Syncope curs, equal to that which occafioned the driving, to make the number even, e. gr. when an odd crotchet comes before two or three minims, or an odd quaver before two, three, or more crotchets. In fyncopated or driving notcs, the hand or foot is taken up, or put down, while the note is founding.

Syugnathus.

SYNCOPE, FAINTING; a deep and fudden fwooning, wherein the patient continues without any fenfible heat, motion, sense, or respiration, and is feized with a cold fweat over the whole body; all the parts, in the mean time, turning pale and cold, as if he was dead. See MEDICINE, n° 98. and 272.

SYNCOPE, in grammar, an elifion or retrenchment of a letter or fyllable out of the middle of a word, as caidus for calidus.

SYNDIC, in government and commerce, an officer, in divers countries, intrusted with the affairs of a city or other community, who calls meetings, makes representations and folicitations to the ministry, magiftracy, &c. according to the exigency of the case.

SYNECDOCHE, in rhetoric, a kind of trope frequent among orators and poets. See ORATORY, no ¿6.

SYNECPHONËSIS, in grammar, a coalition, whereby two syllables are pronounced as one; being much the fame as SYNALOEPHA and SYNÆRESIS.

SYNEUROSIS. See ANATOMY, no 2. SYNGENESIA, ( and yes, "congeneration)," the name of the 19th clafs in Linnæus's artificial fyftem; comprehending those plants which have the anthers united into a cylinder. The orders are fix: 1. Polygamia æqualis. 2. Folygamia fuperflua. 3. Polygamia frustranca. 4. Polygamia neceffaria. 5. Polygamia fegregata. 6. MonogaThe five fire orders contain the compound flowers, and form a class truly natural

mia.

SYNGNATHUS, PIPE-FISH, according to Linnæus, a genus belonging to the clafs of amphibia, and order of uantes, but arranged by Gmelin more properly under the clafs of pifies, and order of bran, biuftigi, The head is small; the roftrum fomewhat cylindrical, long, and turned up at the point, where the mouth is placed, which is covered with a lid or valve. The gills are covered in the fame manner. The body is covered with a strong cruft, and has no ventral fins. There are eight fpecies; the tetragonus, typhele, acus, pelagicus, æquoreus, ophidion. barbarus, and hippocampus. Three of thefe are found in the British feas, viz.

1. The barbarus, or longer pipe fish. One described by Sir Robert Sibbald, was two feet in length; that examined by Mr Pennant only 16 inches. The nofe was an inch long, compreffed fidewife, and the end of the lower mandible turned up; the aperture of the mouth was very fmall The irides were red; behind each eye was a deep brown line. The body, in the thicket part, was about equal to a fwan's quill, hexangular from the end of the dorfal fin; from thence to the tail, quadrangular. The belly was fishtly carinated, and marked along the middle with a dufky line. Under the tail, commencing at the anus, is a fulcus or groove fix inches and a half long, covered by two longitudinal valves, which concealed a multitude of young fish. On crushing this part, hundreds may be obferved to crawl out.

་

2. The acus, or fhorter pipe-fish, is thicker than the former, yet it has been feen of the length of 16 inches. he middle of the body in fome is hexangular, in others heptangular. The mouth is formed like that of the former: the irides are yellow: clofe behind the head are the pectoral fins, which are small and fhort. On the lower part of the back is one narrow fin; beyond the vent the tail com

mences, which is long and quadrangular. At the extre. Synocha mity is a fin round and radiated. The body is covered with a ftrong craft, elegantly divided into small compartments. The belly is white; the other parts are brown.

3. The ophidion, or little pipe.fifh, feldom exceeds five inches in length, is very flender, and tapers off to a point. It wants both the pectoral and tail fins; is covered with a fmooth skin, not with a cruft as the two former kinds are. The nose is fhort, and turns a little up; the eyes are pro minent. On the back is one narrow fin. This fpecies is not viviparous on the belly of the female is a long hollow, to which adhere the eggs, difpofed in two or three rows. They are large, and not numerous. The fynonym of ferpent is ufed in feveral languages to exprefs these fish: the French call one fpecies orucul, from a sort of snake not unlike the blindworm: the Germans call it meberschlange; and the Cornish the fea-adder.

