widely in the proportions of their different parts;* and the conclusion seems natural, that if different functions be attached to different parts, no investigation can deserve attention which does not embrace the size of the different regions, in so far as this can be ascertained. We have entered more minutely into the reasons why we regard these measurements as important, because we conceive that the distinguishing excellence of Dr. Morton's work consists in his having adopted and followed out this great principle. It appeared necessary to dwell upon it at some length, also, because Professor Tiedemann, in his comparison of the European with the Negro brain, has entirely neglected it, and in consequence has arrived at physiological conclusions which we regard as at variance with the most certain psychological facts, viz. He says that "there is undoubtedly a very close connection between the ABSOLUTE SIZE of the brain and the INTELLECTUAL POWERS AND FUNCTIONS of the mind;" and proceeding on this principle, he compares the weight of the whole brain, as ascertained in upwards of fifty Europeans of different ages and countries, with its weight in several Negroes, examined either by himself or others. He gives extensive tables, showing the weight of the quantity of millet seed necessary to fill Ethiopian, Caucasian, Mongolian, American, and Malay skulls; and adds, that "the cavity of the skull of the Negro, in general, is not smaller than that of the European and other human races." The inference which he draws is, that intellectually and morally, as well as anatomically, the Negro is naturally on a par with the European; and he contends that the opposite and popular notion is the result of superficial observation, and is true only of certain degraded tribes on the coast of Africa.t

* From inspecting numerous crania of both races, we cannot doubt of the general truth of this proposition.

+ Tiedemann's Essay has been critically examined by Dr. A. Combe, in the Phrenological Journal, (vol. xi.) who shows not only the error of principle committed by the author in assuming the whole brain to be the organ exclusively of the intellectual faculties, but the more striking fact that Tiedemann's own tables refute his own conclusions. Tiedemann's measurements are the following:

The inferiority of the Negro brain in size, is self-evident from these dimensions.

3 European females,

7 European males,
4 European females,

We entertain a great respect for Prof. Tiedemann, but we cannot subscribe to his principle, that the whole brain is the measure of the intellectual faculties; a proposition which assumes that the animal and moral feelings have no seat in this organ. He does not grapple with Dr. Gall's facts or arguments, but writes as if Gall had never existed. Dr. Morton has followed a different course, and we think wisely. He says, "I was from the beginning desirous to introduce into this work a brief chapter on phrenology; but, conscious of my own inability to do justice to the subject, I applied to a professional friend to supply the deficiency. He engaged to do so, and commenced his task with great zeal; but ill health soon obliged him to abandon it, and to seek a distant and more genial climate. Under these circumstances, I resolved to complete the phrenological table, and omit the proposed essay altogether. Early in the present year, however, and just as my work was ready for press, Geo. Combe, Esq. the distinguished phrenologist, arrived in this country; and I seized the occasion to express my wants to that gentleman, who, with great zeal and promptness, agreed to furnish the desired essay, and actually placed the MS. in my hands before he left the city." He adds, that Mr. Combe provided his memoir without having seen a word of the MS. of the work, or even knowing what had been written, and besides, owing to previous arrangement, he was limited to a given number of pages.

We can afford space only to notice Mr. Combe's illustration of the location of the great divisions of the faculties in the different regions of the brain. It is necessary to give this in order to render the true import of several of Dr. Morton's measurements and results intelligible to the reader.

In this figure (Fig. 3), a line drawn from the point A, transversely across the skull, to the same point on the opposite side, would coincide with the posterior margin of the super-orbitary plate: the anterior lobe rests on that plate. The line A B denotes the length of the anterior lobe from back to front, or the portion of brain lying between A A and B B in figures 1 and 2. A, in figure 3, "is located in the middle space between the edge of the suture of the frontal bone and the edge of the squamous suture of the temporal bone, where these approach nearest to each other, on the plane of the superciliary ridge." We have examined a Peruvian skull of the Inca race, a skull of a flat-headed Indian, an Indian skull found near Boston, and compared them with several skulls of the AngloSaxon race, and observe that the line A B is considerably longer in the latter than in the former, and that it corresponds with the length of the anterior lobe, as denoted by the super-orbitar plate. The

All the figures are drawn to the same scale.

point C is the centre of ossification of the parietal bone, corresponding to the centre of Cautiousness. The line C D is drawn from C through the centre of ossification in the left side of the frontal bone. This is the centre of Causality. E corresponds with Firmness of the phrenologist. The space D A B is an approximation to the department occupied by the intellectual faculties. D C E contains the organs of the moral sentiments. All the space behind A, and below the line D C F, is devoted to the animal organs. The space ECF contains Self-esteem and Love of Approbation, which may act either with the moral sentiments or animal propensities, according as either predominate. Mr. Combe states that these lines are only approximations to accurate demarcations of the regions, as no modes of rigid ad measurement have yet been discovered.

