Toward a National Ocean Policy, 1976 and BeyondThe Project, 1976 - 207 страница |
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abatement levels activities agreement American anadromous approach areas Article bilateral claims coastal state jurisdiction cobalt continental shelf cooperation costs damages deep seabed developing countries distant water fishing domestic draft economic zone effect enforcement environmental controls establish exclusive economic zone exploitation fishing interests foreign Geneva session Geneva text global Group of 77 high seas IMCO innocent passage international authority international straits internationally land-based sources legislation limited major manganese nodule marine environment marine pollution marine science marine science research maritime maximum sustainable yield miles military national jurisdiction National Petroleum Council ocean miners Ocean Policy ocean regime ocean space offshore options petroleum political problem producers protect provisions regional regulations restrictions scientific research Sea Conference sea treaty Seabed Committee seabed mining shore single negotiating text SSBNs standards territorial sea transit U.S. fishing U.S. Government U.S. interests U.S. ocean U.S. policy U.S. position UNCLOS unilateral action United waste disposal
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Страница 108 - States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
Страница 68 - It is, in the opinion of the court, generally recognized and in accordance with international custom that States in time of peace have a right to send their warships through straits used for international navigation between two parts of the high seas without the previous authorization of a coastal State, provided that the passage is innocent. Unless otherwise prescribed in an international convention, there is no right for a coastal State to prohibit such passage through straits in time of peace.
Страница 202 - Ocean, seeing the use of the Sea and Air is common to all. Neither can any title to the Ocean belong to any people, or private man ; forasmuch as neither Nature, nor regard of the public use, permitteth any possession thereof.
Страница 185 - The consent of the coastal State shall be obtained in respect of any research concerning the continental shelf and undertaken there. Nevertheless the coastal State shall not normally withhold its consent if the request is submitted by a qualified institution with a view to purely scientific research into the physical or biological characteristics of the continental shelf, subject to the proviso that the coastal State shall have the right, if it so desires, to participate or to be represented in the...
Страница 162 - Declares that, pending the establishment of the aforementioned international regime: (a) States and persons, physical or juridical, are bound to refrain from all activities of exploitation of the resources of the area of the sea-bed and ocean floor, and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction; (b) No claim to any part of that area or its resources shall be recognized.
Страница 50 - For the purposes of these articles, the term 'continental shelf is used as referring to the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of 200 metres (approximately 100 fathoms), or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the superjacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of the said areas.
Страница 113 - States have the sovereign right to exploit their natural resources pursuant to their environmental policies and in accordance with their duty to protect and preserve the marine environment.
Страница 137 - The coastal State may, in the exercise of its sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the living resources in the exclusive economic zone, take such measures, including boarding, inspection, arrest and judicial proceedings, as may be necessary to ensure compliance with the laws and regulations adopted by it in conformity with this Convention.
Страница 116 - When States have reasonable grounds for believing that planned activities under their jurisdiction or control may cause substantial pollution of or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment, they shall, as far as practicable, assess the potential effects of such activities on the marine environment and shall communicate reports of the results of such assessments in the manner provided in article 205.
Страница 113 - Measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment 1. States shall take, individually or jointly as appropriate , all measures consistent with this Convention that are necessary to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from any source, using for this purpose the best practicable means at their disposal and in accordance with their capabilities, and they shall endeavour to harmonize their policies in this connection.