The Sea-horse, which was claffed by Artedi under the Syngnathus, is now, by later ichthyologifts, arrangedunder TRICHECUS; which fee.

SYNOCHA, and SYNOCHUS, in medicine, the names of two fpecies of continued fever. See MEDICINE, no 164, SYNOD, in aftronomy, a conjunction or concourfe of two or more fars or planets, in the fame optical place of the heavens.

SYNOD fignifics also a meeting or affembly of ecclefiaftical perions to confult on matters of religion.

Of these there are four kinds, viz. 1. General, or a umenical, where bishops, &c. meet from all nations. These were first called by the emperors, afterwards by Christian princes; till in later ages the pope ufurped to himself the greatelt fhare in this business, and by his legates prefided in them when called. 2. National, where thofe of one nation only come together, to determine any point of doctrine or difcipline. The first of this fort which we read of in England, was that of Herudford or Hertford, in 673, and the last was that held by cardinal Pole, in 1555. 3. Provincial, where those only of one province meet, now called the convocution. 4. Diocejan, where those of but one diocese meet, to enforce canons made by general councils, or national and provincial fynods, and to confult and agree upon rules of difcipline for themfelves. These were not wholly laid afide, till by the act of fubmiffion, 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19 it was made unlawful for any fynod to meet, but by royal authority. See COUNCIL and CONVOCATION. SYNODS, Provincial, in the Government of the Church of Scotland. See FRESBYTERIANS, D' } 4. SYNODALS, or SYNODIES, were pecuniary rents (commoniy of two fhillings), paid to the bishop, or archdeacon, at the time of their Faller vilitation, by every parish priet. They were thus called, becaute utually paid in fynods; be caufe anciently bifhops uled to vifit and hold their diocesan fynods once.-For the fame rcafon, they are fometimes alfo denominated synodalice; but more ufually, pro...urations.

SYNODICAL, tomething belonging to a fynod. Thus, fynodical cpiftles are circular letters written by the fynods to the abient prelates and churches; or even thofe general ones directed to all the faithful, to inform them of what had pafled in the fynod.

SYNOECIA, in Grecian antiquity, a feaft celebrated at Athens in memory of Thefeus's having united all the petty communities of Attica into one fingle commonwealth; the feat whereof was at Athens, where all the affemblies were to be held. This feaft was dedicated to Minerva; and, according to the fcholiaft on Thucydides, it was held in the month Metagiinion.

SYNONYMOUS, is applied to. a word or term that has the fame import or fignification with another.

Several

Synony

mous.

I

At what time built.

2 Govern

nally mo narchical.

ANALYSIS.

3 Soon he. .comes democratical. Cy.

SYPHILIS. See MEDICINE, no 350.

SYPHON. See HYDROSTATICS, no 25, 26. Some uncommon phenomena in nature may be accounted for upon the principles of the syphon; as, for inftance, that of reciprocating fprings. See PNEUMATICS, n° 73. SYRACUSE, once a celebrated city of Sicily, and the capital of the island. It was built, according to Thucydides and Strabo, by Archias, one of the Heraclide, who came from Corinth into Sicily in the second year of the 11th Olympiad, deriving its name from a neighbouring marsh named Syraco. What form of government first prevailed in ment origi- the city is not known. Many have fuppofed it originally to have been governed by kings: but if this was the cafe, the monarchical government must have continued only for a very short time; fince Ariftotle, Diodorus Siculus, and Juftin, mention it as being very early fubject to a democraThe hiftory, however, is obfcure and unimportant till the time of Gelon, when it firft began to make a confpicuous figure. Gelon was born in the city of Gela in Sicily, of the fafovereignty.mily of Telines, who had been created prieft of the infernal gods. He fignalized himself in a war carried on by Hippocrates tyrant of Gela against the Syracufians, whom he defeated in a pitched battle, and had well nigh taken their city afterwards. Having thus become very powerful among his countrymen, he foon found means to feize on the fovereignty for himself. In a fhort time, having put himfelf at the head of fome Syracufian exiles, he marched towards that place, where he was received with loud acclammations by the faction to which they belonged; and by their means obtained poffeffion of the city.

