v. Sutton, 208. v. Warner, 696. v. Waterman, 687, 689. v. Wells, 678. v. Whitney, 873. v. Wyncoop, 750, 751, 752. Whipple v. Williams, 180, 613, 614, 622. 625, 626, 629, 762, 769, 833. Whittaker v. Desfosse, 485, 489, 491, v. Merritt, 114, 318. v. Merrill, 476. Whittier v. Bates, 227. Wibert v. New York and Erie Rail Wiggin v. Orser, 157. Wiggins v. Arkenburgh, 610. -v. Gans, 298. v. Tallmadge, 75. 76. v. Wallace, 83, 711. Wight v. McClave, 70, 208, 791. Wightman v. Shankland, 279. v. Wiltsey. 606. Wilckens v. Willet, 536. Wilcock v. Curtis, 765 Wilcox v. Clement, 70. v. Curtiss, 622, 625. v. Hawley, 522, 523, 552, 553, 656, 659, 661, 810. Wilde v. New York and Harlem Railroad Co. 65, 66, 67, 150, 713, 714. Wilder v. Lane, 439, 682. v. Seelye, 258. Wildey v. Whitney, 747. Wilgus v. Bloodgood, 528, 530. v. Wilkin, 789. Wilkins v. Batterman, 592, 594. v. Carmichael, 593. Wilkinson v. Batterman, 121. v. Johnson, 309, 310. v. Small, 272. v. Warren, 481. Willcox v. Smith. 584, 849, 851. Willet v. Equitable Insurance Co. 400, 410. v. Fayerweather, 330, 760. v. Lassalle, 225, 359, 365. v. Metropolitan Insurance Co. 271. Willett v. Scovil, 393, 394. -v. Stewart, 160, 189. v. Stringer, 391, 589, 673. Willetts v. Buffalo and Rochester Railroad Co. 212. Willets v. Van Alst, 862. William, Earl of Craven, v. Price, 599. Williams ads. Wright, 520. Williams v. Ayrault, 26, 41, 253, 389. v. Bacon, 340. v. Barnaman, 67, 340. v. Birch, 329, 331, 460. v. Bitner, 460. v. Breedon, 468. v. Brown, 120, 121. v. Carroll, 560, 564. v. City of Rochester, 723. v. Cunningham, 698, 701, 715. v. Eldridge, 750, 751, 752, 753. v. Estate of Cameron, 127, 167, 188. Co. 385. v. People, 739. -v. Price, 22. 65, 80. v. Richmond, 272. - v. Riel, 280, 282, 285. V. Shaw, 288. v. Sherman, 462, 466. v. Sholts, 334. -v. Tradesmen's Fire Insurance v. Reckle, 623. v. Renwick, 594. 760, 835. v. Taggard. 242, 245, 252 Williston v. Williston, 52, 747. Willson v. Henderson, 257, 316, 453, 761. Wilmot v. Richardson, 709. Wilmerding v. Moon, 368. v. Mooney, 350. Wilson v. Allen, 326, 422, 575, 647, 671, 700. v. Andrews, 561, 562. v. Britton, 403, 405. v. Burr, 593. v. Conine, 466. v. Cook, 116, 710. Wiltsie v. Eaddie, 498, 499, 656, 667. v. Northam, 113, 265, 266. Wilson v. Davol, 796. v. Duncan, 146, 148, 412. v. Forsyth, 206, 224, 443, 445. v. Mackenzie, 24, 25. V. Mayor, etc. of New York, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 386. v. New York Central Railroad Co. 456. v. Port Hope, 300. v. Rochester and Syracuse Railroad Co. 222, 227. v. Smith, 525. v. Wheeler, 371, 372, 513, 515 v. Williams. 375. v. Wilson, 422, 457, 473. v. Wright, 540, 542, 826. Winchell v. Bowman, 111. v. Hicks, 111, 458. Winebrener v. Johnson, 530, 540. Winebrenner v. Edgerton, 729, 731. Winfield v. Bacon, 147, 387, 398. 423. v. Potter. 457. Wing v. Hurlburt, 597, 875. v. Ketcham, 141. v. New York and Erie Railroad Co. 709. Winne y. Sickles, 274. v. Van Schaick, 529. Winnebrenner v. Edgerton, 728, 729, 731, 845. Winslow v. Ferguson, 273. v. McCall, 866. v. Winslow, 875. Winsmore v. Greenbank, 227. Winsor v. Orcutt, 199. Winter v. Kinney, 358. Winterhoff v. Siegert, 691. Winterson v. Eighth Avenue Rail road Co. 241, 242, 456. Wirgman v. Hicks, 274, 276. Wirts v. Norton, 514. Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insur ance Co. Bank v. Hobbs, 374, 375, 597. Wise v. Prowse, 309. Wiseman v. Panama R. R. Co. 86. New York, 756. v. Kelly, 22, 57, 648. 700, 765. v. Kimball, 765. v. Lambert, 520, 762. v. Marvine. 386. v. Mather, 787. v. Mayor, etc. of New York, 95, 442, 688, 810. Y. Moorhouse, 528, 546. v. Orser, 412, 520. v. Perry, 120, 132, 258. v. Randall. 711. -v. Seely, 798. - v. Staniels. 245, 796. -v. Whiting, 243. -v. Wilcox. 