garian works describe Slav-speaking adherents of the Greek Church as Grécisants or Grécomanes.)

3. The small Albanian-speaking communities in the Greek provinces of Euboea, Attica, Corinth, Argolis, and Laconia are given the Greek coloring. The linguistic criterion of nationality, explains Professor Soteriadis, is here manifestly untenable. If it were admitted, it would be necessary to deny the Greek nationality of two Ministers in the present Greek Cabinet, for M. Repoules, Vice President of the Council, (from Kranidi,) and Admiral Kunduriotes, Minister of Marine, (from the Island of Hydra,) both of whom speak Albanian; many of the constituents of M. Venizelos, also, in Attica and Boeotia, also speak Albanian, but they have never suggested the election of an Albanian national representative.

4. The district centring about Smyrna in Asia Minor is so emphatically Greek, says Professor Soteriadis, that even the Turks know it as “Giaour Ismir"; the balance of nationalities in Smyrna show 230,000 Greeks as against 90,000 Turks. Here, as elsewhere in Asia Minor, the great concentrations of Greek population are shown by the black areas.

The diagrammatic scheme above outlined, in the opinion of its creator, makes it quite clear that the greater part of the population in Eastern Macedonia, where the Bulgarian population is almost entirely confined to the hill country, is Hellenic.

It should be noted, says Professor Soteriadis, that under Turkish rule the population of that portion of the district of Drama subsequently included within the Greek frontier was 190,975, of whom 46,894 were Greeks and 17,773 Bulga- . rians; and in the corresponding portion of the district of Seres, 74,545 out of a total population of 164,539 were Greeks and 34,613. Bulgarians, the remainder in each case being, of course, Turks. It is also pointed out that after the Balkan wars the ethnological character of Eastern Macedonia was substantially changed, not only by the emigration of 19,131 adherents of the Exarchate and 33,732 Mohammedans, but also by the settlement of 79,704 Greeks. Thus at the census carried out by the Greek Government in August, 1915, the number of Greeks in Eastern Macedonia had risen to 201,143, while the number of Turks and Bulgarians had fallen to 145,857 and 32,255 respectively.

Queen Marie of Rumania arrived in Paris on March 5, 1919, on a special train from Bucharest, accompanied by her three daughters, two ladies of honor, and General Ballif, head of her military household. She was received by Paris with respect and admiration, as a woman and a Queen who, through a long period of viscissitude, had shown qualities which made her famous throughout the world.

Edward VII. was her uncle; Queen Victoria her grandmother. She accepted her traditions, and took her responsibilities seriously. In her book, "My Country," which has been translated into French, she calls herself "Queen of a Small Country." Though sabres and silver helmets shone before the royal palace at Bucharest, Queen Marie had no desire to play the rôle of Queen as understood under the old régime. She

visited the houses of the poor and needy. "Irresistibly drawn by the mysterious shadows, I went into the secret hut of clay." All the French officers and soldiers who fought in Rumania have borne witness to her self-sacrifice and devotion.

She helped and comforted many; she saw many die, even her own son, who expired in her arms; she bore her affliction like the other Rumanian mothers, in silence and with stoicism.

In February, 1919, Queen Marie reentered Bucharest triumphantly, accompanied by King Ferdinand and by General Berthelot. And as the cortège filed in, she remembered the prophetic words of a dying soldier, whose last sufferings she had relieved: "God protect thee, and grant that thou mayest reign again over all the Rumanians!"

HE revised covenant of the League of Nations was adopted by the plenary session of the Peace Conference (the seats of the Italian delegation only remaining empty) in the afternoon of April 28, 1919. The presentation of the document in its new and definitive form made the session one of exceptional interest. The adoption was moved by President Wilson, who took up, one by one, the articles that had been changed or added, pointing out the significance of the new or modified passages, after which he continued:

I take the opportunity to move the following resolutions in order to carry out the provisions of the covenant: You will notice that the covenant provides that the first Secretary General shall be chosen by this conference. It also provides that the first choice of the four member States who are to be added to the five great powers on the Council is left to this conference.

I move, therefore, that the first Secretary General of the Council shall be the honorable Sir James Eric Drummond, and, second, that, until such time as the assembly shall have selected the first four members of the League to be represented on the Council in accordance with Article IV. of the covenant, representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Greece, and Spain shall be members, and, third, that the powers to be represented on the Council of the League of Nations are requested to name representatives who shall form a committee of nine to prepare plans for the organization of the League and for the establishment of the seat of the League and to make arrangements and to prepare the agenda for the first meeting of the assembly, this committee to report both to the Council and the Assembly of the League.

Baron Makino for Japan and Léon Bourgeois for France spoke in favor respectively of the racial equality and international army amendments, but these amendments were afterward withdrawn. Premier Clemenceau announced the withdrawal of the amendments, and President Wilson's proposal that the covenant

of the League of Nations be adopted was carried.