4 Gelon fei

5

Gelon, in order to people the capital of his new domini. ons, first demolished the neighbouring city of Camarina, and Takes feve- transplanted the inhabitants to Syracufe. Soon after, entering into a war with the Megareans, he defeated them, took and re- and rafed their cities, and in like manner tranfplanted the mhabitants people. Syracufe thus became very powerful, and full of to Syracufe, inhabitants; and the friendship of Gelon was courted both

ral cities,

ทาง 8 the

6

by Athens and Lacedæmon at the time of the Perfian in Syracufe. vafon. His affiftance, however, was afterwards rejec. ted, as he infifted upon being made commander in chief either of the fleet or the army. In the mean time the Carthaginians had entered into a treaty with the Perfians; by which it was agreed, that the former should attack those of the Greek name in Sicily and Italy, in order to divert them from affifting one another. Sicily was accordingly invaded by the Carthaginians with a vaft army; but they Defears the were utterly overthrown by Gelon, as is related under the Carthagiarticle CARTHAGE, no 7-9. After this victory, the people takes the out of gratitude obliged him to take upon himself the title tide of of king; which till that time he had refufed, A deeree king. alfo paffed without oppofstion, by which the crown was fettled on his two brothers Hiero and Thrafybulus after his death.

nians, and

7

leut reign.

The new king, inftead of keeping his fubjects in greater His excel awe, fludied the more to make them happy as he found his power increased; and, according to Diodorus Siculus, was the first man who became more virtuous by heing railed to a throne. He was particularly famous for his honefty, truth, and fincerity; is faid never to have wronged the meanest of his fubjects, nor ever to thave promifed a thing which he did not perform.

8

is

Gelon died in the year 471 B. C. after having reigned Gelon dies, three or four years; and was fucceeded by his brother Hiero, and a fucwhofe character is differently drawn by different hiftorians. Hiero. ceeted by He was twice engaged in a war with the Agrigentines, and drove from their habitations the people of Catana and Naxus, fettling in their room a colony of Syracufians and Peloponnefians. He is highly celebrated in the odes of Pindar and it is certain that his court was the refort of men of wit and learning, to whom he behaved in the most courteous manner and with the greatest liberality.

459 B. C. Hiero waз fucceeded by Thrafybulus; who Thrafybu. proving a tyrant, was in ten months driven out, and a po-lu, a ty pular government retored; which continued for the space of 55 years. Several perfons continued for fome time to afpire at the fovereign power; and to rid themfelves of these afpiring geniuses, the inhabitants made a law not Popul ir unlike that of the oftracilm at Athens. By this law they govern were to write on a leaf the names of those whom they fup-itored. pofed to be powerful enough to aspire at the crown; and when the leaves were counted, he who had the mott luffrages against him was, without further inquiry, banifhed for five years. This method of weakening the interefts of the overgrown citizens was called petalism, from the Greek Petalifm in word era, fignifying a leaf; but being found to be troduced, but foon ductive of great inconveniences, by driving out of the coun-after abotry all thofe who were moft capable of governing the com- lished. monwealth, the law was repealed foon after it had been enacted.

pro

II

I 2

fubdued.

