Such words as when, while, where, until, connecting dependent with principal clauses, are sometimes called conjunctive adverbs because they express the ideas of both adverbs and conjunctions. When and where, used

to ask questions, are called interrogative adverbs.

Find in your readers or elsewhere adverbs of each class and use them in sentences of your own.

LXXXIII

OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT

In "The teacher made the lesson simple," what is the verb? What is its subject?

What is its object?

What does simple describe?

Simple is really a part of the verb.

It helps express the action of the subject.

The order can be changed so as to read "The teacher made simple the lesson." You can even substitute a single word for made simple, as "The teacher simplified the lesson."

The

Lesson is the object not only of made, but of made simple. Simple is in thought a part of the verb. thought of the verb is not complete without it.

A word that completes the thought of the predicate, and describes its object, is called an objective complement. The objective complement may be either an adjective or a noun.

They proclaimed Cæsar a god.

What is the object? What is the objective complement? You can substitute a single word, as,

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They deified Cæsar." You cannot always find a single word that expresses the thought of the verb and the objective complement together, but you can always unite them in thought.

Name the object and the objective complement in each of the following:

The Swiss hailed Tell (as) the liberator of his country.

Father calls me William, sister calls me Will,
Mother calls me Willie, but the fellows call me Bill.
-EUGENE FIELD.

Ye call me chief, and ye do well to call him chief who for twelve long years has led your forces in the arena.

That orbed maiden,

With white fire laden,

Whom mortals call the moon,

Glides glimmering o'er

My fleece-like floor,

With the midnight breezes strewn.

- SPARTACUS.

SHELLEY.

NOTE. Sometimes as is used with an objective com

plement.

LXXXIV

ADVERBIAL OBJECTIVE

We weighed the baby yesterday.
He weighed ten pounds.

In the first sentence, what is the object of weighed?
In the second, is ten pounds the object of weighed?

Ten pounds does not tell what was weighed, but how much the baby weighed.

In the first sentence weighed is a transitive verb. Why?

In the second sentence weighed is an intransitive verb. Why?

The words ten pounds taken together are really an adverb modifying weighed.

A noun, either alone or with modifiers, used as an adverb, is called an adverbial objective.

If he compel thee to go with him a mile, go with him twain. THE BIBLE.

go.

A mile and twain are adverbial objectives, modifying

Name the adverbial objectives in the following sentences and tell what verbs they modify. If the verbs have direct or indirect objects, name them :

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"A celebrated athlete of ancient times is said to have cleared fifty-four feet at a single jump.

"The Jerboa, an animal not much larger than a rat, can leap ten feet. A whale, weighing many tons, can jump twenty feet out of the water. A flea can leap a distance a hundred times its own body. A grasshopper can jump a height two hundred times higher than its own body. Where then is the pride of the athlete?"

"Thousands of years ago the Egyptians reared the obelisks in what is now a desert. Forty-two of them are still in existence. One of these is in Central Park in New York. It cost thousands of dollars to remove it, and many men were employed two whole years at the task."

Read:

LXXXV

CASE AFTER A CONJUNCTION

A Boy's SONG

Where the pools are bright and deep,
Where the gray trout lies asleep,
Up the river and o'er the lea,

That's the way for Billy and me.

Where the blackbird sings the latest,

Where the hawthorne blooms the sweetest,

Where the nestlings chirp and flee,

That's the way for Billy and me.

Where the mowers mow the cleanest,
Where the hay lies thick and greenest,
There to trace the homeward bee,
That's the way for Billy and me.

Where the hazel bank is steepest,
Where the shadow falls the deepest,
Where the clustering nuts fall free,
That's the way for Billy and me.

And this I know, I love to play
Through the meadow, among the hay;
Up the water and o'er the lea,
That's the way for Billy and me.

- JAMES HOGG.

In the last line of each stanza what part of speech is

for?

What two words are its objects?

In what case are they?

1. Harry invited my brother William and me to go driving with him.

2. When Helen was eight years old, her father took her and her cousin Abel into the country.

3. Uncle John gave Jacob and me each a dollar.

4. Alice and I are of the same age.

5. You have injured not me but yourself.

Name all the personal pronouns in the above sen

tences.

Why is I in the fourth in the nominative case?

Why are me in the first, third, and fifth, and her in the second in the objective case?

Two nouns or pronouns connected by a conjunction are in the same case.

This is an important rule and often violated. You will need to watch carefully to avoid mistakes.

In each of the following sentences, supply I or me correctly :

Mrs. Albert was very kind to Ruth and

Who is there? It is only Henry and

The teacher walked home with Kenneth, Ruth, and
Kenneth is almost as old as

He can run faster than either Henry or

Notice that in each of these sentences when I or me is used, joined by a conjunction to other pronouns or proper nouns, it is placed after the other words. A pronoun of the first person is always placed last in a series. It is not good manners to put yourself first.