226. v. Wood. 97, 199, 328, 874. Woodbeck v. Havens, 216. Woodburn v. Chamberlain, 465, 511, 606, 640. Woodbury v. Sackrider, 188, 193, 200, 235, 237, 290, 301. Wooden v. Austin, 190. v. Strew, 190. v. Waffle, 243. Woodgate v. Fleet, 198. Woodman v. Goodenough, 564, 570, 571. Woodruff v. Cook, 41, 223, 246, 252, 296, 631. 632, 635. v. Dickie, 45, 324, 328, 487, 493. V. Whiting, 329. Wrigley, Matter of, 344, 587. Wyat v Aland, 290. Wyatt v. Benson, 41. v. Remond, 320. 322. Wynne v. Newborough, 188, 432 Wynantzv. Mason. 592. Wynkoop v. Halbut, 721. v. Holbert, 721. Yager v. Hannah, 695. Yale v. Gwinits, 501, 505. -v. Matthews, 401, 408. v. Dederer, 217, 218, 219. v. Horanson, 733, 734. v. Tinsdale, 147. Yeaton v. United States, 701. Yerby v. Kirkpatrick, 132, 138. Yertone v. Wiswall, 122, 142, 212. Yordan v. Hess, 744. Yorks v. Peck, 407, 602, 733, 653 828. Youle v. Brotherton, 85. v. Bloomer, 688, 862. v. Brush, 434, 634, 641, 664. v. Catlett, 245, 253. v. Colby, 676. v. Cooper, 291. v. Davis, 656, 657, 665. v. De Mott, 288. v. Edwards, 227, 231, 306. v. Gori, 217. v. Hubbell, 85. v. Miller, 304. v. New York and Liverpool United States Mail Steamship Co. 135, 224. v. Overacker, 85. v. Preston, 183. v. Reimer, 91. v. Rummell, 85, 86, 711, 712. v. Scott, 82. v. Whitcomb, 696, 700. Youngs v. Seely, 241. Z. Zabriskie v. Smith, 115, 119, 161, 207. 234, 236, 240, 273, 430, 469, 843. Zeiter v. Bowinan, 164. Zerega v. Benoist, 400, 401, 404, 405, 416. Zeregal v. Benoist, 56, 400, 401, 4C4, 405. Zink v. Attenburg, 510, 603. THE CODE OF PROCEDURE. AS AMENDED TO MAY, 1870. (THE NUMBERING OF THE ORIGINAL CODE OF 1848 IS WITHIN THE BRACKETS AFTER THE NUMBER OF EACH SECTION.) AN ACT To simplify and abridge the practice, pleadings and proceedings of the courts of this State. WHEREAS, it is expedient that the present forms of actions and pleadings in cases at common law should be abolished, that the distinction between legal and equitable remedies should no longer continue, and that an uniform course of proceeding, in all cases, should be established; therefore, The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: § 1. [1.] Division of Remedies. Remedies in the courts of justice are divided into: 1. Actions. 2. Special proceedings. Definition of remedy.-"The action | or means given by law for the recovery of a right." Tomlin's Law Dict. "The means employed to enforce a right or redress an injury. Bouv. Law. Dict. Every original application to a court of justice for a judgment or order, is a remedy. JOHNSON, J. Belknap v. Waters, 11 N. Y. (1 Kern.) 478. Approved in Matter of Cooper, 22 N. Y. (8 Smith), 87; S. C. 11 Abb. 329; 20 How. 8. In the Matter of Dodd, 27 N. Y. (13 Smith), §2. [2.] (Am'd 1849.) 633, a special proceeding is said to be limited to a litigation in a court of justice. A similar view is taken in People ex rel. Harvey v. Heath, 20 How. 307. This view is not concurred in in People ex rel. Clute v. Boardman, 4 Keyes, 59, (67), nor in People ex rel. Muller v. Commissioners of Highways of Schodack, 27 How. 158, (160.) But it is approved in People ex rel. Cook v. Board of Police of Metropolitan Police District, &c. 39 N. Y. (12 Tiff.) 506, Aff'g S. C. 40 Barb. 626. Definition of an action. An action is an ordinary proceeding in a court of justice, by which a party prosecutes another party for the enforcement or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense. I. DEFINITION OF ACTION. "An action is a lawful demand of a man's appropriate court, by a party complainant, right." Co. Litt. 285 a, sect. 492; Comyn's against a party defendant, to obtain the judgDig., Action 1 a, p. 216; 1 Bac. Ab. 63; Bankment of that court in relation to some right of Commerce v. Rutland and Washington R. claimed to be secured, or some