13

About this time the Syracufians entered into a war with The Siculi the Siculi, which terminated in the total fubjection of the latter; after which Syracufe became fo powerful, that it in a manner gave law to the whole island. The Greek cities. indeed enjoyed a perfect liberty; but they all acknowledged Syracufians Syracufe as their metropolis: by degrees, however, the lat beconie ter began to affume fuch an authority over them as was tohaughty. tally inconfiftent with liberty; and this occafioned many wars, which involved them in much diftrefs 'and danger. They began with the Leontines, whofe territory they laid wafte, and reduced their city to great ftraits. Leontini was Invaded by an Athenian colony; and this furnished the Athenians, who the Athehad already meditated the conqueft of Sicily, with a pretence to attack the Syracufians with their whole force. Under colour of affifting their countrymen, therefore, they fent a fleet of 250 fail to Sicily: but the Leontines, fenfible

28

ls chofen generalif

oppofite party. Having gained this point alfo, he next Syracufe. found means to ingratiate himself with the foldiery to fuch a degree, that, under pretence of taking proper measures for refifting the Carthaginians, he was chofen commander in 32 chief, with abfolute and unlimited power. This was no fooner done, than, pretending that his life was in danger, umo. he chose out 1000 men for his guard, whom he attached to his intereft by great promifes. As no perfon durft now oppofe him, he poffeffed himself of the citadel, where all the arms and provifions were kept; after which he publicly took the title of king of Syracufe in the year 404 B. C.

Syracufe. cias being informed of this misfortune, offered to pay the whole expence of the war, provided he was allowed to march off with his men. But this being rejected, he fet out, tho' galled all the way by fhowers of darts from his enemies. The reft Arriving at a river called Afmarus, they rushed into it with defeared with great out any order; in which confufion the Syracufian cavalflaughter, ry attacked them fo defperately, that 18,000 perished, and the river for many miles was dyed with their blood. On this occafion the Athenians were fo preffed with thirst, that, unmindful of their danger, they drank the waters of the river all bloody as they were, which gave their enemies the better opportunity of flaughtering them without refiftance. The remainder furrendered, on the fingle condition of having their lives faved; but the terms were fhamefully broke by the Syracufians. The generals were first ignominiously whipt, and then put to death: the common foldiers were thrust down into quarries, where they were allowed cruelly u only two fmall meafures of flour and one of water a-day; fed. and where, being crowded upon one another, they fuffered inexpreffible miferies for many months. Most of them perifh ed by this cruel treatment, and the few who furvived were fold for flaves.

29

The remainder furrender,

and are

30 New inva hon by the Carthaginians.

Rife of

The war was scarce ended, when a new and formidable invafion by the Carthaginians took place; but the event of that expedition was as unfortunate to the Carthaginians as the former had been, of which a particular account is given under the article CARTHAGE, no 12. et feq.

In the mean time, however, a confiderable revolution had happened in Syracufe. The city of Agrigentum had been taken by the Carthaginians, and of the few inhabitants who escaped, fome fled to Syracufe, where they accufed the Syracufian commanders of having betrayed the city into the hands of the enemy. Dionyfius, a man of great valour and Dionyfius. addrefs, but who had become very obnoxious to the popu lace, took this opportunity of attempting to retrieve his credit. He therefore fupported the accufations brought against his countrymen by the Agrigentines, and even impeached the magiftrates as having a fecret intelligence with the enemy, and attempting to introduce an oligarchy. As his speech was entirely levelled against the more wealthy citizens, it was very agreeable to the lower class: the commanders were inftantly degraded; and others, among whom was Dionyfius, were appointed. Having once gained this point, he began to confider how he might get all his colleagues turned out. For this purpofe he never joined in any council of war with the other commanders, nor imparted to them his refolutions, giving out that he could not truft them, and that they had more regard for their own interest than the welfare of their country. But while he was proceeding in this manner, the more prudent part of the citizens, perceiving what he aimed at, complained of him to the fenate and magiftrates, and fined him as a disturber of the public peace. According to the laws, the fine was to be paid before he could speak in public, and the circumftances of Dionyfius did not allow him to discharge it. In this dilemma he was affifted by Philiftus the hiftorian, a man of great wealth, who not only paid this fine for him, but encouraged him to fpeak his mind freely, as it became a zealous citizen to do, promifing to pay all the fines that should be laid upon him.

