Auxiliary Executive Departments:-Department of State, of the Treasury, of the Interior, of War, of the Navy, and of the Post-Office; Attorney- State Records; Privileges of Citizens; Fugitives; New States; Power over Territory; Republican Government; Amendments; Assumption of Pub- lic Debts; Supremacy of the Constitution; Oaths and Tests; Ratification, 166 Domestic Relations :-Marriage, and the Relation of Husband and Wife; Parent and Child; Guardian and Ward; Minors; Masters, Apprentices, Necessity of Rules of Proceeding in Deliberative Bodies; Organization of an Assembly; Duties of its Officers; Rights and Duties of Members, Amendments :-Division of a Question, and its Modification; different Mo tions to Amend; Filling Blanks; Order of Proceeding in Considering CITIZEN'S MANUAL. PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. CHAPTER I. CIVIL GOVERNMENT; MANKIND FITTED BY NATURE FOR CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND LAWS. §1. By civil government is meant that form of rules by which the conduct of men in civil society is to be regulated; or it is the authority exercised in controlling or regulating the social actions of men according to certain established rules. A society is a number of persons united for some purpose; as a Bible society, a temperance society, an agricultural society. But the term civil society is applied to the inhabitants of a state or nation in their associate capacity. § 2. A nation or state is a large society of men united for the purpose of promoting their mutual safety and happiness. And in order the more effectually to carry out their purpose, they agree to be governed by certain rules. This agreement between the people of a state, is sometimes called the civil compact; the word compact signifying contract or agreement. The nature of this agreement is, that each individual of the society shall do for the others everything which their necessities require, and which he can perform without neglecting the duties he owes to himself. § 3. Although the term civil society, in its most comprehensive sense, may apply to any people whose conduct toward each other is regulated by customs, usages, or rules of any kind; civil society is generally considered to exist only where the people are in a civilized state, or state of social improvement, and are governed by established written rules and regulations. By civilization and social improvement is meant refinement of manners and advancement in knowledge. Wherever the people enjoy the benefits of learning, and other means of improving their social condition, or of making themselves more comfortable and happy, they are called civilized; and the system or form of rules by which such people are governed, or the authority exercised in making and enforcing these rules, is called civil government. § 4. The rules by which the conduct of men in civil society is to be regulated, are called laws; as the commands of a parent or householder are the laws of the family, or as the rules of a teacher are the laws of the school. A law is therefore a rule prescribing what men are to do, or forbidding what they are not to do; and implies the right and authority of those who govern to make the law, and the duty of the governed to obey the law. § 5. The necessity of civil government arises from the nature and condition of mankind. Man is a social being; that is, he is fitted by nature for society. The Creator has given to all men a disposition to associate with each other, and made their happiness depend, in a great measure, upon such association. They derive from the social state a degree of pleasure which they could not enjoy if each one lived by himself. § 6. But man is so formed as to need the assistance of creatures like himself to preserve his own being. We can hardly imagine how a person could procure the necessaries of life without such assistance. But men have the gifts of reason and speech. By conversation with their fellow-beings, they are enabled to improve their reason and extend their knowledge, and to find out the means of satisfying their wants, and of improving their social condition. § 7. But although men need the assistance of each other, they are so formed that each must have the care of himself. By this arrangement in society, which obliges each one to provide for his own wants, a greater amount of labor is performed, a greater number cared for, and the general welfare better secured, than would be done if each were re |