On the other hand, there were men who claimed that our program did not go far enough. For example, the refusal on the part of the League to stand for enforcing the judgment of the Court cost us the co-operation of one American whose services to the cause of international organization must yet be noticed. I refer to Charles W. Eliot who enjoys great authority by reason of exceptional soundness of judgment, combined with unusual penetration and high purpose.

In a series of addresses beginning some ten years ago Eliot turned his attention to the question of how to advance international good will. Pointing to the self-denying ordinance by which two countries of unequal strength, Canada and the United States, had agreed to maintain equal though insignificant naval forces on the Great Lakes, he said: "Now, that is exactly what we want all over the world—a self-denying ordinance and a police force furnished by

all the civilized nations, combined to maintain a common force." He coupled with this observation the remark that in

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'publicity lies the great hope of the world. . . . It is the way we are to find not only industrial peace, but peace between the civilized nations of the world.”

Motives of aggression aside, the incentives to armament are fear of actual invasion and fear lest food supplies be cut off. Only international guarantees can allay these fears.

"Peace on earth to

Eliot's motto is: men of good will." Force is to be applied only to "men who lack good will." Free governments tend to develop this good will.

He regards it as absolutely necessary to invent and apply "a sanction for international law, if Europe is to have international peace and any national liberty." The only way for the nations of Europe to obtain security is "by the creation of an international legislative and executive council, or other political

body, backed by an international police force."

A firm supporter of the proposed Court of Arbitral Justice, he co-operated actively with the Judicial Settlement Society, serving for a time as its president. But unlike the other leading advocates of the Court project, he believes that the interests of durable peace require the maintenance of an international force to execute the orders of the Court. It was because the program of the League to Enforce Peace omitted this feature that he declined to associate himself actively with the League when invited to do so. But Eliot accepts wholly the conception of "a strong union of nations leagued together to maintain peace."

It will be seen that what he believes in the organizers of the League to Enforce Peace also believe in and look forward to. They differ simply in their respective estimates of the "realizable" in the present state of world opinion.

XII

LAUNCHING THE PROJECT

It

But to return to our narrative. was Mr. Taft who took the agreement reached by the meeting, and himself drafted the four articles constituting the platform of the League. The program was limited to these few simple demands in the belief that they constituted the essential elements of a rudimentary world organization to discourage war, that it would be much easier to get nations to adhere to such a program than to a larger or more detailed one; and that, having once committed themselves to it, all further problems of organization or of scope could be worked out successfully by the envoys charged with the duty of framing the actual convention.

We were now ready to launch the project at a public meeting. Independence Hall at Philadelphia was chosen as the

place of the meeting. It was at this historic hall that the Declaration of Independence was signed and that the Constitution of the United States was drafted. Therefore to hold the meeting there a meeting called to frame a Declaration of Interdependence of the Nations - was calculated to appeal to the imagination of the country. And it had that effect. It was there that the name of the association was changed from that of League of Peace to League to Enforce Peace. The League planned was fundamentally a league to compel inquiry before nations are allowed to fight. Any such title, however, would have been too long and as the temper of the times called for the use of force to prevent a nation from wantonly precipitating war as the present war had been precipitated, it was decided to emphasize this idea in the title of the League. There were one or two minor changes in the program, but on the whole it stands as Mr. Taft originally drafted