tions to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the members to submit such matters to settlement under the present charter"; and Whereas the charter would not have been approved by the American people nor ratified by the U.S. Senate without such a proviso ; LIMITATIONS OF WORLD COURT Whereas the International Court of Justice has jurisdiction to deal only with matter between nations (art. 92, U.N. Charter; art. 1, Statute International Court of Justice); and Whereas the Senate of the United States safeguarded the above limitation August 2, 1946, by approving, 51 to 12, the Connally amendment when the United States agreed to compulsory jurisdiction by the International Court of Justice; ALIEN LAWS MAY CONFLICT WITH AMERICAN LAWS Whereas an international court must of necessity include justices who represent various systems of law, many of which are alien to American concepts and practice and conflict with them, creating conditions adverse to our rights and liberties; END OF THE REPUBLIC Whereas the imposition of law advanced by any agency except the citizenry of our Nation would be totalitarianism; BEGINNING OF THE END Whereas a concession to the International Court of Justice to pass on the question of whether a matter is international or domestic can be the entering wedge by which the sovereignty of our Nation can be destroyed: Now, therefore, be it Resolved, That the U.S. Senate be advised that the members of the California Chapter of Pro America are unalterably opposed to any action which would permit the International Court of Justice to determine whether an issue is of international or domestic status. LELLIA A. BAXTER, State President. Senator GREEN. Col. Oswald H. Saunders, U.S. Army, retired, representing National Sojourners, Inc. STATEMENT OF COL. OSWALD H. SAUNDERS, U.S. ARMY, RETIRED, NATIONAL SOJOURNERS, INC. Mr. SAUNDERS. Mr. Chairman, for the record, my name is Oswald H. Saunders, colonel, U.S. Army, retired, a practicing attorney in the District of Columbia. I appear here for National Sojourners, Inc., with headquarters at 1608 20th Street NW., Washington, D.C., and Washington Chapter 3 of that same fraternity. The national president, Brig. Gen. Ralph R. Yeaman, cannot attend today, and I express regrets for him. Our organization appreciates the opportunity to present its views. NATIONAL SOJOURNERS, INC. National Sojourners is a Masonic organization of officers and warrant officers, active and retired, of the seven military services. The organization has a working membership of over 18,000, including present and former officers of the highest ranks of all of the services. Members of the organization are Masons and are vitally interested in and dedicated to the preservation of our country and its way of life 51053 0-60-17 in line with the ideals of our Founding Fathers. The organization is a worldwide one having over 250 chapters, meeting monthly, at places around the globe where service persons or retired officers are located. CONCERN WITH REPEAL OF CONNALLY RESERVATION Among the basic purposes of the organization, which purposes are restated at the monthly meetings of every chapter, are included the purpose of the "development of true patriotism and Americanism throughout the Nation," and the purpose of "opposition to any influence whatsoever calculated to weaken the national security." In line with those tenets, members, chapters, and officers at the local and national levels are concerned with recent efforts in some quarters to repeal some of the basic safeguards to our national security. As one of these matters our members view with alarm the efforts to repeal the Connally amendment as added to the Morse resolution of August 2, 1946, concerning adherence to the World Court. RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY WASHINGTON CHAPTER 3 By the Connally amendment, our country's rights were safeguarded and preserved in our opinion in a proper manner and Washington Chapter 3 of National Sojourners recently adopted a resolution expressing its concern at the proposed repeal of this amendment. The resolution I present with this statement has the endorsement of the national officers of Sojourners who are empowered to approve such matters in the interim between national conventions. This will undoubtedly be brought up at the national convention to be held in June in Seattle, and it is requested that this resolution be included in the record, to show the stand of Washington Chapter No. 3 and of National Sojourners in opposition to the repeal of the Connally amendment. We associate ourselves with the statements made here by various witnesses, particularly Dean Manion of today. I shall not, unless you desire it, read the resolution, which is attached to this, but it expresses further our reasons or the reasons of the Washington Chapter No. 3 for opposing this No. 94. We appreciate the courtesy of your committee in according us this opportunity. We thank you. (The resolution referred to follows:) RESOLUTION RELATING TO THE WORLD COURT (Adopted by Washington Chapter No. 3, National Sojourners, February 10, 1960) Whereas the powers of the International Court of Justice, commonly referred to as the World Court, relate properly only to international disputes and not to matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any nation; and Whereas the ratification of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, by the U.S. Senate in 1946, was conditioned by the Connally amendment of six words, "as determined by the United States," which reserves to the United States the authority to determine which issues are within its own national jurisdiction as domestic matters; and Whereas there is much agitation today to repeal or nullify the protective language of the Connally amendment, and resolutions have been introduced in both Houses of the Congress designed to secure such repeal or nullification; and Whereas of the 15 judges of the World Court 2 at present are from Communist-controlled countries while only 1 is from the United States, and the judges of the Court may be expected in large part to hold doctrines alien to our national philosophy and way of life; and Whereas only the British Commonwealth nations share our system of common law and many nations differ as to rights of minorities, presumption of guilt or innocence, and other important matters; and Whereas the repeal or nullification of the Connally amendment would seriously impair the sovereignty of the Unted States and would vest in an essentially foreign tribunal a potential power over purely domestic matters relating to the basic rights of American citizens and the constitutional powers of our national and State governments, should such foreign court so determine; and Whereas such impairment of American sovereignty could well serve as a stepping stone to the complete world government advocated by those groups endeavoring to propel our Nation into an alien control: Now, therefore, be it Resolved, by Washington Chapter No. 3, National Sojourners, at its regular meeting, Wednesday evening, February 10, 1960, That this chapter of National Sojourners strongly opposes the adoption of Senate Resolution 94, introduced by Senator Humphrey, House Joint Resolution 558, introduced by Congressman McDowell, or any other measure designed to repeal or nullify the protective provision of the Connally amendment. Senator GREEN. My thanks to you for coming today. Colonel SAUNDERS. Thank you, sir. Senator GREEN. That concludes the list of witnesses, several of whom did not appear as scheduled, but there will be the opportunity to file statements in the next 10 days if they are not unreasonable in length, after which the record will be completed. Thank you all for your attendance at these hearings today. (Whereupon, at 4:05 p.m. the hearing in the above-entitled matter was adjourned.) APPENDIXES APPENDIX A 1. CHAPTER XIV OF THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER CHAPTER XIV. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ARTICLE 92 The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. ARTICLE 93 1. All Members of the United Nations are ipso facto parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. 2. A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice on conditions to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. ARTICLE 94 1. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party. 2. If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment. ARTICLE 95 Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existence or which may be concluded in the future. ARTICLE 96 1. The General Assembly or the Security Council may request the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal question. 2. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies, which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly, may also request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities. 2. STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ARTICLE 1 The International Court of Justice established by the Charter of the United Nations as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations shall be constituted and shall function in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute. |