11. What can they see in the longest kingly line in Europe, save that it runs back to a successful soldier? Scott.

12. Dr. Watts's statement that birds in their little nests agree, like too many others intended to form the infant mind, is very far from being true. - Lowell.

13. It would seem to have been especially ordered by Providence, that the discovery of the two great divisions of the American hemisphere should fall to the two races best fitted to conquer and colonize them. — Prescott.

14. It has been estimated that the quantity of heat discharged over the Atlantic from the waters of the Gulf Stream, on a winter's day, would be sufficient to raise the column of the atmosphere that rests upon France and the British Isles from the freezing point to summer heat. — Maury.

EXERCISE 29. — Give the office of each italicized phrase and clause in the following sentences:

1. When you are at school in the city you are furnishing your brain with what can be obtained from books. While you are in the country you should remember that you are in the great school of the senses. Learn to know all the trees by their bark and leaves. Learn also to know all the birds by sight.

2. Yesterday my brother and I drove through the deep woods. As we followed the track of the woodcutters who are making such carnage among the magnificent pines, we saw a wonderful crimson bird. Near an open space where the lumber was piled he alighted for a moment. He was larger than a robin. We both thought his beak was roundish and blunt. If you can, do tell us his name.

Classified according to structure, the elements of a sentence are words, phrases, and clauses.

Classified according to office, the elements of a sentence are as follows:

MAX. SCH. GRAM. 4

IV. CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES.

ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

There are two methods by which one might make himself acquainted with anything made up of related parts; as, for example, a watch.

He might take the watch apart, piece by piece, and while doing so study the details of its structure and the relation of its parts one to another. An operation like this, which begins with the whole and descends to the parts that compose the whole, is called analysis. The word means a taking apart or separating.

Or he might begin with the parts, and, after some experiment and study, get an excellent knowledge of the watch by putting its parts properly together. An operation of this kind is called synthesis, which means a putting together.

These two methods are the reverse of each other, and both are applicable to the study of the sentence. Both enable us to understand how words are related to one another and to the whole sentence.

DEFINITION. Analysis in grammar is the process of separating a sentence into parts, according to their

use.

DEFINITION.

Synthesis in grammar is the pro

cess of constructing sentences whose parts are given, their use being known or stated.

SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES

We have already seen that, when considered with respect to the use that is made of them, sentences are of three kinds: declarative, when used to make a statement; interrogative, when used to ask a question; imperative, when used to express a command or entreaty.

But sentences may be classified with reference to their structure; that is, with reference to their parts or elements.

Sentences have great variety of structure, but they may all be divided into three great classes: the simple sentence, the complex sentence, and the compound

sentence.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

The simplest form a sentence can have is that in which a subject noun or pronoun is joined to a suitable verb, or to a verb and its object, so as to form a statement, a question, or a command.

Birds fly.
Dogs bark.

I have read books.
Mary likes apples.

Such sentences may be lengthened by the addition of modifiers; but so long as these modifiers are words or phrases, and not clauses, the sentences are still sim ple sentences.

The big dog in Mr. Smith's yard barks at strangers.
I have read with much pleasure the book of poems.

EXERCISE 30. As in the model, lengthen the following sentences by properly adding to them the given modifiers:

SENTENCE WORD MODIFIERS PHRASE MODIFIERS

many

1. Birds fly wonderful

everywhere

among the stately trees

in South America

along the Amazon River

Along the Amazon River, in South America, many wonderful birds fly everywhere among the stately trees.

2. Flowers bloom the, often of the forest

sweetest

in the loneliest nooks