Adhesion and accession to treaty,
150-151

Alliances, device in opposition to em-
pire, 401; definition, 402; relation
to international federation, 402-
403; objects, 403-405; offensive
and defensive, 404-405; relation
to balance of power, 405; legal ob-
ligations of, 405-406; membership,
406; European 1879-1911, 457-
458; competition produced World
War, 458

Alphabet and alternate, 111
Ambassador-origin of term, 89.
Arbitral awards, sources of interna-
tional law, 187; acceptance pledged
in advance, 222; rejection rare,
222-223; void for excess of power,

223

Arbitral clause in treaties in Greece,
216

Arbitration, induced by good offices
or mediation, 194; by commission
of inquiry, 208; resorted to from
defects of mediation, 211-212; is
agreed mediation, 212; defined,
212; is judicial settlement, 212-
213; early form of international
government, 213; bases of decision
specified, 213-214; foundation is
consent of parties, 214; tribunal-
composition, 214; compromis
d'arbitrage, 215; arbitration
treaty, 215-217; arbitral clause,
216; obligatory arbitration, 217-
218; questions suitable, 218;
honor and vital interests excluded,
218-219; position of third parties,
220-221; agreements for general
arbitration, 221; public and pri
vate questions, 221-222; no ap-
peal, 222; pledge to accept award,
222; rejection of awards rare,
222-223; award void for excess of
power, 223; history of, 203-226;
in ancient Greece, 223; in Roman
period, among barbarians, among
feudal states, and in Middle Ages,
224; in renaissance Italy, 224-

225; adopted in northern Europe,
225; retarded 1500-1800, 225; re-
vival in nineteenth century, 225-
226; need of reorganization in
1899, 226-228; system set up at
The Hague, 229, 232-234; by sum-
mary procedure, 233; nature of
opposition to, 236-237; by admin-
istrative bureaus, 278; needed to
maintain peace, 368-369; under
League of Nations, 472
Arbitration treaty, form of treaty,
163; place in arbitration, 215-217;
in Greece and Rome, in Middle
Ages, and in modern times, 216;
general, 216-217; relation to
Hague court, 234

Assembly of League of Nations, posi-
tion in league, 469; equality and
unanimity, 469; functions, 471;
position in league, 490-491; delay
in calling in 1920, 491; relations
to council in 1920, 491-493; com-
position, sessions, and organization
of first, 493-494; publicity of
meetings, 494-495; scope of work
in 1920, 495-496; election of mem-
bers of council in 1920, 500; elec-
tion of new members of league in
1920, 496; verdict on work in 1920,
496; activities in 1921, 503-508;
organization in 1921, 503-504; work
in 1921, 504-508; suggested changes
in covenant in 1921, 504-505; rela-
tions of council in 1921, 505-506;
ineffectiveness of in 1921, 506;
elections of members of permanent
court of justice, 506-507; elections
of new members of league in 1921,
507; importance of work in field
of organization in 1921, 507-508.

Balance of power, relation to alli-
ances, 405; definition, 406-407;
as law, as policy, and as descrip-
tive science, 407; forms of, 408-
409; general equilibrium, 409;
history of, 409-416; in Greece and
Rome, 410; in Middle Ages, 411;

renaissance Italy, 411; modern
Europe, 412-416; partition as a de-
vice for, 414-415; partition of Po-
land, 414-415; development into
holy alliance and concert of Eu-
rope, 415-417, 422-423; threats
against in 1815-1830, 418-419;
feasibility of maintaining, 418-
421, 424-426; reconciliation with
progress, 421-422; based on gen-
eralization of interest, 426-428;
worst form of in 1879-1914, 458;
not in covenant of league, 463-
464
Barbarians, invasions, 38; state sys-
tem, 38-39; interstate practices,
39; diplomacy among, 85; arbi-
tration among, 224

Calvo treaty collection, 159
Capitulations, basis of consular
jurisdiction, 67; basis of exterri-
toriality, 164; military, 164
Cipher writing as aid to diplomacy,

92-93

Collections of treaties, official, 157-

159; private, 157-160; Du Mont,
157-158; Wenck, Martens, 158-
159; Malloy, Calvo, special, 159
Colonial territorities opened to inter-
national use, 431

Commercial imperialism, 434-435
Commercial revival (1200 and follow-

ing), caused by crusades, 43;
character, 44-46.

Commission of inquiry, theory of,
205-206; a true international
organ, 206; description of, 207;
origin in mixed commission, 207;
function of, 207; leads to settle-
ment on merits, 207-208; may act
as arbitral tribunal, 208; history
of organization, 208-209; reorgan-
ized at The Hague, 208-209; im-
proved form used by United
States, 209

Compromis d'arbitrage, form of
treaty, 163; place in arbitration,

215

Concert of Europe, origin, 422-423;
history, 423; reasons for success
and failure, 423-424; activity in
maintaining equilibrium, 425;
based on generalization of interest,
426-428; means of control, 428-
432; guarantee by, 429-430; crea-
tion of status by, 430-432; failure
in 1860-1914 (causes), 432-436,

456-458; nationalism as obstacle
to, 433; commercial imperialism
as obstacle to, 434-435; democratic
imperialism as obstacle to, 435;
pan-nationalism as obstacle to,