remedy claimed R. Co. 10 How. 9. See, also, Mayhew v. Rob- to be given, by law, to the party complaining. inson, 10 How. 164. In every civil action which is legally prosecuted, it must be in a court which has jurisdiction, or it will not be an appropriate court; there must be a party complaining who brings the action before that court; there must be a party who is charged with doing or omitting to do something, for which he is brought into court; there must be a subject matter of litigation; and upon the whole case, the rights of the parties are to be determined by a judgment of the court." 2 Wait's Law and Practice, 40. "Any judicial proceeding which, if conducted to a termination, will result in a judgment, is an action." HARRIS, J. People ex rel. Bendon v. County Judge of Rensselaer, 13 How. 400; and see the excellent remarks of POTTER, J. People ex rel. Sanders v. Colborne, 20 How. 380, (381). It is not every judicial proceeding which terminates in a judgment that constitutes an action. Coe v. Coe, 37 Barb. 233; 14 Abb. 88. "A civil a tion is a legal prosecution in an OR PROCEEDINGS THEREIN. lord for the removal of a tenant from the possession of demised premises. Deuel v. Rust, 24 Barb. 444. This case is overruled; see People ex rel. Livermore v Hamilton, S. C. 15 Abb. 335; Aff'd, 39 N. Y. (12 Tiff.), 107; S. C. 6 Trans. App. 219; People ex rel. Clute v. Boardman, 4 Keyes, 59 (66, 67). II. CASES HELD TO BE ACTIONS, a. Supplementary proceedings. Proceedings supplementary to execution, if not an action, are proceedings in the actionand not special proceedings under the Code. Seeley v. Black, 35 How. 369; Dresser v. Van Pelt, 15 How. 19, (23); Lawrence v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 6 Duer, 689; Bank of Genesee v. Spencer, 15 How. 412. Where one party to a civil action institutes proceedings, as for a contempt, to enforce an order or decree made in such action, it is not a special proceeding, but a proceeding in the action. Pitt v. Davison, 37 N. Y. (10 Tiff.) 235, (241); S. C. 34 How. 374; 3 Abb. N. S. 405; Trans. App. 272. b. Partition.-A proceeding by summons and complaint for a partition of lands is an action. Backus v. Stilwell, 3 How. 318; S. C. 1 Code R. 70; Myers v. Rasback, 4 How. 83; S. C. 2 Code R. 13. Opposed see Traver v. Traver, 3 How 351; Aff'd, id. 368, note; S. C. 1 Code R. 112. See the latter case explained, Row v. Row, 4 How. 133. c Summary proceedings.-So it has been held of a summary proceeding by a land d. Creditor's bill.-A proceeding in the nature of a creditor's bill, or suit. Quick v. Keeler, 2 Sandf. 231; Dunham v. Nicholson, ib. 636. ceeding to compel a determination of claims e. Determination of claims.-A prorelating to real property. Mann v. Provost, 3 Abb. 446. f. Mandamus.-A proceeding to obtain the remedy given by a mandamus, where a return has been made and issues joined. People ex. rel. Lumley v. Lewis, 28 How. 159 (172); Aff'd in Ct. App. id. 470; People ex rel. Sanders v. Colborne, 20 How. 382; which, in effect, overrule People ex rel. Van Valkenburgh v. Sage, 3 How. 56; People ex rel. Merriam v. Schoonmaker, 19 Barb. 658. g. Dissolution of corporations. (701). Whether it includes proceedings for the disso- | Brown, 31 How. 481 (499); S. O. 4 Rob. 688 h. Scire facias.-The remedy formerly obtained by virtue of a writ of scire facias, is now given by an action under the Code. Alden v. Clark, 11 How. 209 (212); Cameron v. Young, 6 How. 372. i. Quo warranto.-Proceedings by quo warranto are abolished and the remedy is now by action. People v. Cook, 8 N. Y. (4 Seld.) 71; Aff'g S. C. 14 Barb. 259; People ex rel. Smith v. Pease, 27 N. Y. (13 Smith), 54; S.C. 25 How. 501. j. Dower.-A proceeding for the admeasurement of dower is an action. Brown v. k. Mechanic's lien.