means of one of those effective quarrels to which her name has become attached, to attack her neighbor and take from him his domain. This was world-politics in perspective-Weltpolitik!

What a colonizing people seeks first of all is land for its emigrants, if the home country has more inhabitants than it can support. In Germany the excess of births over deaths passed yearly a total of 800,000. And yet Germany did not especially seek to people colonies; she preferred to send her nationals to other countries. The United States, Brazil and the Argentine Republic, Russia, the Orient, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, and even France - these were the true domains of German emigration. Even when naturalized, the migrant Germans remained Germans; by the strange privilege of a law of circumstances, the so-called "Dernburg law," they remained the faithful children of old Germany, the good servants of Deutschtum.

The German colonial empire, situated almost entirely in the tropical zone, too warm and too damp to suit the Europeans, held only one territory of really temperate climate, Southwest Africa;

here, however, there were only a few hundred Germans, while the countries named above had millions. But in an atlas published by the German geographer Langhans, and bearing the title "German Colonial Atlas," figured maps on which pink-colored "German colonies" were depicted as including the GermanAmericans and all similar transplanted Germans from Petrograd to Rio de Janeiro and from Antwerp to Constantinople.

But what a colonizing people seeks, in the second place, is territories capable of furnishing it with comestibles and the raw materials of industry which it does not find upon its own soil. It seeks also natives who will purchase the manufactured articles which it turns out from its factories. Germany sought this above all in her colonial empire. She envied the United States for the ability to find upon its own soil all kinds of products and beneath the soil all useful and precious minerals. Since she could not be like the United States, she aspired to be like England, and also like France, and to carve out for herself, if need be, at the expense of these two, an empire which would furnish her with all the raw ma

terials which her formidable industry purchased for a sum that grew in volume yearly.

That is why the great manufacturers of the Rhine and Westphalia, the Krupps, the Thiessens, the Rathenaus, ere the most ardent colonizers of Germany. That is why Germany, without ceasing to seek in her tropical colonies coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, rice, bananas, and manioc, demanded from them above all rubber, so as to have no further need of Brazil, the Belgian and French Congo, ar u English Malaysia; cotton, so as no longer to depend on India, on Egypt, or on the United States; tropical textiles, jute, raphia, ramie, sisal, so as to be no longer at the mercy of India or some other colony belonging to its Western rivals; finally, and above all, those oleaginous products of the tropical zone, arachide, palm-oil, cocoanut, which produce cheap vegetal oils on which so many i. dustries depend.

Germany received from her own colonies about 66,000,000 francs' worth of these and other products. But her needs mounted to more than one billion and a half of francs, or more than twentythree times as much as her colonies produced. And all this deficiency must be imported from her rivals. Thus the

very profit which German industry derived from her colonies induced her to demand extension of her colonial domain.

When one looks at the map one sees the four pieces of the colonial empire of Germany in Africa and one understands the work of amalgamation which she contemplated. From three directions she purposed to begin the conquest of those territories which separated the German fragments, in order to form some day that Central German Africa of a single piece that Mittelafrika, the

S

PARTACAN terrorism sank into the background during the last weeks of Germany's anxious wait for the Peace Treaty. Mainly food shortage and industrial problems occupied the German mind, suffering from an intensified nerve strain. The overthrow of the Munich Communist Government on May 2 removed the last stronghold of fear in the latter respect, though the situation in Saxony still held a possibility of disturbance, and the strike epidemic in Upper Silesia caused renewed uneasiness. Such Spartacan outbreaks as developed at Hamburg and Bremen were localized and effectively reduced to order by the firm hand of Minister of Defense Noske.

The Ebert Government continued to show signs of weakness owing to dissensions among members of the Cabinet. Popular indifference as to the fate of the former Emperor and the Hohenzollern Princes was reported. Several documents and letters came to light bearing upon the responsibility of individuals in the conduct of the war, their attitude toward the revolution, and the policy of the Ebert Government. Among these was one from Hindenburg to the former Emperor disclosing his view of socialism and the clauses of a treaty said to have been entered into between the Ebert Government and the Bolshevist Government of Russia. The resignation of Field Marshal von Hindenburg was a notable event in the passing away of the old régime to give place, in this regard, to a new military leader, unknown before the armistice, in the person of General Noske.

