A. BDOMEN, wounds of, n° . ed, 429. ac- Anus, diseases of, ch. xxx. Con- V. Arm, amputation of, ch. xxxiv. B. Bandages, ch. xxxvi. For the Boils of the gums, no 240. nal violence, ch. xii. Com- C. within, ch. vi. fect. iii. are to be removed, ch. xxxiv. Cataraa of the eye, ch. xiii. fe&t. viii. Elbow, luxation at, n° 374. eases of, ch. xiii. fe&t. ii. Excrescence on the white of the F. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, fcrew Fistula in perinæo, ch. xxix. fect. the skull, ch. xii. fect. iv. Fungi in the brain after being In Hare lip, ch. xvi. fect. ii. the scrotum, ch. xxiv. Ana- Hydrops facculi lachrymalis. See fect. vi. I. matous and sarcomatous, fect. planation of the plates,. p. 187 K. Ki 'neys, ftones in, ch. xxvii. feet. Knee-pan, luxation of, n° 379. L. Lachrymal fuc, dropfy of, n°220. 149. Leg, fracture of, no 399. Ampu- Limbs, distortion of, no 405. Lip, fiffure of, or hare-lip, ch. fect. i. Of the bones of the M. Marks on the bodies of children perforated, no 245. be treated, no 56. In cafes Mouth and throat, affections of, ch. xvi. Ulcers in, fect. viii. 105. Nofe, affections of, ch. xv. He. Norils, imperforated, ch. xv. Skull, tractures of, ch. xii. fe&t, O. Oefophagotomy, or cutting open how fet, n° 371, P. Pain, method of alleviating, in furgical operations, ch. xxxv. Paracentesis of the thorax, ch. Paraphymofis, no 348 and 349. on, n 109. Perineo, fiftula in, ch. xxix. fect. v. Prolapfus ani, ch. xxx. fe&t. iv. Pus, formed, figns of, n° 46. Ranula, or tumor under the tongue, ch. xvi. sect. vii. iv. xxiv fect iii. Specks upon the eyes, ch. xiii. Spine, luxation of, no 367. Di- T. Tapping for the dropfy, ch. xxii. fect. iv. Derangement of, fe&t. ii. Scirrhous, ch. xxvi. Thorax, wounds of, n° 13 and Throat, affections of, ch. xvi. Scarifying and fomenting, teeth. Tophus, or foft tumor of the bones, no 116. Tumors, indolent, ch. vi. Stea- Tuni a vaginalis teftis, hydro. U. Urine, incontinence and fuppref vii. Wax, fuperabundance of, how removed from the ear, no Mortal, 7. Of the Skin ra, 14. Treatment of, 15, ¦ Surinam 11 Surname. Raynal's the Settle SURINAM, the capital of the Dutch fettlements in Guiana, fituated on a river of the same name, in N. Lat. 6. 16. W. Long. 56, 0. It gives name to the country for 100 miles round; and stands on a river of the fame name, which is navigable for 30 leagues up the country. A fet tlement was formed at Surinam in 1650 by the Dutch, who preferved poffeffion of it ever fince. The chief trade confiits in fugar, cotton, coffee of an excellent kind, tobacco, flax, fkins, and fome valuable drugs for dyeing. Four hundred and thirty plantations have been already Hiftory of formed on the banks of the Surinam and the adjacent counments and try, which in 1775 yielded 24,120,000 weight of rough Trode of the fugar, which were fold in Holland for 347,225 1. Serling; Eaft and 15,000,387 lb. weight of coffee, which sold for 357,5 38 1.; West Indies. 970,000 lb. weight of cotton; 790,854 lb. weight of coccoa; 152,844 lb. weight of wood for dyeing. The fun total of these productions amounted to 822,905 Sterling, and was brought into the harbours of the republic in 70 veffels. The number of flaves employed in the fame year was 60,000, who belonged to 2824 mafters, exclusive of the women and children. The white people were of different countries and different religions. Connected with Surinam, we may mention the colonies of Demerary, Iffequibo, and Berbice, which lie a little to the west. The two firft furrendered to the British troops in 1781; but being left defenceless, were retaken by a French frigate. Demerary has lately been taken a second time by the army of Great Britain. It is confidered as a valuable acquifition, being a flourishing colony. In 1769 there were established on the banks of the Demerary 130 habitations, in which sugar, coffee, and cotton were fuccessfully cultivated, and fince that period the number of plantations hath increased much. Iffequibo is a very inconfiderable fettlement. Berbice, which lies between Demerary and Surinam, contains about 104 plantations, most of them fmall, and scattered at great