army, which said, in part:

There is considerable feeling against our strict enforcement of the civilian circu

lation regulations. * * This is especially so with reference to the circulation on the left bank of the Rhine between the several occupied territories.

The general idea is that Bolshevism will die of its own accord, and satisfaction is expressed that it cannot make While headway in the American zone. recognizing that the inhabitants owe the quiet in the region to the American troops, it is evident that the population has no really friendly spirit for our soldiers.

Edwin L. James cabled from Coblenz on March 27:

No one can write down in a few words the cause of the change. A combination of factors has brought it about. The Allies' delay in presenting the peace terms has put the Germans in the position of a man who is going to have a tooth pulled and has to wait in the dentist's anteroom for two hours thinking about how much it is going to hurt him. His nerves are not what they used to be. The Americans are using a firm hand, even proceeding against the Burgomaster and the District President, which arouses about the same interest here as the trial of the Mayor and Governor at the same time would create in New York. The situation was emphasized by the army action yesterday in suspending for three days the morning and evening editions of the Coblenzer Zeitung, the leading paper of the city. The Zeitung had printed an article about Hungary's Bolshevist adventure which charged all the blame to the Allies.

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None of these things seems to have agitated the Rhineland Germans as much as the action of the allied armies in refusing to allow the delegates to the Rhenish Provincial Legislature proceed to Düsseldorf for the fifty-ninth session of the lawmaking body of this province, called to meet this week. It must be understood that the Allies occupying German territory allowed delegates to go to the Weimar National Assembly and to the Prussian Assembly at Berlin a short time ago. Understanding that, one may imagine the vehemence with which the delegates to Düsseldorf want to know why they cannot go there.

Incidentally, there had been prepared for presentation to the Legislature an ardent protest against any action by the Allies which would divorce the left bank of the Rhine from the rest of Germany. The meeting of the Legislature would unquestionably have given its indorsement to

this. It is not forgotten that Marshal Foch, who broke up the prospective Düsseldorf session, is a leading advocate of doing something to the left bank of the Rhine which the Germans are not enthusiastic about.

It is not a question of hunger, for the Germans hereabouts have not been hungry, and now they know that they are going to get food regularly from the Americans. It is simply a case of the Americans getting on their nerves. The natural consequence of manifestations of this psychological condition on the part of the Germans is that sooner or later they are going to get on the Americans'

nerves.

ARMY IN LUXEMBURG

Word was received at the headquarters of General Dickman on March 27 from

General Headquarters that the Duchy of Luxemburg would on April 1 be included in the area under the control of the American Third Army, the jurisdiction of which would extend to the French frontier of 1914.

The 6th Corps, commanded by Brig. Gen. Adelbert Cronkhite, was to function in the Luxemburg area with the 5th and 33d Divisions, which had been attached to the Second Army. General Cronkhite was expected to take up headquarters in the City of Luxemburg soon, this city also being the General Headquarters of Marshal Foch. The control of this additional territory would give the Third Army the 3d, 4th, and 6th Corps, with nine divisions.

Two Years of American Accomplishment Since War
Was Declared

A few of the statistics relating to our armed forces, casualties, shipping, and estimated cost of operations, April 6, 1917, to April 6, 1919:

Cost of thirty-two National
Army cantonments and Na-
tional Guard camps.........
Students enrolled in 500 S. A.
T. C. camps......
Officers commissioned

$179,629,497

170,000

April 6, 1917

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THE

New York's Great Parade

HE homecoming of the American troops has been signalized from the beginning by demonstrations of rejoicing, ranging from a din of harbor boat whistles in the ports of arrival to local parades in the various cities from which the more popular National Guard units entered the war. A typical welcome of the latter kind, and perhaps the most imposing of all, was that given in New York City on March 25, 1919, to the soldiers of the 27th Division, which contained many of the old National Guard regiments of New York City and State. Amid scenes of memorable enthusiasm and swarming masses of humanity that reached from Washington Square to 110th Street this unit of the Second Army of the American Expeditionary Force, which had helped to break the Hindenburg line, marched up Fifth Avenue under cloudless skies and received all the honors that it was in the power of the city to give. The significance of the parade, one of the greatest in the history of New York, was summed up by Acting Secretary of War Crowell in these words:

These sons of the metropolis and the Empire State are the heroes of Kemmel Hill, of Péronne, of Bellecourt, of St. Quentin, Cambrai, of Bony, and Le Catelet. These men who swing along beautiful Fifth Avenue today, resplendent in health and good spirits, each man looking to a future of good citizenship in the safe peace his valor established, are survivors of the istoric American drive at the Hindenburg line of last Summer and

They

Fall. They fought gloriously. helped win the most stupendous conflict the world has ever seen. The fruit of the victory is now in the hands of the people of all civilized nations, great and small.

These men who parade today are of the American stuff that heartened the weary British and French heroes in the Summer of 1918, and, when it came their turn to fight on their own sectors, they exhibited strength and ability which swept down the enemy like the wrath of an avenging God. In their last great drive the enemy fell back before them for thirteen miles, and some 3,000 prisoners were taken into the lines of the 27th Division.

In the hour of rejoicing we shall not forget the bravest of the brave who may only parade Fifth Avenue today in spirit -the comrades who did not return. They died or are suffering in army hospitals, that we might enjoy the security of this day. Our hearts turn to them and to those loved ones who mourn their absence. We see the brilliant spectacle of this parade through tears for them, yet we know that they preferred death and physical torture to dishonorable personal safety.

MARCHING IN BATTLE ARRAY

The parade started at 9 A. M. and marched just as it appeared when it reached the British sector late in the Summer of 1918 to take its place in the battleline. The men paraded with full pack, and each wore his steel helmet. The stand at Eighty-second Street and Fifth Avenue was the official centre. Here were assembled Alfred E. Smith, Governor of New York; Franklin D. Roosevelt, Acting Secretary of the

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