526,000 pounds sterling. The greater part consisted of the produce of the land. The imports amounted to 531,000. In 1750, the whole number of vessels in foreign and coasting voyages, which entered inwards, was 232; the number which cleared outwards, 286. The exports, in 1807, amounted to 26,357,963; and in 1810, they were calculated at 17,242,330 dollars, of which 10,928,753 were domestic, and 6,313,577 foreign. In 1809, the tonnage of the state was 252,065 tons. The exportation of foreign articles has decreased, while those of domestic origin have increased to a great extent. In 1805, the foreign articles amounted to 15,384,833 dollars. The domestic articles consist of wheat, maize, rye, flour, meal, bread, and biscuit, horses, cattle, beef, pork, tallow, hams, lard, butter, cheese, pot and pearl ashes. The annual quantity of wheat exported has been estimated at 6,000,000 of bushels, though a considerable portion is imported from New Jersey and the New England states. The trade of the Hudson river exceeds 50,000,000 of dollars. That of Lakes Ontario and Erie is rapidly increasing. A cargo of furs, which arrived at Buffalo, in 1811, was valued at 150,000 dollars. The New York Directory, for 1816, contains a list of 952 packet-boats, steam-boats, &c. which ply between that port, and places on the north and east rivers; and also between the eastern and southern parts of the union.

Canals. The canal at the Little Falls of the Mohawk, where there is a descent of forty-two feet, was completed, in 1795. The canal at Rome, a mile and a half in length, which connects the waters of the Mohawk with Lake Ontario, was completed in 1797. It is navigable for boats drawing two feet water, and carrying from three to fifteen tous. The new canal along the Seneca Falls, nearly three quarters of a mile in length, was opened in 1815, and is now navigated by boats seventy feet in length. By means of these canals a boat navigation has been opened through Oneida lake and Oswego river, with the exception of two short portages in the latter, between Schenectady and Lake Ontario, a distance of 203 miles. It is proposed to form a communication between the Hudson river and Lake Erie, by means of a canal which will admit the passage of boats. Several hundred workmen are already employed in this great enterprise.

STATE OF CONNECTICUT.*

Situation and Extent, Between 41 and 41° 2′ north latitude, and 3° 20′ and 5° east longitude from Washington. Bounded on the north by Massachussetts; south by Long Island Sound; east by Rhode Island; west by New York. This state stretches ninety miles along the sea-coast. The Massachussetts line of boundary is seventy-two, and that which separates it from Rhode Island is forty-five miles long.

Area. 4000 square miles, or 2,560,000 acres.

Mountains.-The Toghconnue chain of mountains runs northward from Ridgefield, between the western boundary of the state and the Housatonic river. On the eastern side is another parallel range, the summit of which, in Litchfield, is 500 feet above the adjacent level country. The Blue Hills, in Southington, are 1000 feet high. The Middleton mountains, which run northeast from Newhaven to the White Mountain range, have an elevation between 700 and 800 feet.

Aspect of the Country, and Nature of the Soil.-The soil is generally fertile, except in the southern parts, where it is sandy and barren. The most extensive level tracts are near the coast, and on the sides of the Connecticut river, and the Quinebaug, an eastern branch of the Thames. Along the valley of the Connecticut river, the soil is a fine sandy loam, with a clayey bottom. This valley is about two miles in breadth; and on leaving it, the soil on both sides becomes sandy, and in some places stoney.

Temperature. The température is similar to that of Massachussetts; and, though cold in winter, is generally very healthy. Frost and snow continue three months; the winter commencing about the first of November, and ending the first of March. Near the Connecticut river, apples and cherries are in blossom the first of May. The greatest heat is in July and August. The

* So named from the river which traverses the state, formerly written Quonectiquot, and signifying Long River,

The name of New England was applied to all that portion of the United States' territory which lies eastward of the river Hudson, including the five states of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachussetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,

weather is very variable, depending on the direction of the wind. The north-west wind brings cold; the north-east, storms; and the south-west, the most prevalent, is the sure forerunner of warmth and rain. In summer, the mercury (Fahr.) seldom rises above ninety-one degrees, and is generally lower by six or seven degrees. The greatest cold ever experienced was ten degrees below zero.

