the Union, the task was complete, and all of the main body of American territory had fulfilled that part of its destiny which had to do with the reclaiming of successive frontiers, and the erection thereon of self-governing States, autonomous yet integrally a part of their imperial system. The frontier had disappeared, and with it had been removed by the time the work was done, that special influence that has made American history unique.

There was still no cessation in the steady pressure of the newer West upon the Nation. With the admission of the Omnibus States the open frontier came substantially to an end, but the newest members of the Union were alive with complaints, and their younger associates were in fullest sympathy with them. The United States had yet to meet the attack of the Populists, the Progressives, and the various Farmer-Labor combinations. But the distinctive frontier influence was undergoing transmutation into agrarian influence, and the struggle was henceforth to be less a contest between the older sections and the young, and more a struggle of the agricultural elements of society against the industrial. The first century of American independence was dominated by the influence of the frontier; its second seems likely to be shaped by industry and the pressure of the outside world.

THE END

ML38

INDEX

Abbott-Downing coach, 464.

Abilene, Kan., cow town, 536.
Abolitionism, in Northwest, 397.

tory, 210; statehood, 210, 567. See also
Southwest.

Albany, N.Y., early railway connection, 404.

Absentee ownership, attitude of frontier, 97, Albany Congress, and Americanization, 8.
416, 417.
Alien and Sedition Acts, 108.

Adams, C. F., on battle of New Orleans, 177. Almonte, J. N., leaves, 355.
Adams, Ephraim, Iowa Band, 394.

Alton, Ill., distributing center, 194.

Adams, Henry, as historian, viewpoint, 107n., Alvord, C. W., as historian of frontier, 7n.,
111n., 133n., 172n.

8n., 36n.

Amelia Island, occupation, 182.
American Fur Company, development, 214;
Missouri River traffic, steamboats, 331,

452.

American Revolution, and autonomous spirit,
32; frontier phase, 33, 40; and Canada,
34; Burgoyne's campaign, 34; in North-
west, Clark, 36-39; in South, 39, 40; peace
negotiations, boundaries, 41, 42, 57, 84;
land warrants, 53, 60.

American System, frontier attitude. 157;
elements, 244-49, 381; as administrative
policy, 249, 258, 268; attitude of South,
254, 255; political weakness, 255.
Americanization, during colonial times, 1, 2,
5, 7, 8, 11, 17, 32, 40; of frontier as process,
43.

ability, 50, 54; and Ordinance of 1784, 62;
promise in Ordinance of 1787, 68; and free
self-government, 88; Vermont, 88, 89;
Kentucky, 90; Tennessee without enable-
ment, 94; Ohio, 125-29; policy of enabling
acts, 126, 565; Louisiana, 148; Indiana,
195-97; Illinois, 197; Mississippi and
Alabama, 210; domain considered avail-
able (1819), 211, 212; Missouri and Maine,
217-19; Arkansas, 286, 301, 302; Michigan,
298, 299, 302; Texas, 353, 354; California, Ames, Oakes, Crédit-Mobilier scandal, 500.
378, 379; Iowa, 394-96; Florida, 396; | Amherstburg. See Fort Malden.
Wisconsin, 398-400; Minnesota, 445; Ore- Anti-masonry, rise, 341.
gon, 446; Civil War and political need,
456; West Virginia, 456; attempt for
Colorado, 457, 555; Nevada, 457; Ne-
braska, 458; Colorado, 554-56; later
political scrutiny, 555-58, 560, 563;
Dakotas, Washington, Montana, 557, 560-
63; Congress and requirements in consti-
tutions, 561-63; American theory of
imperialism, 564; not forced on territories,
565; essential act, 566; conventions and
ratifications, 566; by presidential procla-
mation, 567; Utah, 571; Oklahoma, 571;
New Mexico and Arizona, 572.
Agriculture, colonial, 2, 3; as chief industry,

113, 439; railroads and frontier, 409, 426,
544, 549; Missouri River and frontier,
423; and Crimean War, 440; conservative
conditions, 472; rise of efforts for improve-
ment, 473; first colleges, 473; Morrill Act,
473-78; improvement and public-land
policy, 477; new type of western farmers,
529; plains, and cattle industry, 541;
agrarian influence and unrest, 573.
Alabama, population (1820-50), 209; terri-

Apache Indians, Medicine Creek Council,
505.

Appalachian system, piedmont frontier, 6;
settlement of valleys, 6, 7, 23; frontier
crosses, 16-18, 20, 24.

Arapahoe Indians, Fort Laramie Council,
range, 426; unmolested, 442, 488; cession
(1861), new reserve, 447, 488, 489; war,
489-91; homeless, 491; Medicine Creek
Council, 505, 506; Hancock's raid, 506;
renewal of trouble, Custer's raid, 506, 507.
Arikara Indians, Fort Laramie Council, 426.
Arizona, precious metal discoveries, 453,
454; territory, boundaries, 454; and South-
ern Pacific, 546; declines joint statehood,
571, 572; admission, recall question, 572.
See also Rocky Mountain.
Arkansas, boundaries, 213, 300; territory,
211, 213; population (1820-40), 217, 302;
statehood, constitution, 286, 301, 302,
567; slow development, 299; riparian
settlement, 300.