diftances from one another upon the banks of the Berbice or of Conje. When Raynal published the last edition of his History of Settlements and Trade in the Eaft and West Indies, the population confifted of 7000 flaves of every age and fex, 250 white men, exclufive of the foldiers. The coffee, fugar, and cotton produced was conveyed to Holland in four or five fhips, and fold for about 40 or 50,000 1. SURMOUNTED, in heraldry, is when one figure is laid over another. SURMULLET. See MULLUS. SURNAME, that which is added to the proper name for distinguishing perfona and families. It was originally diftinguished from firname, which denotes the name of the fire or progenitor: thus Macdonald, Robertson are fir names expreffing the son of Donald, the fon of Robert. The word furname, again, fignified fome name fuperadded to the proper name to distinguish the individual, as Artaxerxes Longimanus, Harold Harefoot, Malcolm Canmore. From this it is evident that every firname was a furname, though the reverse was not fo. In modern times they are confounded; and as there is now no occafion to preferve the diftinction, Dr Johnson has rejected the word firname altogether. See NAME. Surnames were introduced among all nations at an early period, and feem to have been formed at first by adding the Surname. name of the father to that of the fon. This was the practice among the Hebrews, as appears from the fcriptures. Caleb is denominated the fon of Jephunneh, and Joshua the fon of Nun .That the fame thing was cuftomary among the Greeks, every one who has read the poems of Homer muft remember. We have an inftance of it in the very first line of the Iliad: Axidanos Inaniadew, "Achilles the fon of Peleus.' This is perhaps the general origin of furnames, for it has been common among most nations (4 4). The Romans generally had three names. The first called prænomen answered to our Chriftian name, and was intended to diftinguifh the individuals of the fame family; the fecond called nomen correfponded to the word clan in Scotland, and was given to all thofe who were fprung from the fame ftock; the third called cognomen expreffed the particular branch of the tribe or clan from which an individual was sprung. Thus Publius Cornelius Scipio, Publius correfponded to our names John, Robert, William; Cornelius was the name of the clan or tribe, as Campbell was formerly the name of all the Duke of Argyle's clients, and Dou glas the name of the retainers of the Duke of Hamilton's progenitors. Scipio being added, conveyed this informa tion, that Publius, who was of the tribe of the Cornelii, was of the family of the Scipios, one of the branches or families into which that tribe was divided. Refpecting the three names which were common among the Romans, we may say that the firft was a name and the other two furnames. Du Chesne obferves, that furnames were unknown in France before the year 987, when the lords began to assume the names of their demefnes. Camden relates, that they were first taken up in England, a little before the conqueft, under King Edward the Confeffor: but he adds, they were never fully established among the common people till the time of Edward II.; till then they varied with the father's name; if the father, e. gr. was called Richard, or Roger, the son was called Richardson, or Hodgson; but from that time they were fettled, fome fay, by act of parliament. The oldeft furnames are those we find in Domesday-Book, most of them taken from places, with the addition of de Godefridus de Mannevilla, Walterus de Vernon, Robert de Oyly, &c. Others from their fathers, with filius, as Guliel mus filius Oberni; others from their offices, as Eudo Dapifer, Gulielmus Camerarius, Giflebertus Cocus, &c. But the inferior people are noted fimply by their Christian names, without any furnames at all. j as They feem to have been introduced into Scotland in the time of William the Conqueror by the English who accompanied Edgar Atheling when he filed into that kingdom. These had their proper furnames, as Moubray, Lovell, Lifle, ufing the particle de before them; which makes it probable that these furnames had been derived