Mr. Phillips invented an instrument, (which he describes,) by which Dr. Morton and he measured the contents of the space above DC F, in cubic inches, in nearly all the skulls. This is called the coronal region. By deducting the contents of this space from the contents of the whole skull, they give the measurement of the subcoronal region. Mr. Phillips found it impossible to measure D A B, and the space behind A and below D C F, in cubic inches, and Dr. M. therefore measured, as an approximation, the whole space con

tained in the skull anterior to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. He designates this the anterior chamber. He measured all behind that margin, and calls it the posterior chamber.

In addition to these, Mr. Phillips has added tables of thirty-nine phrenological measurements (which are lucidly described by him) of each skull. We quote the following statement as an example of the spirit of philosophic inquiry which animated Mr. Phillips in his labours. "A series of measurements with the craniometer and compasses, much more extensive than any we had seen published, had been carefully made on upwards of ninety of the crania, when Mr. George Combe arrived in this city. That gentleman immediately pointed out so many erroneous points of measurement, (arising from the use of a badly marked bust,) that those tables. were condemned, together with the labour bestowed on them," and new measurements of the whole were substituted in their place!

It is impossible to commend too highly the zeal and perseverance manifested by both of these gentlemen in their endeavours to do justice to their subject; and we anticipate that their example, and the results to which their labours have led, will give a powerful impulse to others to prosecute this interesting branch of science.

We shall now present a brief view of the manner in which Dr. Morton applies his own principles, and of some of the conclusions at which he has arrived.

He divides the native American nations into two great families— the Toltecan and American. "It is in the intellectual faculties," says he, "that we discover the greatest difference between them. In the arts and sciences of the former, we see the evidences of an advanced civilisation. From the Rio Gila, in California, to the southern extremity of Peru, their architectural remains are every where encountered to surprise the traveller and confound the antiquary; among these are pyramids, temples, grottoes, bas-reliefs, and arabesques; while their roads, aqueducts, and fortifications, and the sites of their nining operations, sufficiently attest their attainments in the practical arts of life." p. 84. The desert of Atacama divides the kingdom of Peru from that of Chilé, and is nearly a hundred miles in length. A river, abounding in salt, runs through it. This desert was the favourite sepulchre of the Peruvian nations for successive ages. The climate, salt, and sand, dry up the bodies, and the remains of whole generations of the former inhabitants of Peru may now be examined, after the lapse perhaps of thousands of years. Dr. Morton has been enabled to examine nearly one hundred Peruvian crania, and concludes that that country has been, at different times, peopled by two nations of differently formed crania, one of

which is perhaps extinct, or at least exists only as blended by adventitious circumstances, in very remote and scattered tribes of the present Indian race. "Of these two families, that which was antecedent to the appearance of the Incas is designated as the ancient Peruvian, of which the remains have been found only in Peru, and especially in that division of it now called Bolivia. Their tombs, according to Mr. Pentland, abound on the shores and islands of the great lake Titicaca, in the inter-alpine valley of the Desaquadera, and in the elevated valleys of the Peruvian Andes, between the latitudes of 14° and 19° 30' south." Our knowledge of their phy. sical appearance is derived solely from their tombs. They were not different "from cognate nations in any respect, except in the conformation of the head, which is small, greatly elongated, narrow in its whole length, with a very retreating forehead, and possessing more symmetry than is usual in skulls of the American race. The face projects, the upper jaw is thrust forward, and the teeth are inclined outward. The orbits of the eyes are large and rounded, the nasal bones salient, the zygomatic arches expanded; and there is a remarkable simplicity in the sutures, that connect the bones of the cranium." p. 97. Dr. Morton presents the following cranium, plate IV. of his series, "as an illustrative type of the cranial peculiarities of the people;" and he is of opinion that the form is "natural, unaltered by art."