THE MUNICH REVOLUTION

The last days of the Munich revolution were bloody. A red triumvirate, consisting of Sontheimer, Dr. Levien, and Axelrod, the Russian revolutionary "expert," had seized complete control of

The

the city and adjacent districts. whole garrison recognized this new Government and expressed willingness to enforce its orders. In the process of hoisting the Sontheimer Government to power 150 persons were reported killed, and the main railway station was entirely wrecked. Food depots and wine cellars were ransacked and the contents distributed. Revolutionary tribunals were promptly set working to try by summary procedure all who by speech, writing, or act opposed the new régime. On April 16 George Renwick cabled The New York Times:

Munich still presents the most gloomy picture on the German stage. A set of ruffians, calling themselves. Ideal Anarchists," are, my Bamberg correspondent wires, in complete control of the situation. They are installed in the Wittelsbach Palace and their council room is the An spacious bed chamber of the ex-King. anteroom is the former monarch's bathroom.

From all over town great supplies of food and wine, appropriated in private houses, have been brought to the palace kitchen, and the mess of the Ideal Anarchists" is in the vast reception room of the palace. The new régime keeps open house, and it is mostly a crew of terrorists, Red Guards, and various nondescript persons which gathers there at meal times.

The general strike in the city continues. All trams have stopped running. No newspaper appears save the official sheet, containing Government proclamations regarding the socialization of the press, printing establishments, bookshops, cinemas, and theatres. All places of entertainment are shut and nearly all shops are closed.

BAVARIAN GOVERNMENT'S EFFORTS

The Hoffmann Government issued a strong appeal to the whole Bavarian people to rise and fight against the Munich terrorists. The peasants responded by demanding arms with which to march against the capital. Their as

66

sociation issued a declaration which asserted that the devastation of the country, the plundering of houses and barns, and the murdering of peasants by Communist bands had become intolerable." Hoffmann Government troops to the number of 8,000, with artillery, advanced upon Munich from the direction of Augsburg. Their main forces reached Dachau, ten miles northwest of Munich. Advices of the 18th stated that the Hoffmann Government had accepted the offer of 3,000 troops from Württemberg. In view, however, of the military strength of the Munich rebels the Government at Bamberg had decided to call for armed intervention by the German National Government. The stress of the emergency was indicated by the difficulty Premier Hoffmann experienced in persuading his colleagues to agree to the use of Prussian troops in Bavarian territory. By the 18th the Berlin Government troops were moving on Munich.

On April 19 Communist Guards defeated Hoffmann Government troops at Dachau after breaking an armistice to permit the passage of limited food supplies through the lines for the women and children of Munich. Peasants armed with pitchforks and provided with a single machine gun attempted to withstand the Communists, but were overpowered. The Communists captured and looted Dachau. Later several of the peasants were lined up and shot. On the other hand, a Berne message of the 21st stated that loyal Bavarian and Württemberg troops occupied Lindau on Lake Constance, after a short siege. Lindau was the most important Communist stronghold, excepting Munich.

THE COMMUNIST FORCES

In Munich preparations went forward to meet the decisive test of strength with Noske's advancing National Government army. All roads leading to the Bavarian capital were occupied and defended with field guns, military posts established around the city, and trenches provided with machine guns. Russian prisoners of war, confined at Puchheim on the outskirts of the city, were liberated and armed. A guard of these soldiers was assigned to patrol the railroad sta

tion. It was also reported that the Munich Communists had obtained the services of six trained military officers to command the Red Guards. The names of these officers were given as Colonels Staubwasser, Langloss, and Baron von Zoller, who led brigades during the war; Major Paraquin, who joined the Majority Socialists after the revolution, commanded the revolutionary student body of Munich University, and worked for the transformation of the university into a people's high school; Captain Zwehl, a Bavarian cavalry officer, and the Prince of Wied. The social prominence of these officers caused comment as to the motive which prompted them to accept service with the Communists.

Conditions in Munich were growing daily worse. By the 23d the city was cut off completely from the outside world. No one was permitted to leave the city. The fate of the hostages seized by the Communists remained in doubt, owing to a threat to execute one of them every twelve hours until the Hoffmann Government released the Communist leader, Braig. Forged Bavarian money was forced upon tradesmen by the Communist leaders.