435-436

Concordats, 167

Consolate del Mare, origin, 66-67;
character, 67; spread to northern
Europe, 68

Consular body (corps), 117-118
Consular conventions, 77
Consular districts, 73
Consular fees, 75
Consular law, 77-78
Consular services (national), possible

union with diplomatic, 108; not
coördinated with diplomatic, 128
Consular system origins, 63-68;
Greek, 63-64; Mediterranean city-
states, 64-68; Northern European,
68; decline in early modern times,
69; modern significance of, 83; re-
sumption of activity in 1920, 497;
expansion in 1921, 509.
Consuls, earliest, 64-68; elective
early, 66; sent out from home, 64,
65, 68, 69; universal use of, 71;
stationed in commercial centers,
72; qualifications and selection of,
72; classes, 72-73; districts, 73;
hierarchy and control, 73-74; re-
lations to diplomats, 74; paid by
salaries, 74-75; fees, treatment
(promotion, retirement, pensions),
75; merchant consuls and native
consuls, 76; commission and Exe-
quatur, 77; law governing, 77-78;
duties and powers, 78-81; judicial
work in early times, 65-68; diplo-
matic work in modern times, 79-80;
judicial work, 80-81; immunities
and privileges, 81; literature (pro-
fessional), 81-82; termination of
office, 82-83; diplomatic position
in early times, 90; work contrasted
with diplomacy, 123-124.
Convention, treaty form, 163; ad-
ministrative union, 281.
Cosmopolitanism, definition, 14, 302;
relations to international organiza-
tion, 14-16, 302; relations to na-
tional state, 14-16; relations to em-
pire, 14-16; history of, 16-17, 303-
307; future of, 18-19; under Rome,
31, 302-304, 303, 304-305; medie-
val, 17, 302-303, 305; modern, 302-
314, esp. 307-314; infra-imperial

type, 303; Greek, 304; destruction
of in 1250-1550, 305-306; eight-
eenth century, 306-307; religion
as basis today, 307; laws as basis
today, 307-308; economic and sci-
entific basis, 308-309; historic
causes for modern, 309; manifesta-
tions in law and government, 309-
313; concurrent national legisla-
tion, 310-311; capital and labor,
312-313; significance and pros-
pects, 314; reaction toward (from
nationalism), 433.

Council of League of Nations, posi-
tions in league, 469; equality and
unanimity, 469; functions, 469-
470; first meeting called and held,
479-484; significance, 484; ses-
sions in 1920, 485; scope of work
in 1920, 486-490; work in organ-
ization and administration in 1920,
486-488; creates subordinate bodies
in 1920, 486-487; relations of or-
gans to sections of secretariat,
487; political work in 1920, 488-
489; significance and danger of
political work, 489; humanitarian
work, 490; relations to assembly
in 1920, 491-493; elections of ro-
tating members in 1920, 500; ac-
tivities in 1921, 499-503; increased
publicity in 1921, and election of
members in 1921, 500; scope of
work in 1921, 500-502; verdict
upon work of, 502-503; relations
to assembly in 1921, 505-506; elec-
tions of members of permanent
court of justice, 506-507.
Court of Arbitral Justice, Draft Con-

vention, provided obligatory juris-
diction, 241; composition of bench,
253-255.

Covenant of League of Nations, pro-

cedure in drafting, 461-463;
adopted (signed and ratified), 463;
balance of power, 463-464; concert
of power, 463-464; main outlines of,
466-476; variations from original
plans, 472; influence of United
States, 472-473; penalties in, 473-
474; not real test of power of
league, 475; comprehensive system
of institutions, 475-476; proposed
changes in 1921, 504-505.
Credentials, General, 112; interna-
tional conferences, 329; peace con-
ferences, 344; neglected in Peace
Conference of Paris, 353.

Crusades, stimulated commercial re-
vival, 43; promoted national unity,
53; produced consular system, 64-67.
Declaration (treaty form), 163.
Democratic imperialism, 435.
Diplomacy, meaning of term, 100-
101, 114; foreign policy and, 101;
foreign affairs (relations) and,
101; foreign office and, 101-102;
methods of work, 113; style
and ceremony, 113-114; document-
ary composition, 114; language of,
115-116; criticism of, 123-137;
contrast with consular practice,
123-124; secrecy intensifies criti-
cism, 124-125; criticised for for-
eign policies, 125-126; private in-
fluences in, 129, 136; popular re-
sponsibility for, 133-137; secrecy
of and how far necessary, 133-134;
tendencies regarding secrecy, 134;
public (results of), 134-136; se-
crecy imperfect, 135-136; partisan-
ship in, 137; failure produces in-
ternational dispute, 193; may set-
tle international dispute,
193;
relation to good offices and media-
tion, 194; relation to international
conference, 317-318; carried for-
ward under League of Nations,
471.

Diplomatic agents, immunities and
privileges early, 95-96; recruit-
ment, 103-108; qualifications, 104-
106; changing functions of, 106;
rule of personal acceptability, 107;
aliens as, 107-108; classification
and ranks, 108-112; rank and its
significance, 109-110; reciprocity
of rank, 110; tendencies regarding
rank, 111; alphabet and alternat,
111; credentials, full-powers, in-
structions, 112; functions, 112-113;
methods of work, 113-116; negoti-
ation, 113; style and formality,
113-114; documentary composition,
114; language, 115-116; diplomatic
corps, 116-117; immunities and
privileges, 118, 120-121; agree-
ments for exchange of, 119-120;
personal inviolability, and basis of
immunities, 120; right to grant
asylum, 120-121; termination of
mission, 122; unrepresentative,
126; incompetent, 126-127; ne-
gotiate treaties, 143; full powers
to negotiate treaties, 143-144.