Find or write eight sentences containing copulas, two with nouns as subject complements, two with pronouns, two with adjectives, two with nouns and modifiers.

XXXVI

REVIEW OF TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Name all the verbs in "A Fortune" (p. 10). As you name them tell whether they are transitive or intransitive, of complete or incomplete predication. Name their subjects, and if they have objects or subject complements, name them.

XXXVII

PASSIVE VOICE

In the sentence, "Brutus stabbed Cæsar," who acts? Who receives the action? The verb, stabbed, tells the action of the subject, Brutus, on the object, Cæsar. Stabbed is said to be in the active voice.

In the sentence, "Cæsar was stabbed by Brutus," what is the subject? Does the subject act or is it acted upon?

Cæsar, the subject, does not stab; he is stabbed. That is, Cæsar receives the action, yet the word Cæsar is the subject of the sentence.

Was stabbed is said to be in the passive voice.

Voice is the form of the transitive verb that shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon. There are two voices, active and passive.

In the sentence, "Our flag carries American ideas," what is the object? In the sentence, "American ideas are carried by our flag," what is the subject?

"Sir Launcelot knighted Sir Fair-Hands" may be changed to read “Sir Fair-Hands was knighted by Sir Launcelot."

What is the object of the first sentence? What does it become in the second?

Either of two forms of expression may be used with transitive verbs. The person or thing receiving the action may be the object of the verb. The verb is then said to be in the active voice. Or the person or thing receiving the action may be the subject of the verb, which is then in the passive voice.

XXXVIII

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES; EMPHASIS

Is the thought exactly the same in the two sentences, "Sir Walter Scott wrote Ivanhoe" and "Ivanhoe was written by Sir Walter Scott”?

In the first sentence which is more prominent, Sir Walter Scott or Ivanhoe?

Does the subject or the object usually show what was first in the author's thought?

The object is a part of the predicate. The predicate is a statement about the subject. If there were no subject, there would be no thought about it.

Which do you think makes the one who is acting more prominent, the active or the passive form? Which makes the receiver of the action more emphatic? Does changing the form change the emphasis?

Change the following sentences from the active to the passive form :

Hamilton organized the Treasury Department of the United States.

Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Dewey captured Manila from the Spaniards.

Commodore Perry fought the British fleet on Lake Erie. He sent this message:

"We have met the enemy and they are ours."

Ponce de Leon discovered Florida.

Change the following sentences from the passive to the active form:

The brave are not frightened by loud boasting.

Envy is destroyed by true friendship.

Fortune is ever deemed blind by those on whom she bestows no favors.

We are made known to ourselves and others by opportunities.

He who is pleased with nobody is much more unhappy than he with whom nobody is pleased. ROCHEFOUCAULD.

In each case point out the difference in thought or emphasis between the two forms.

XXXIX

FORMATION OF THE PASSIVE

In the sentence, "Dewey captured Manila," what is the tense of the verb? How is it formed?

In "Manila was captured by Dewey," what part of the verb capture is captured? What is the tense of the verb? Which word indicates the tense, was or captured?

In the sentence, "Virginia has been called the Mother of Presidents," what are the person and the number of the verb? By which word are they indicated, the participle or the auxiliary? Does the participle change its form at all?

The passive voice is formed of the past participle and some part of the verb be used as an auxiliary.

All inflectional changes in the passive voice for person, number, or tense, are made in the auxiliary.

Copy from a reader or other book, a verb in the passive form in each tense.

Read:

XL

ADVERBS

(1)

LITTLE ELSA'S GIFT

It was the day before Thanksgiving. The children had come early to school, bearing in strange-looking parcels, fruits, vegetables, chickens, turkeys, roasts of beef, candy, and other good things too numerous to mention.

For on this day they were each to make a gift to show their own thankfulness, and many a poor home was to have real cause for giving thanks because of the children.

The parcels were piled up here and there and everywhere. The corridors were filled, the stairs had their share, every vacant corner in the schoolrooms was filled with the mysterious contributions.

Then came the distribution, and merrily did the children go about it, gleefully tying and untying bundles, writing addresses and pinning them on, and loading the gifts into carts for the big boys to take to the more distant homes.

While all this bustle was going on, little Elsa had been sitting at her desk looking wistfully at the big bundles brought by the children. Little Elsa's shoes had holes in them, and so had her stockings, so that her little feet showed through in spots pitifully. Elsa's dress, too, was very old and sadly patched. But she was not thinking of her woes, but rather of the secret hidden in her desk.

At length a lull occurred; most of the children had gone out into the corridor. This was Elsa's opportunity. Shyly she left her seat and tiptoed very softly up to Miss Merwin, who looked at her kindly and sympathetically, thinking, "We must send something to Elsa's home for Thanks· giving."

Then Elsa slipped a little parcel into the teacher's hand. "I want to give something," she whispered faintly. Miss Merwin opened the mite of a parcel. What do you think it contained? One little piece of candy, oh, so little, and one poor little apple with the decayed spot carefully cut out. They were little Elsa's all and she was giving them. Do you wonder that Miss Merwin's eyes filled with tears? Do you know what she meant when she whispered to herself, "The widow's mite"? -J. Verens.

What are nouns? Adjectives? Pronouns? Verbs?
In the first paragraph what does early tell?

Mention some other words that may be used to answer the question when.

In the third paragraph what words answer the question where?

Mention other words that may be used to answer the same question.

In the next paragraph what question do merrily and gleefully answer?

Mention other words that answer the same question.