received general approval would multiply the chances of success for the project. Critics who assert that a league of nations cannot be formed until certain burning national and international questions are settled put the cart before the horse. The truth is that many of the very problems they have in mind will not be settled until the League is formed.

ADDENDUM

PLATFORM OF LEAGUE TO ENFORCE PEACE

WARRANT FROM HISTORY

Throughout five thousand years of recorded history, peace, here and there established, has been kept, and its area has been widened, in one way only. Individuals have combined their efforts to suppress violence in the local community. Communities have co-operated to maintain the authoritative State and to preserve peace within its borders. States have formed leagues or confederations, or have otherwise co-operated, to establish peace among them

selves. Always peace has been made and kept, when made and kept at all, by the superior power of superior numbers acting in unity for the common good.

Mindful of this teaching of experience, we believe and solemnly urge that the time has come to devise and to create a working union of sovereign nations to establish peace among themselves and to guarantee it by all known and available sanctions at their command, to the end that civilization may be conserved, and the progress of mankind in comfort, enlightenment and happiness may continue.

PLATFORM

We believe it to be desirable for the United States to join a league of nations binding the signatories to the following:

First: All justiciable questions arising between the signatory Powers, not settled by negotiation, shall, subject to the limitations of treaties, be submitted to a judicial tribunal for hearing and judgement, both upon the merits and upon any issue as to its jurisdiction of the question.

Second: All other questions arising be

tween the signatories and not settled by negotiation, shall be submitted to a council of conciliation for hearing, consideration and recommendation.

Third: The signatory Powers shall jointly use forthwith both their economic and military forces against any one of their number that goes to war, or commits acts of hostility, against another of the signatories before any question arising shall be submitted as provided in the foregoing.*

Fourth: Conferences between the signatory Powers shall be held from time to time to formulate and codify rules of international law, which, unless some signa

* The following interpretation of Article 3 has been authorized by the Executive Committee:

"The signatory Powers shall jointly employ diplomatic and economic pressure against any one of their number that threatens war against a fellow signatory without having first submitted its dispute for international inquiry, conciliation, arbitration or judicial hearing, and awaited a conclusion, or without having in good faith offered so to submit it. They shall follow this forthwith by the joint use of their military forces against that nation if it actually goes to war, or commits acts of hostility, against another of the signatories before any question arising shall be dealt with as provided in the foregoing."

tory shall signify its dissent within a stated period, shall thereafter govern in the decisions of the Judicial Tribunal mentioned in Article One.

NOTES

1. Publication of all documents quoted in this work has been authorized.

2. This chapter represents approximately the conclusions thus far reached by a private studygroup, not a committee of the League to Enforce Peace, though drawn largely from its leading members. The subject was examined at seven meetings extending from December 15 to June 28, 1917. The group was of varying personnel, the names of all who participated from time to time being as follows:

George Louis Beer, John Bigelow, Edwin M. Borchard, Elmer Ellsworth Brown, John Bates Clark, William C. Dennis, Samuel T. Dutton, John H. Finley, Harry A. Garfield, Franklin H. Giddings, Robert Goldsmith, Frank J. Goodnow, Hamilton Holt, George C. Holt, Jeremiah W. Jenks, A. Lawrence Lowell, Theodore Marburg, Leo S. Rowe, William H. Short, Edwin Smith, James T. Shotwell, Oscar S. Straus, William H. Wadhams, Eugene Wambaugh, Everett P. Wheeler, Talcott Williams, George Grafton Wilson.

The labours of the group will continue. It

has framed a Draft Convention, still incomplete, designed to inaugurate a league of nations. The section relating to the Court was prepared by a Sub-Committee consisting of Everett P. Wheeler, Eugene Wambaugh, George Grafton Wilson, and W. C. Dennis.

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3. It is with this in view that the term, contracting Powers," instead of "States of the League," is used in this section.

4. The Backward Nation, The Independent, June 20, 1912. The article was reprinted by the Bern Peace Bureau in English, French, and German, and comment on it by publicists in America and abroad appeared in The Independent, Nov. 7, 1912, March 6, 1913, and Sept. 9, 1913.

5. A League of Peace, Hamilton Holt, Proceedings of the Third American Peace Congress. 6. Address before the University of Pennsylvania, June, 1910.

7. Christiania address, May 5, 1910.

8. The Independent, Sept. 28, 1914. 9. Ibid., Oct. 26, 1914.

10. Those who took part in the three preliminary meetings (Jan. 25th, Jan. 31st, and March 30th, 1915) were: John Bates Clark, Frank Crane, Irving Fisher, Franklin H. Giddings, John Hays Hammond, George C. Holt, Hamilton Holt, Harold J. Howland, William B. Howland, William I. Hull, Jeremiah W. Jenks, Frederick N. Judson, George W. Kirchwey, Frederick Lynch, Theodore Marburg, George M. Plimpton, John A. Stewart, William H. Short, James L.