What is Extradition?

Extradition is the delivering up of fugitives from justice by the authorities of one country or State to those of another.

NOTE 1.-The extradition between the several the Constitution, Art. IV. Sec. 2. (See page 143.) by Congress to carry this provision into effect.

by

States is provide
An act was passed in 1793

NOTE 2.-Extradition between countries is provided for by treaties instead of by legislation, and is made to cover a number of crimes, viz.: Murder, assault with intent to commit murder, piracy, arson, robbery, and forgery or the utterance of forged papers. Additional offences are enumerated among the crimes in some countries.

NOTE 3.-By acts of Congress passed to give effect to extradition treaties, the accused is to have an examination before a federal judge or commissioner, or before a judge of a State court, who if he finds the case established, will certify the fact with the evidence to the Secretary of State, that an executive warrant may issue for the surrender of the criminal to the authorized agent of the foreign government. The surrender cannot be made until the judicial determination shall be had. Similar proceedings are had in foreign countries as provided there by law, before giving up fugitives found there.

TAXES.

What two Kinds of Taxes are there?

Taxes are of two kinds, viz.: direct and indirect.

I. Direct taxes are laid directly on the property of individuals, which may be in lands (called real estate), or in money, goods, mortgages, notes, etc. (called personal property).

a. School Districts in New York State are authorized to lay a tax upon the real and personal property of the district as it appears upon the last assessment roll of the town in which it is situated, for the purpose of buying a site for school houses; building a school house and furnishing the same; and for supplies, apparatus, and any deficiency in teachers' wages, etc.

b. A direct tax is laid and collected yearly in each Town for the expenses incurred in payment of officers, support of the poor, building bridges, and for such other objects as the voters of the town legally direct.

c. A direct tax laid for the support of the County is apportioned by the board of supervisors among the several towns, in proportion to the equalized valuation of the real and personal property of the respective towns of the county.

d. A direct tax for the support of the State government is apportioned by the Comptroller among the several counties in proportion to the equalized valuation of their real and personal property; then by the boards of supervisors among their respective towns.

e. The town tax and its share of the State and county taxes are all included in one warrant and collected at the same time by the town collector. f. Direct taxes are also laid and collected in incorporated Villages and Cities for their support.

g. A direct tax was ordered by Congress, August 5, 1861, at a time when money was much needed by the government, and apportioned among the several States as directed by the Constitution, Art. II. Sec. 3. The act provided for the raising of $20.000,000 annually; $17,000,000 was collected in the States not in rebellion for one year; provisions were also made for raising money by an internal revenue tax. Direct taxes were also levied in 1798, 1813, 1815, and 1816. The 51st Congress, in 1890, refunded the direct tax to the several States that raised it in 1861. New York State received as her share $2,213,330.

II. Indirect taxes are those laid upon importations, exportations, consumption and sale of goods; and are called in the Constitution, duties, imposts and excises.

a. Duties are taxes on importations of goods.

b. Impoots are taxes on goods imported.

c. Excises are inland duties. The term is employed to designate a particular form of duty.

d. An Internal Revenue Tax was laid in 1862 as a war measure. This required all notes, mortgages, wills and other valuable papers to be stamped with stamps designated as internal revenue stamps. Articles of luxury, gold watches, carriages, and a great many other articles were taxed under the law. This tax has been removed by Congress from all valuable papers, luxuries, and articles manufactured, except liquors and tobacco.

NOTE. The revenue on spirituous and fermented liquors, tobacco, etc. for 1891, was as follows:

A tariff is a schedule showing the rates of duties fixed by Congress on all kinds of imported merchandise. For what Two Purposes are duties laid?

Duties are laid for two purposes: the support of the government, and protection of our own manufacturers. Upon what are Direct Taxes based?

Direct taxes are based upon the valuation of property as returned by the town assessors, which is merely an inventory of all real and personal property contained in the town.

How are these taxes Collected?

The school district taxes are collected by school district collectors; the town, county and State taxes by town collectors; the city and village taxes by the corporation collectors.

NOTE. The assessed valuation of the entire United States for the year 1890, was $24,249,585,804; of the State of New York, $3,775,325,928.

New York therefore contains about one-seventh of the assessed property in the entire Union.

The State tax for 1891 was $8,934,304; of this amount there was raised for schools....

3,779,393

The balance $5,154,911, was for the payment of the salaries for State officers; expenditures on the Capitol; canals, and all other State

expenses.

IMPORTANT STATISTICS.

Total value of Exports from the United

States, 1891....

Total value of Imports into the United

States, 1891...

Balance of trade in favor of the United

States....

Receipts from customs, internal revenue, sales of public lands, and other miscellaneous items, United States, 1891....

.$884,480,810

844,916,196

$39,564,614

$392,612,457

Expenditures of all kinds, same year.... 365,773,905 Whole amount of money expended for

schools in the United States, for

the year 1891.....

Whole amount expended in New York in

the same year..

Amount of United States currency in

circulation, 1891.....

$140,277,484

17,543,880

$1,500,067,555

The national debt in 1866 was....... 2,773,536,173

66

66

"Dec. 1, 1891 was...

1,546,961,695

NOTE.-The national debt of the United States has been greatly increased during each war, and was at different times in round numbers, as follows: 1791, $75,000,000; 1816, $127,000,000. During Jackson's administration the debt was cancelled; the surplus in the United States bank, by order of President Jackson, was loaned to certain State banks; the amount loaned the State of New York was by the Legislature of 1838 set apart as the United States Deposit fund, the interest to be used annually for the support of schools. In 1851, the debt amounted to $68,000,000.

What is a Franchise?

FRANCHISE.

I. A particular privilege conferred by grant from a sovereign or a government, and vested in individuals; an exemption from ordinary jurisdiction.

II. The franchise of citizenship is conferred by the United States Constitution. Amendment XIV.

III. The elective franchise, the crowning franchise of the American people, is conferred in New York, by the State Constitution, Art. II., Sec. 1.

IV. An additional franchise for voting at school meetings is conferred upon women and certain aliens. (See pp. 31, 115.) By a law of 1892, women may vote also for school commissioners.

NOTE 1.-All business matters pertaining to schools, excepting such as are delegated to officers, are to be transacted at the annual school meeting,

or at special meetings called for a special purpose; at such times all persons legally qualified are entitled to vote.

Business matters of the town are submitted at the annual town meeting, at which time the officers for the town are elected. An entire town usually constitutes one district for town meeting purposes, but the board of supervisors may, as a legislative body, enact a law for the division of a town into two or more election districts for town meeting purposes. Special town meetings may be held for special purposes. Voters must be qualified as per Article II., Sec. 1, of the Constitution.

NOTE 2.-The election of county, district, State and national officers takes place at the general election held on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November in each year. For convenience towns are divided by the town board into election districts, said districts to contain not to exceed four hundred voters. Cities and villages are also divided into districts. The same qualifications for voting are required as at town meetings. What are they?

NOTE 3.-Women vote in Wyoming; their State Constitution grants them the privilege equally with men. In some other States women are entitled to vote at municipal and at school elections only.

KINDS OF VOTING.

Name some of the kinds of voting practised.
I. By showing hands.

II. Ay acclamation, or ayes and noes.
III. By Viva Voce.

IV. By dividing or separating the persons voting into

two bodies.

V. By Ballot.

VI. By Yeas and Nays.

Where are the first two kinds of voting usually practised? In conventions of different kinds, primary meetings, etc.

When and how is the third kind of voting used?

In the election of a United States Senator, usually of the Speaker of the Assembly, and of a few other officers; and in this way: as the names of those entitled to vote are called, they respond by naming their candidate.