from the lands which their ancestors or they themselves had poffeffed. In Kenneth II's. time in Soo the great men had indeed begun to call their lands by their own names; but the ordinary distinctions then used were only personal, and did not defcend to succeeding generations, fuch as those employed by the Hebrews and Greeks: For example, John the fon of William; or the names of office, as Stewart; or accidental distinctions from complexion or ftation, as Black, White, (4) This might be fupported by examples borrowed from many nations. The old Normans used Fitz, which lignifies fon; as Fitzherbert, Fitzfimmons, the lon of Herbert, the fon of Simmons. The Irifh ufed 0; as O'Neal, the fon of Neal. The Scotch Highlanders employed Mac; as Macdonald, the fon of Donald. The Saxons added the word fon to the end of the father's name, as Williamfon. Surrenter. Weaver. Surry, by mutual agreement of the parties. Of furrenders there Surrender are three kinds; a furrender properly taken at-common law ; a furrender of copyhold or cultomary eftates; and a fur render improperly taken, as of a deed, a patent, &c. The firft is the ufual furrender, and it is ufually divided into that in deed, and that in law. Surname White, Long, Short; or the name of their trade, as 'T'aylor, It was long before any furnames were used in Wales, except that of fon, as Evan ap Rice, Evan the fon of Rice; Evan ap Howel, Evan the fon of Howel: but many of them have at length formed feparate furames, as the Englifh and Scots, by leaving out the a in ap, and joining the to the father's name: thus Evan ap Rice becomes Evan Price; Evan ap Howel, Evan Powel.-We are told, furnames were unknown in Sweden till the year 1514, and that the common people of that country ufe none to this day; and that the fame is the cafe with the vulgar Irish, the case with the vulgar Irish, Poles, and Bohemians. When we come to inquire into the etymology of furnames, we must allow that many of them were originally fignificant of the qualities of mind, as Bold, Hardy Meek; fome of the qualities of body, as Strong, Low, Short; others expreffive of the trade or profeffion followed by the perfons to whom they were applied, as Baker, Smith, Wright; Butler, Page, Marfhal. But the greatest number, at least of the ancient furnames, were borrowed from the names of places. Camden says, that there is not a village in Normandy but has given its name to fome family in England. He mentions as examples, Percy, Devereux, Tankervil, Mortimer, Warren, &c. They were introduced with William the Conqueror. Several have been derived from places in the Netherlands, as Gaunt, Tournay, Grandifon; and many from the names of towns and villages in England and Scotland, as Wentworth, Markham, Murray, Aberdeen. Many have been formed from the names of animals, as quadrupeds, birds, fishes; from vegetables, and parts of vege tables, as trees, fhrubs, flowers, and fruits; from minerals of different kinds. Others are formed from fuch a variety of accidents that it is impoffible to particularize them. 1 SURPLICE, the habit of the officiating clergy in the church of England. By Can. 58, every minifter faying the public prayers, or miniftering the facrament or other rites of the church, fhall wear a decent and comely furplice with fleeves, to be provided at the charge of the parish. But by Eliz. c. 2. and 13 and 14 Car. II. the garb prefcribed by act of parliament, in the fecond year of king Edward the Sixth, is enjoined; and this requires that in the faying or finging of matins and even fongs, baptizing and burying, the minister in parish churches and chapels fhall ufe a furplice. And in all cathedral churches and colleges, the archdeacon, dean, provofts, mafters, prebendaries, and fellows, being graduates, may use in the choir, befides their furplices, fuch hoods as pertain to their feveral degrees. But in all other places every minifter fhall be at liberty to ufe a furplice or not. And hence in marrying, churching of women, and other offices not specified in this rubric, and even in the adminiftration of the holy communion, it feems that a furplice is not neceffary. Indeed