-So of a proceeding to enforce a mechanic's lien. People ex rel. Bendon v. County Judge of Rensselaer, 13 How. 398 (401). 1. Mesne profits.-After a recovery in ejectment the remedy for mesne profits is by action. Holmes v. Davis, 19 N. Y. (5 Smith) 488; Rev'g S. C. 21 Barb. 265, (273), but not on this point. m. Vacating patent.-A proceeding by the attorney-general to vacate or annul a patent granting lands, is an action. People v. Clarke, 11 Barb. 337, (341); S. C. Aff'd, 9 N. Y. (5 Seld.) 349, (362 to 365). III. CASES HELD NOT TO BE ACTIONS. v. Bartlett, 9 Barb. 297, (300). a. Claims against executors, &c.- | foreclose a mortgage by advertisement. Hall Proceedings on the reference of a claim against executors or administrators, do not constitute an action. Akely v. Akely, 17 How. 21 (25); Coe v. Coe, 37 Barb. 232, (233); S. C. 14 Ább. 86, (89). h. Admission as attorney.-An application for admission as an attorney, and an order denying it, is not an action. Matter of Cooper, 22 N. Y. (8 Smith), 67, (87); S. Č. sub. nom. Matter of the Graduates, 11 Abb. 301, (329); 20 How. 1, (7). b. Contempts. So of a proceeding to punish a party for a contempt in violating an order issued in proceedings supplementary to an execution. Holstein v. Rice, 24 How. 135, (141); S. C. 15 Abb. 307 (312); Gray v. Cook, 15 Abb. 308, note; see, also, Forbes v. Wil-ple ex rel. Livermore v. Hamilton, 15 Abb. 1ard, 54 Barb. 520; S. C. 37 How. 193. c. Injunction.-Or of an application for in injunction, which, before answer, is not an ordinary proceeding in the action. Becker v. Hagar, 8 How. 68. d. Discovery of books, &c.-An application to obtain a discovery of books and papers is not an action. Follett v. Weed, 3 How. 303, (304); S. C. 1 Code R. 65. e. Judgment enforced against heirs. So of a proceeding under § 376 of the Code to enforce a judgment against the estate of the deceased debtor. Mills v. Thursby, 12 How. 385, (387); S. C. 2 Abb. 432, (433). f. Submission under the Code.-So of a submission of a question in difference under § 372 of the Code. Lang v. Ropke, 1 Duer, 701, (702). g. Foreclosure. So of a proceeding to i. Summary proceedings.-So of summary proceedings by landlords to remove tenants from the possession of premises. Peo 328, (335); S. C. 39 N. Y. (12 Tiff.), 107; 6 Trans. App. 219, overruling Duel v. Rust, 24 Barb. 444. j. Habitual drunkards.-So of proceedings in a county court in relation to an habitual drunkard. Matter of Smith, 16 How. 567, (569). It is otherwise on a review of the proceedings in the supreme court, so far as it relates to the question of costs. Ib. k. Feigned issues. An order directing the trial of issues as a substitute for a feigned issue is not an action. Snell v. Loucks, 12 Barb. 385, (387). 1. Vacating judgment.-An applica tion to the supreme court to vacate a judg ment rendered upon confession, without ac tion, is not an action. Belknap v. Waters, 11 N. Y. (1 Kern.), 477 (478.) § 3. [3.] Definition of a special proceeding. I. CASES HELD TO BE a. Damages for taking lands.- A proceeding under the statute R. L. 1813, ch. 86, to determine what compensation shall be made as damages for lands taken for squares, avenues and streets in New York city, is a special proceeding under this section. King v. Mayor, etc. of New York, 36 N. Y. (9 Tiff.) 182, (190); S. C. 1 Trans. App. 288, (296). SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS. b. So of proceedings taken for the appointment of commissioners to appraise the value of lands to be taken under the statute by a railroad, and the appraisal, report and confirmation. N. Y. Central Railroad Co. v. Marvin, 11 N. Y. (1 Kern.), 277. c. So of proceedings for the assessment of the value of lands taken for street purposes in |