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Intention is not to be guessed at .
103
Not to be inferred from external evidence
105
But the previous state of the law to be remembered
107
Rules in Heydon's case.
108
The whole Act to be considered.
The "golden rule" for the construction of statutes
111
Effect to be given to all the words of the statute.
117
Instances in which words have been inserted
Instances in which mistakes have been corrected
Meaning of words
118
121
Various meanings given to words
Words read in a wider sense than they usually bear
Words read in a narrower sense than they usually bear .
In the same Act.
Words to be read according to subject-matter
Is the meaning of words affected by a change of circumstances?
Exception to the general rule of construction
Where language is doubtful.
Look to contemporanea expositio.
Evidenced by unbroken usage
Usage must be uniform and general
Evidenced by judicial decisions
Convenience or expediency.
Instances of statutes which are retrospective
Acts which are not properly called retrospective
Retrospective operation given by express words
Retrospective operation in cases of practice or procedure.
Operation extended to matters of subsequent creation
.
Operation of statutes confined to things of most frequent
Occurrence
Operation confined to things expressly mentioned.
Operation of general words may be restrained
Not without some reason
169
170
171
172
By the subject-matter.
175
To things which are lawful and in harmony with previous
policy of law.
177
Conflicting opinions as to the effect of general words
Operation of general words confined to things ejusdem
To matters of inferior dignity
Not so as to deprive the words used of all effect
General words may refer to a larger genus
Operation of general references restricted
178
179, 180
183
184
185
187
General references restricted reddendo singula singulis .
Where the general words occur at the end of sections
Operation of statutes affected where words are treated as
imperative or directory
to be imperative
Words which give a discretion held to be imperative Cases in which words of permission have been held not
Effect of regarding language as directory
197
199
201
205
Where statutes fix a time within which acts are to be
done
207
Where statutes prescribe the manner in which acts are
to be done
209
Operation of statutes restrained where words of prohibition
are modified
211
The object of the statute must not be defeated
Instances in which this rule has been followed
STATUTES IN PARI MATERIA
Legislative or judicial interpretation of one Act to be
followed in another.
. 238
239
242
243
246
249
253
255
258
260
261
Provisions made for one Act adopted in another
Does express reference to one Act extend to another in
pari materiá?
264
266
CLAUSES OR SECTIONS
Preamble or recital may extend enacting words
Statutes are now divided into sections.
Inconsistent sections to be reconciled if possible
Difficulty of reconciling them.
Instances of enacting words being restrained by preamble 285
Conflicts of opinion
286
289
290
291
292
Proviso or saving cannot enlarge enacting words
Distinction between provisoes and exceptions
303
304
SCHEDULES
Variance between Act and schedule, the Act prevails
Where forms are imperative
306
. 307