Throughout the revision of the covenant its framers had been careful to keep it from providing for the creation of a super-State. After long discussion and some revision it emerged in its new form as a solemn agreement between sovereign nations which consent to limit their freedom of action on certain points for the greater good of the world and themselves. Free consent in future, as well as now, is the keynote of the covenant. It was agreed that hard-and-fast rules were not feasible or desirable. The success of the League must depend upon the public opinion of the world.

The text of the revised draft had been made public at the State Department in Washington on the preceding afternoon by Acting Secretary Frank L. Polk, and had been published simultaneously in the other countries.

IMPORT OF CHANGES

The more important changes were intended to safeguard the Monroe Doctrine, to remove domestic questions, such as the Japanese immigration issue, from the operations of the League, to permit nations to withdraw from the League upon two years' notice, and to make clear that the rule of unanimity shall control the decisions of the League Council.

All the changes suggested by ex-President Taft were covered in the revision of the covenant. Most of the changes urged by ex-Justice Charles E. Hughes were adopted, but the recommendations of Messrs. Hughes, Root, Knox, and others for a revision of Article X. were not carried out by the commission in charge of the redraft. Article X. is the one in which nations entering the League mutually agree to guarantee the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all members of the League

against external aggression. The main essentials of the alterations are given below:

First-The phraseology of the covenant is considered to have been immeasurably improved. Phrases of circumlocution have been rewritten. The document is much clearer.

Second-There is an annex to the revised covenant specifically naming the signatories to the Peace Treaty at Paris which are to be the original men.bers of the League; also naming thirteen other nations, all neutrals, which are invited to accede to the covenant. Germany and the enemy nations are not named as original members of the League, and may only be admitted by a two-thirds vote of the League after giving certain promises and guarantees. Mexico is not asked to become a member of the League.

Third-One criticism of the original covenant was that it contained no provision for withdrawal. This has been met by the insertion of a provision in the new Article I. that any member of the League may withdraw from it after two years' notice, provided it has fulfilled its obligations under the League covenant.

Fourth-Another criticism was that there was no clear showing that the action of the Council of Nine should be unanimous as to decisions. Article V. of the redraft provides that the decisions of the Council shall require the agreement of all the members of the League represented at the Council's meeting.

Fifth-The seat of the League is for the first time definitely established at Geneva, but can be moved elsewhere by decision of the Council.

Sixth-All positions under the League are to be open equally to men and women-this also being new.

"COUNCIL" AND "ASSEMBLY " Seventh-The original covenant provided for an "executive council" of nine members, and for a "body of delegates" in which each nation of the League would have representation. The revised covenant provides for a "council" of nine, and changes the name of

46

the body of delegates to the assembly."

Eighth-The reduction of armaments provision, in Article VIII., has been not only rewritten, but essentially changed. In this rewriting it is made plain, where it was left to assumption in the original covenant, that the plans for reducing armaments must first be approved and adopted by the several Governments before being put in effect. There is in this article a new paragraph providing that plans for the reduction of armaments "shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten years."

Ninth-A provision has been inserted in what is now Article XV. intended to remove domestic questions, such as the Japanese immigration question, which President Wilson considers to be national and not international, from the purview of the decisions of the League. This change provides that "if the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found by the Council to arise out of a matter which by international law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement."

Tenth-Another important new provision in the covenant, found in the final paragraph of Article XVI., stipulates that any League member violating the covenant may be voted out of the League by the Council, if the action is concurred in by the representatives of all the other members of the League represented on the Council.

MONROE DOCTRINE CLAUSE

Elventh — The Monroe Doctrine is sought to be safeguarded in an entirely new provision which becomes known as Article XXI. It provides that nothing in the covenant "shall be deemed to affect the validity of international engagements such as treaties of arbitration, or regional understandings like the Monroe Doctrine for securing the maintenance of peace."

Twelfth-A very important change has been made in the mandatory section under which neither the United States nor any other nation a member of the

League is to be made a mandatary against its consent.

Thirteenth-Still another wholly new provision takes the form of what is now Article XXV., binding the League members to promote the establishment and co-operation of national Red Cross organizations to improve health, prevent disease and mitigate suffering throughout the world.

Among the changes not enumerated above is one in what is now the 26th, or final, article of the new covenant. The final article of the original covenant provided that amendments to the covenant would take effect when ratified by the States represented on the Executive Council of Nine and by three-fourths of the States whose representatives compose the body of delegates. The revised covenant provides that amendments will take effect when ratified by the members of the League represented on the Council and by a "majority of the members of the League represented in the Assembly."

RESIGNING FROM LEAGUE

In addition, this new paragraph has been added to Article XXVI.: "No such amendment shall bind any member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a member of the League."