Minerals.-Iron ore is found at Salisbury, Canaan, Colebrook, Stafford, Kent, and Ridgefield. The brown scaly iron ore of Kent and Salisbury yields bar iron of a superior quality. Native silver, containing arsenic, and united with native bismuth, is found at Trumbull; lead ore in Milford, at Trumbull, and on the bank of the Connecticut river, two miles below Middleton; copper ore in Cheshire, also at Symsbury and Fairfield. The mines at Symsbury were worked before the revolution, and have been exhausted of their ore. Native copper at Bristol, in a small vein, with the red oxyde of copper. A mass of this metal, weighing ninety pounds, was found many years ago on the Hampden Hills. White copper ore at Fairfield, twenty-two miles from Newhaven; antimony (sulphuret of antimony) found in Glastenbury, and at Harrington; ore of cobalt (white) at Chatham, near Middleton, which was exported to England about forty years ago; freestone at Chatham, East Windsor, North Haven, Durham, and other places. In East Hartford and Middleton there are several quarries of fine red stone, which is soft and easily worked, but soon becomes hard, by exposure to the weather. Serpentine on Milford hills, near Newhaven. Its color is yellow, or green, and it is susceptible of a high polish. It is found in masses of primitive limestone. Magnesian limestone (dolomite) at Washington, in Litchfield county, and near Newhaven, of a friable nature, employed in the preparation of mineral waters. Bituminous limestone, of a black color, near Middleton. Jasper, near Newhaven. Beryl, in granite, at Brookfield,/Huntington, Chatham, and Haddam. Marble, of a fine texture and beautiful green color, was discovered near Newhaven, in 1814, by a student of that college. Marble also abounds in Washington and New Milford, of a grey and blue color, richly variegated. Garnets are found at Haddam; soapstone, near Newhaven; white clay, or kaolin, at Washington, Litchfield county, of which a species of porcelain is made; it is

not in great quantity. A fine yellow pigment was discovered at Toland, in 1809. Mica, (known to the inhabitants by the name of isinglass,) of a violet color, at Woodbury. The bituminous inflammable substance, known by the name of shale, containing impressions of fish and vegetables, distinctly marked, is found at Westfield, near Middleton. Coal.-A bed extends from Newhaven, across Connecticut river, at Middleton, where it is several miles in breadth, on each side of the river.

Vegetable Kingdom.-The principal forest trees are: Oakwhite, red, and black; mountain chestnut, butter-nut; white, bitter, and shagbark walnut; common and slippery elm; ashwhite and swamped; maple-white red, and sugar; pine-white pitch, and yellow; button-wood, or plane tree; spruce-double and single; cedar-swamp and red; juniper, hemlock, fir; willow-white, red, and yellow; poplar-white, black, and aspen; dogwood-white berried, red willow, and common; hornbeam, beech; plum-mountain and black; sassafras, alder, tulip tree, or white-wood; basswood, crab-apple, crab-pear, black mulberry, locust thorn; birch-white and black; pepperidge. Near the Connecticut river elm, ash, soft maple, and poplar abound; and towards the mountains butter-nut, hickery, oak, chestnut, beech, cherry, and pine.

Population. The population, at different epochs, was as follows:

The last enumeration gives sixty inhabitants to the square mile. The population is chiefly in towns and villages, situate at small

The annual emigration to the other states is estimated at from 12,000 to 15,000

Diseases. The state is very healthy. The yellow fever pre

vailed at New London in 1798, and was attributed to local causes, for it was confined to a part of the city only, and the distemper was not communicated by persons dying in places where the air was pure.

Character and Manners.-A great majority of the inhabitants (almost entirely of English descent) are farmers, who lead a very industrious and temperate life. Dr. Morse observes, "that they are fond of having the most trifling disputes settled according to law; and that this litigious spirit affords employment and support for a numerous body of lawyers: the clergy preserve a kind of aristocratical balance in the very democratical government of the state; and the base business of electioneering is but little known. They are extremely attentive to the ceremonies of the church, from which no person absents himself except from some extraordinary motive." The amusements consist of dancing, riding, visiting, and reading. Horse-racing and cock-fighting are prohibited. The sound of the parish bell, at nine in the evening, summons every person to his home. Duelling is considered as highly immoral, and no inhabitant of this state has ever been known to have received a challenge. Capital punishment is so rare, that it does not take place oftener than once in eight or ten years. By a law of 1667, three years voluntary separation constitutes a divorce; which has been encouraged by this very law intended for its suppression. Divorces are now common, and often take place by mutual consent The English language is spoken with a particular tone. Many words losing their meaning, have acquired a much more extensive signification. For example, guess, in constant use, is employed to denote certainty as well as conjecture. The term notions is employed to denote small articles of commerce. Contemplate, or contemplation, de notes intention, or resolution.

The name of Yankee, applied to the inhabitants of this and the other state of New England, by the southern people, is derived from the Cherokee word Cankke, which signifies coward or slave; and had allusion to their refusal of aiding in the war against those Indians. In retaliation, they called the Virginians Buckskins, on account of their trade in the skins of the deer.

Constitution. The sovereign power is lodged in two houses, one of which, called the Upper House, is composed of the governor, deputy-governor, and twelve assistants, or counsellors;