for the holy communion the rubric appoints a white ALB plain, which differs from the surplice in being close-sleeved, with a veft ment or cope. SURREBUTTER, in law, is fecond rebutter; or the replication of the plaintiff to the defendant's rebutter. SURREJOINDER, is a fecond defence of the plaintiff's declaration, by way of anfwer to the defendant's rejoinder. } SURRENDER, in common law, a deed or inftrument, teftifying that the particular tenant of lands and tenements, for life or years, doth fufficiently confent and agree, that he who has the next or immediate remainder or reversion thereof, fhall have the prefent eftate of the fame in poffeffion; and that he hereby yields and gives up the fame to him, so that the estate for life or years may merge or drown SURRENDER, in deed, is that which is really made by exprefs words in writing, where the words of the leffee to the leffor prove a fufficient affent to furrender his estate back again. SURRENDER, in law, is that wrought by operation of the law, and which is not actual-As if a man have a leafe of a farm for life or years, and during the term he accepts a new leafe; this act is, in law, a furrender of the former. SURRENDER of a bankrupt. See COMMISSION of Bankruptcy. : SURRENDER of Copyholds is the yielding up of the estate by the tenant into the hands of the lord, for fuch purposes as are expreffed in the furrender as to the use and behoof of A and his heirs, to the ufe of his own will, and the like. This method of conveyance is so effential to the nature of a copyhold estate, that it cannot poffibly be transferred by Blackft. any other affurance. No feoffment, fine, or recovery (in Comment, the king's courts) hath any operation upon it. If I vol. ii. would exchange a copyhold with another, I cannot do it by an ordinary deed of exchange at the common law, but we must surrender to each other's use, and the lord will admit us accordingly. If I would devife a copyhold, I must surrender it to the ufe of my last will and teftament; and in my will I muft declare my intentions, and name à devisce, who will then be entitled to admiffion. If an SURRENDER of Letters Patent and Offices. A furrender may be made of letters patent to the king, fo that he may grant the eftate to whom he pleases, &c. and a fecond patent for years to the fame perfon for the fame thing is a furrender in law of the first-patent. 10 Rep. 65. officer for life accepts of another grant of the fame office, it is in law a furrender of the first grant; but if fuch an officer takes another grant of the fame office to himself and another, it may be otherwise. SURRÉPTITIOUS. See SUBREPTITIOUS. SURROGATE, in law, denotes a perfon that is substituted or appointed in the room of another. It Britannis SURRY, a county of England, bounded on the west by Berkshire and Hampshire, on the fouth by Suffex, on the caft by Kent, on the north by Middlesex, from which it is parted by the Thames, whence it had the name of Suth-rey from the Saxons, i. e. the country on the fouth fide of the river. It is 38 miles in length from east to west, 23 in Camden's breadth from north to fouth, and 112 in circumference. contains 3 hundreds, 140 parishes, of which 35 are vicar- by Gough. ages, 13 market-towns, 450 villages, 592,oco acres, and about 170,000 inhabitants. The members fent from it to parliament are 14, of which two are fent by each of the following boroughs, viz. Southwark, Bleechingley, Ryegate, Guildford, Gatton, Haflemere, and two for the county. 'T'he air of this county, towards the middle, which confifts moftly of hills and heath, is fharp, but pure and wholefome. About the skirts, where it is more level, and the foil richer, the air is milder, but alfo falubrious. In the middle parts the foil is barren enough in general; but tois wards the extremities, and where the country open and champaign, it is fruitful in grafs and corn, particularly on the fouth fide in Holmfdale, in which meadows, woods, 'The foil is alfo and corn-fields, are agreeably intermixed. very fertile along the Thames, especially towards London, where it greatly contributes to maintain plenty in the London 2 |