There are three ways in which a nation may cease to be a member of the League:

First-Any member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention so to do, withdraw, provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations under this covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.

Second-Any member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League may be declared to be no longer a member of the League by a vote of the Council concurred in my the representatives of all the other nations of the League represented thereon.

Third-Any member of the League dissenting from an amendment to the League covenant shall cease to be a member of the League.

THE ANNEX

The "annex," which names the original members of the League, embraces thirty-two nations or self-governing dominions or colonies which are to be signatories to the treaty of peace and thirteen neutral nations which are to be invited to accede to the covenant, making a total of forty-five nations in all, provided they all join. The British Empire is to be a member, and five of its selfgoverning dominions or colonies are also named as members-Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and India.

From the list of forty-five nations set forth in the annex three of the PanAmerican nations are excluded. They are Mexico, Costa Rica, and Santo Domingo. All the other South, Central, or West Indian nations are included. Mexico, Costa Rica, and Santo Domingo cannot be admitted into the League except on the same terms as Germany, Austria, Turkey, and Bulgaria. Russia is also left out of the list of nations set forth in the

annex.

PROVISIONAL ORGANIZATON

The provisional organization of the League of Nations took place in Paris on May 5 at a meeting held in the American headquarters at the Hôtel de Crillon. Stephen Pichon, the French Foreign Minister, presided, and Sir Eric Drummond of Great Britain assumed his duties as Secretary General of the League. An official statement issued after the meeting gave the following details:

The Organization Committee of the League of Nations, which was appointed by a resolution of the plenary conference on April 28, held its first meeting at the Hôtel de Crillon at 4 o'clock on Monday, May 5, and agreed on a number of resolutions for the provisional organization of the League.

On motion of Colonel E. M. House of the United States, M. Pichon, Minister of Foreign Affairs, was elected Chairman and Sir Eric Drummond was invited to occupy his seat as Acting Secretary General.

The following were present: M. Pichon, France, Chairman; Colonel E. M. House, United States; Lord Robert Cecil, Great Britain; Marquis Imperial, Italy; Viscount Chinda, Japan: M. Rolin Jacquemyns, Belgium; M. Venizelos, Greece; Señor Gui

nones de Leon, Spain, and Antonio O. de Magalhaes, Brazil.

In adopting the rules for the temporary organization care was taken by the committee that nothing of a permanent nature should be done previous to the ratification of the peace treaty by the United States Senate.

DRUMMOND'S PUBLIC CAREER

Pre

Sir (James) Eric Drummond, nominated by President Wilson as first Secretary General of the League of Nations, has been private secretary to Arthur J. Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary, since December, 1916. viously he had served Sir Edward (now Viscount) Grey in the same capacity while Sir Edward was Foreign Secretary. From March, 1912, to June, 1915, he was private secretary to Herbert H. Asquith, then the British Premier.

Sir Eric was born Aug. 17, 1876, a son of the eighth Viscount Strathallan, and is a half-brother of and heir presumptive to the Earl of Perth. He became a clerk in the Foreign Office in 1900, and from 1906 to 1908 was private secretary to Lord Fitzmaurice, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and continued under various Under Secretaries until 1912, when he became private secretary to Premier Asquith.

Sir Eric accompanied Mr. Balfour to the United States in 1917 as a member of a British High Commission.

In 1904 Sir Eric married Angela Mary, youngest daughter of the eleventh Baron Herries. They have two daughters and one son. Captain Maldwin Drummond, who married the widow of Marshal Field,

Jr., of Chicago, is a distant relative of Sir Eric. The salary of Sir Eric as Secretary of the League of Nations is to be $25,000 yearly, with a similar amount for the expenses of the office, including the clerical staff.

PUBLIC SENTIMENT

Thirteen State Legislatures in the United States indorsed the League of Nations proposition by concurrent resolution during the sessions of 1919. Seventeen States adopted similar resolutions in 1917 and 1918. Four of these ratified their previous indorsements in 1919. Following is the list of States that have adopted favorable concurrent resolutions:

1919-Arizona, Arkansas, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, Washington, Vermont. 1918-Florida, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Wisconsin.

1917-Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas.

Two State Legislatures not included in the list for 1919 approved the League, although not by direct concurrent resolutions. In Missouri the Senate adopted a resolution indorsing the League without reservation. The Missouri House of Representatives declined to ratify this resolution, but adopted one of its own which approved the League provided it did not interfere with national sovereignty and the Constitution. The Massachusetts Legislature adopted a resolution demanding a peace treaty first and the formation of a League afterward.

Ta

PREAMBLE

order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security, by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the prescription of open, just, and honorable relations between nations, by the firm establishment

of the understandings of international law as to actual rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another, the high contracting parties agree to this covenant of the League of Nations.