The distribution of the total La trade of 1909 by lakes is shown the following table: ledo; 28,954,760 bushels of corn chiefly | er, as compared with 46,946,884 to from Chicago and Milwaukee to Buf- in the previous year. falo, Ogdensburg, and Ludington; 17,828,717 bushels of oats mainly from Manitowoc, Chicago, Milwaukee, Superior, Duluth, and Gladstone to Buffalo, Ludington, and Frankfort. The Lake trade also included 14,157,662 bushels of barley and smaller quantities of rye and flaxseed; 1,248,891 net tons of flour were shipped chiefly from Milwaukee, Chicago, and Duluth to Buffalo, Erie, and Ludington. Other leading items are pig iron, iron manufactures, salt, coffee, and package freight. Shipmen Net Ton 14,086,30 14,123,78 1,492,93 18,704,14 545,99 78,752,767 48,953,21 Commercial Movement on River and Canals.-The following tabl shows the total traffic passing throug the state canals of New York, th Erie, Champlain, Oswego, Cayuga and Seneca and Black River canals as reported by the U. S. Bureau of Statistics: The traffic of the Chesapeake and | 842 other vessels, and forty-three Delaware Canal was 816,037 tons in rafts. 1909, and compares favorably with 654,284 in 1908. The canal in 1909 moved 2,276 steamers, 1,762 barges, State Canals.-The length, depth, and termini of the leading state canals are as follows: Federal Canals.-The leading United States Government canals in operation are the Hennepin Canal (Illinois), St. Mary's Falls Canal, St. Clair Flats Canal, Port Arthur Canal (Texas), Morgan Ship Canal (Texas), Galveston and Brozos Canal (Texas), and the various river canals around falls or shoals in the Ohio, Columbia, Tennessee, Cumberland, Mississippi, Monongahela, and other rivers. River Traffic.-The complete traffic statistics of the Allegheny River are not available, but in 1909 the usual quantity of coal, gravel, sand, lumber, timber, and stone were shipped. The traffic of the Ohio River proper consists mainly of coal, but in other respects is various. On the upper Ohio, from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, the traffic consists mainly of coal, logs, sand, gravel, and package freight; on the middle Ohio, from Cincinnati to Evansville, coal, lumber and timber, grain, tobacco, and other farm products, and on the lower Ohio coal, corn, wheat, groceries, live stock, flour, and tobacco. Omitting duplications the total traffic of the Ohio River and its tributaries is about 20,000,000 tons annually; and that of the Ohio River proper about 11,500,000. The annual tonnage moved on the Columbia River is about 3,500,000 tons, consisting chiefly of grain, flour, lumber, farm produce, logs, machinery, and general merchandise. The Hudson River moves annually about 8,600,000 tons chiefly of building materials, coal, wood, grain, lumber, ice, farm produce, manufactures, and general merchandise. CLEVELAND, F. A., and POWELL, F. W.- HANEY, L. H.-Congressional History of HATFIELD, H. R.-Modern Accounting. HOUGH, B. O.-Elementary Lessons in RAILWAYS OF THE WORLD The Archiv für Eisenbahnwesen | cent., since 1904, and of 16,445 miles, publishes the statistics of the railways of the world, bringing them down to the end of 1908, or the nearest date of official reports, which for the United States and Canada is June 30 of that year. The data given show the mileage for each country for each of the five years ending with 1908, the increase for the last four years, and the proportion of railway mileage to area and population. The grand total for the world is 611,478 miles, which is an increase of 61,505 miles, or 11.2 per or 2.8 per cent., over 1907, which seems moderate progress when we remember that 13,000 miles have been built in the United States in a single year. But it is fully up to the progress of recent years. Of the increase of 61,505 miles since 1904 considerably more than one half was in America, 33,690 miles, and of this total 27,115 miles were in North America. The mileage at the end of 1908 (the United States and Canada to June 30th) was as follows: There will probably result an even stronger tendency than at present to introduce the fundamental conceptions and methods of differential and integral calculus earlier than is now common. The commissioners for the United States are Profs. D. E. Smith (Columbia), W. F. Osgood (Harvard), and J. W. A. Young (Chicago). Under their direction a large number of associates are preparing reports on various topics, such as: general elementary schools, normal schools, mathematical work in American possessions, colleges, technical schools of collegiate grade, universities, etc. Striking New Work.-Some few years ago the late H. Minkowski (Göttingen), building a mathematical theory upon the researches of H. Lorentz and A. Einstein on electromagnetic theory, set forth and developed the idea that the material universe should be regarded as four dimensional by adding time as a fourth dimension to the usual three dimensions of space. This theory was immediately taken up by many students of mathematics and physics, and the past year has seen the publication of a large number of contributions to the theory. At the present rate of progress it will not be long before the mathematical and physical significance of Minkowski's work, which was unfortunately interrupted by his early death, will be pretty thoroughly understood. A very noteworthy contribution to American mathematics is the monograph Introduction to a Form of General Analysis, by Prof. E. H. Moore (Chicago), in the volume called The New Haven Mathematical Colloquium, published by the Yale University Press (1910). The great breadth of view of the author in this |