Gentleness of manner, sincerity of purpose, and breadth of view, are parts of the sympathetic nature..

4. Fearlessness. This rests primarily on personal character and increases with the right kind of knowledge and experience. The realization of being right, of espousing a worthy cause even against great odds, or a deep sense of duty, will often give courage to an otherwise timid speaker. This unflinching attitude is illustrated in Garrison, when he said: "I am in earnest! I will not equivocate-I will not excuse I will not retreat a single inch-and I will be heard!" The things that contribute most to fearlessness in a public speaker are: character; a thorough knowledge of the subject in hand; a wide and varied vocabulary; a deeprooted belief in the cause advocated; a knowledge of the audience to be addressed; and a subordinating of self-interests.

5. Self-renunciation. To be preeminently successful, an orator should relinquish all self-interest. Upon great oratorical occasions a speaker practically offers himself a living sacrifice to his cause. His subject is so much larger than himself that he is unconsciously lost in it. This selfrenunciation must be voluntary and complete.

6. Perseverance and Industry. The most successful orators have been men of indomitable perseverance and untiring industry. They have worked long and late, studying, observing, reflecting, writing, revising and practising aloud their speeches.

Alexander Hamilton once said: "Men give me some credit for genius. All the genius I have lies in this: When I have a subject in hand, I study it profoundly. Day and

night it is before me. I explore it in all its bearings. My mind becomes pervaded with it. Then the effort which I make is what the people are pleased to call the fruits of genius. It is the fruit of labor and thought."

Carlyle says: "Sweat of the brow, and up from that to sweat of the brain; sweat of the heart, up to that agony of bloody sweat,' which all men have called divine! Oh, brother, if this is not worship, then I say, the more pity for worship! for this is the noblest thing yet discovered under God's sky."

7. Strong Opinions and Convictions. A man can not hope to be a leader of others unless he has clear, vigorous, and settled views upon the subject under consideration. If his ideas are like a weathercock, changing at every turn of the wind, he will fail utterly to convince his fellow men. His motto should be like that of the late Joseph Cook: "Clearness at any cost."

CHAPTER XIV

PREPARATION OF THE SPEECH

GATHERING MATERIAL

Having chosen a theme, the logical order is to first gather the material, second to judiciously select from it and arrange it in order, and third to fix it in the mind ready for use. The task of finding material may be slow and tedious at first, but successive efforts will bring ease and facility. The habit of completely "thinking out" a subject should be cultivated from the beginning. Thoughts should be noted down in writing as they occur and not be left to the caprice of memory. There must be ample time in which thoroughly to do this work. After exhausting the resources of his own mind, the student may next turn to books in order to confirm and strengthen his ideas and gather further new material. He will also converse with well-informed people whenever possible and closely observe things about him that bear upon the subject in hand.

To repeat, the note-book habit can not be too strongly urged here as the only safeguard against lapses of memory. References, ideas, quotations and arguments should be promptly put down in writing. At this stage of preparing a speech the student will eagerly read books, magazines and newspapers, with a view to finding further suitable material.

The advice given to preachers by Prof. Arthur S. Hoyt, applies equally to other public speakers. He says: "By

all means do your own thinking. Fix your thought upon the text and subject, and try to penetrate to its vital meaning. Find the message for your own soul in it. Believe in the spirit of truth and learn to trust your own judgment as enlightened by His influence. Do not go at once to commentaries and homiletic handbooks for material, but let your own thought grow by thinking. Take stock of your own mental and spiritual resources. Be thoroughly your self and find your own voice, for in this way only will you have that personal and individual flavor which makes the charm of true preaching."

ARRANGING MATERIAL

The second step, that of selecting what is desirable from this mass of unarranged material, requires unusual skill and judgment. Many pet ideas and phrases must be discarded. Certain portions will probably have to be rewritten many times before they are at all satisfactory. It is said of Macaulay that he would write off a whole story at a headlong pace, sketching in the outlines under the genial and audacious impulse of a first conception; but in the final writing he would not allow a sentence to pass muster until it was as good as he could make it. He would recast entire paragraphs and chapters in order to secure a more lucid arrangement.

The student should carefully note the distinction between the preparation of an essay and a public address. There is a wide difference between them, inasmuch as one is intended to be spoken, while the other is intended to be read silently. Both require the highest kind of literary ability, but a speech demands a more vivid style than an essay,

being designed to arouse the emotions of the hearer as well as to convince his judgment. In a speech, too, frequent repetition of thought may be indulged in, to emphasize or drive home truth, tho the phraseology in such repetitions must be changed. Aristotle speaks of this as the orator's gift of tautology.

In preparing a speech it is well to stop every little while in writing and read aloud what has been written to find whether it "speaks" well. If the words do not fit the mouth of the speaker there is something wrong somewhere and he should endeavor to find it out as soon as possible, otherwise he may have to prepare his entire address over again.

BRIEFING

A "brief" is not the exclusive possession of the lawyer, as so many persons believe, nor something that has to do only with the court room. It is a plan whereby any speaker may arrange his material in logical order, in somewhat the same manner that the architect draws his plans of a proposed building. The regular divisions of a brief are: 1. The Introduction. 2. The Brief Proper. 3. The Conclusion. It is made up of certain definite statements, put into concise language and distinguished by letters or numerals. Under each of the main headings may come subheadings setting forth subordinate ideas. As the name implies, a "brief" means conciseness and clearness throughout, so that the entire plan can be readily understood by another. For a full exposition of this subject the student is referred to "The Principles of Argumentation," by Professor Baker, of Harvard University, and "Argumentation and Debate,' by Professors Laycock and Scales, of Dartmouth College.