Arkansas Banner, on new Democratic States,
396.

Arkansas Post, 213.

Arkansas River, improvement, 300.
Army, western posts (1812), 171; reorganiz-
ation (1815), frontier posts, 179, 213, 214,
275, 284, 338; engineers and internal im-
provements, 258; and plains Indians, 493,
504, 506-09. See also Indians; and wars
by name.

Articles of Confederation, and western
claims, 48-50.

Asbury, Francis, as bishop, 116.
Ashley, W. H., exploration, 364.
Aspinwall, W. H., Pacific fleet, 370.

of western loans, 234; effect of panic of
1819, 235, 238-40; western attitude on
federal bank, 236-38, 315; second western
inflation, 314; effect of pet banks, 317, 318;
and government surplus as credit, 320;
and distribution of surplus, suspension,
321, 322; general western distrust, 322,
394, 526; and Wisconsin constitution, 399,
400; antebellum condition, 440.

Bannack City, mining camp, 453; seat of
government, 455.

Bannock Indians, treaty and reservation,
505.

Assiniboin Indians, Fort Laramie Council, Baptist Church, and frontier, 116, 117.
426.
Barker, E. C., study of Texas, 303, 305n.
Assumption of State debts, frontier attitude, Barlow, Joel, and Scioto Associates, 74.
105.

Beale, E. F., camel corps, 459.

Astor, J. J., fur trade, 179, 214; war finances, Bear Flag War, 367, 368.
235.
Astoria, founded, seized, 179.
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroad,
beginning, Royal Gorge war, 516, 517;| Belmont Gazette, 292.
cattle shipments, 538; southern extension,
Mexican connection, 546, 547; westward
extension, California connection, 547, 552.
See also Pacific railroads.

Beard, C. A., economic interpretation
theory, 67.

Becknell, William, Santa Fé trade, 326.

Atkinson, Henry, Black Hawk War, 289.
Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, charter, land-
grant, 514; Santa Fé line as assignee, 547;
land grant voided, 552. See also Pacific
railroads.

Atlantic slope, coastal plain frontier, 5; pied-
mont frontier, 6; Appalachian valley
frontier, 6.

Austin, Moses, Texan grant, 305.

Austin, S. F., in Texas, 305, 308, 309.
Autonomy. See Self-government.

"Badgers," 287.

Baltimore, and western trade, 259, 266.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, beginning,
266, 403; western connection, 405, 406,
409, 439; federal aid, 415.

Bennington, battle, 35.

Benton, T. H., public land policy, pre-
emption, 224, 383, 384, 386, 390; and
Santa Fé trade, 327; and Frémont in
California, 356; and army command, 358;
and New Mexican expedition, 358; and
railroads, 413; as leader, 420; and river
commerce, 437; and Pacific railroad, 467,
468.

Bent's Fort, 447, 488.

Biddle, Nicholas, bank struggle, 316-18.
Bidwell, John, California caravan, 366.
Bill of Rights, in Ordinance of 1784, 62; in
Ordinance of 1787, 67; frontier idea, 100.
Bill Williams Fork, gold discovery, 453,
454.

Billings, Frederick, Northern Pacific, 544.
Birney, J. G., candidacy, 353.

Bismarck, N.D., named, 520; ambition, 556.
Bitter Root Valley, as transcontinental route,
452; mining camps, 452.

Bancroft, H. H., collection, 351n., 376; on Black Hawk Purchase. 290, 291.
number of forty-ninere, 376.

Bank of Kentucky, 230.

Bank of Tennessee, 231.
Bank of the Commonwealth, 239, 240.
Bank of the United States, first, its influence,
229-31; establishment of second, 235; its
early recklessness, branches, 235; western
attacks, 236, 315; Marshall's decisions,
237, 238; Bonus Bill, 242; Jackson and re-
charter struggle, 316, 317; removal of
deposits, effect of readjustment, 317, 318.
Banks, first Ohio, 129; frontier rôle, 228;
and social finance, currency and credit,
228; restrictive period, 229, 230; effect of
end of first federal bank, 230, 231; develop-
ment in West, 230-32; first western cur-
rency inflation, frauds, 232-34, character

Black Hawk War, 289; as advertisement,
311.

Black Hills, Sioux reserve, troubles, 505, 507;
development, stage, 556.

Black Kettle, and cession, 447; Chivington's
raid, 490; Custer's raid, killed, 507.
Blaine, J. G., Mulligan letters, 516.
Blair, F. P., and Bank, 317.
Blennerhassett, Harman, and Burr, 116.
Blount, William, territorial governor, 92;
foreign intrigue, 93; senator, 94.
Board of Indian Commissioners. 505.
Boise Valley, mining camps, 451, 452.
Bolton, H. E., study of Southwest, 143n.j
303n., 304n., 361n.

Bonneville, B. L. E., expedition, 332.
Bonus Bill, 242.

Boone, Daniel, Dunmore's War, 28; in | Butler, Benjamin, presidential candidacy,
Kentucky, 29, 89.

Boston, as colonial city, 2; early railroad Cabin right, 25. See also Preemption.

Buffaloes, and open range, 535; market for Canadian Pacific Railway, cattle shipments,
pelts, 535.