STERN MEASURES

An attempt of the Munich Government to enter into negotiations with the Hoffmann Government resulted only in the arrest of the Communist emissaries. At Augsburg the development of a serious situation out of the general strikes was checked by the arrest of 220 Communists and the shooting of those captured with arms. A Berlin dispatch of the 25th stated that Count Arco Valley, the assassin of Kurt Eisner, who had remained in a hospital at Munich, had been dragged forth and killed by a Spartacan crowd; further, that Herr Auer, former Minister of the Interior, recovering from wounds in the same hospital, sought refuge elsewhere from the mob, and that former War Minister Rosshaupter had fled from the city.

Advices of the 26th reported that martial law had been proclaimed throughout Bavaria, and that military operations were about to begin under Lieut. Gen. von Hoehl against the Munich Soviet

Covernment. The town of Landshut, northeast of Munich, was captured by National Government forces; but south of Munich the Soviet troops advanced to Lake Stamberg and Lake Ammer. In order to stifle a threatened Communist revolt at Nuremberg two Independent Socialist leaders were arrested, together with the whole Commission for the Unemployed. Schmidt, the Communist leader, in resisting arrest was shot and his son badly wounded. The Town Hall and other public buildings at Nuremberg were occupied by Government troops.

COMING OF NOSKE'S FORCES A Berlin message of the 27th announced that Noske, the German Minister of Defense, had been appointed Commander in Chief of all the Government troops to operate against Munich. These troops were soon encircling the city. By the 29th, Bavarian forces, with 15,000 Prussians, had crossed the Danube on the way to Munich. Hoffmann Government scout airplanes flew over the city and were fired on by the Communists.

Upon the advance of Noske's army a panic developed among the Communist leaders. Herr Landauer, Minister of Popular Enlightenment, disappeared on the 27th, and was followed by Herr Fechenbach, later arrested at Ulm. Doctor of Zoology Levien still held out. On April 30 Mr. Renwick telegraphed from Berlin:

That gap,

The loose, irregular, but probably effective military circle around Munich may be said to have been completed save for a short break to the south. however, is rapidly being reduced. The Rosenheim Railway and Landshut and neighborhood are firmly in the hands of the Government troops. From that town the advance has been completed half way toward Munich, and General Mochl's troops, together with contingents from Augsburg, have reached and taken Freising. Another force pushed forward to Upper Schleissheim, which is only five or six miles from the outskirts of Munich. Little opposition was encountered. On the other side of the circle the success of the Government troops has been no less striking, and various towns to which the Munich Government pushed out its forces at the end of the week have again been occupied by Hoffmann troops. * The first contingents of Prussian troops have

*

now advanced as far as Ingolstadt, midway between Nuremberg and Munich.

MUNICH DELIVERED

On the evening of May 1 the Hoffmann Government rejected a final Communist offer to negotiate. Thereupon Prussian, Bavarian, and Württemberg troops forced a hotly contested entrance into Munich by way of Schwabing, Thalkirchen, and Nymphenburg. An assault on the Wittelsbach Palace and the Ministry of War residence resulted in their capture by Government troops. The majority of the populace received the Government troops joyously, some participating in the fighting by firing on Communist guards from their houses.

The Communists continued the battle into the following day from housetops, barricades, and church towers, from which they poured down a devastating machine-gun fire. Artillery was brought into action with decisive result, and on the 3d the whole of Munich was occupied by Government troops except the Ganhen quarter. Several Communist leaders were captured and some of them were said to have been summarily executed. Dr. Levien was reported to have fallen into Government hands at Augsburg, where an emergency in his airplane flight from Munich compelled his descent.

Confirmation that the Communists had made no idle threat to execute their hostages was obtained in the finding of mutilated bodies, including those of a Prince of Thurn and Taxis, and of the Countess Hella von Westarp. Some 5,000 Communists were arrested. The number killed in the fighting was estimated at 200. An announcement was made by the Berlin Government that its troops would be withdrawn as soon as order was restored.

On May 4 Munich celebrated its liberation from Communist terrorism. Crowds thronged the streets and cheered the Government troops, which included a detachment of 800 Austrians. Bands played and national airs were sung outside the palace. At the suggestion of General von Moehl, the Bavarian commander, who delivered a statement that the North Germans had assisted largely in freeing