Being extricated out of this difficulty, Dionyfius next proceeded to inveigh, with all the eloquence he was mafter of, against those who by means of their power or intereft were able to oppofe his defigns, and by degrees brought them into difcredit. His next fcheme was to get those His next scheme was to get thofe exiles recalled whom the nobility had banished at different times; as thinking that they would fupport him with all their power, as well out of gratitude as out of hatred to the

33 Becomes king of

'The Syracufians did not tamely submit to their new mafter: but Dionyfius managed matters fo well, that their frequent revolts anfwered no other purpose than more certainly to entail flavery on themfelves; and he was allowed to poffels the throne without much oppofition till his death,which happened in the year 366 B. Č.

Syracufe.

34

On the death of Dionyfius, he was succeeded by his fon, Dionyfius called alfo Dionyfius. He was naturally of a mild and peace-11. able temper, averfe from cruelty, and inclined to learning; but his father, to whom all merit, even in his own children, gave umbrage, ftifled as far as poffible his good qualities by a mean and obfcure education. He no fooner afcended the throne, than Dion, brother to Ariftomache the other wife of Dionyfius the Elder, undertook to correct the faults of his education, and to infpire him with thoughts fuitable to 35 the high station in which he was placed. For this purpose Put under he fent for the philofopher Plato, under whofe care he im- the care of Plato by mediately put the young king. This inftantly produced hi ancle a reformation on Dionyfius; but the courtiers, dreading the mon, effects of the philofopher's inftructions, prevailed on him to whom he banish Dion, and to keep Plato himself in a kind of impri-banishes. fonment in the citadel. At laft, however, he fet him at liberty; upon which Plato returned to his own country.

Dion, in the mean time, vifited feveral of the Grecian cities, and at laft took up his refidence in Athens; but the honours which were everywhere paid him, raifed fuch jealoufies in the breast of the tyrant, that he stopped his reveIn a nue, and caused it to be paid into his own treasury. fhort time Dionyfius again fent for Plato; but finding it impoffible to diffolve the friendship between him and Dion, difgraced, and placed him in a very dangerous fituation, in the midst of affaffins who hated him. Not daring, however, Ufes Plato to offer him any violence, he allowed him foon after to de. i'i, and part; revenging himlelf on Dion, whofe eftate he fold, and Provokes gave his wife Arete in marriage to Timocrates one of his own flatterers.

56°

Dion to revenge.

37

38

Dion now refolved to revenge himself on the tyrant for the many injuries he had fuftained, and at once to deliver his country from the oppreffion under which it groaned. He began with railing foreign troops privately, by proper Dion raifes agents, for the better execution of his defign. Many Sy. troops for racufians of diftinction entered into his scheme, and gave him dethr ning the tyrant. intelligence of what passed in the city; but of the exiles, .of whom there were upwards of 100c difperfed up and down Greece, only 25 joined him; so much were they awed by the dread of the tyrant. The troops were affembled at His force the island of Zacynthus, in number only about 800; but very who had all been tried on many occafions, were well difci-at first. plined, and capable of animating by their example the forces which Dion hoped to find in Sicily. When they were about to fail, Dion acquainted them with his defign, the boldness of which at firft occafioned no small confternation among them; but Dion foon removed their fears, by telling them that he did not lead them as foldiers, but as officers, to put them at the head of the Syracufians and all the people of Sicily, who were ready to receive them with open

fender

:

39

Is in great danger.

40

recufe. nrms. Having then embarked in two fmall trading veffels, they arrived in 12 days at Cape Pachynum near Syracufe. Their pilot advifed them to land immediately, left they fhould be overtaken by a violent form, which he perceived was approaching; but Dion, judging it improper to land fo rear the enemy, commanded him to put to fea again, and double the Cape. This was no fooner done than the ftorm came on; and the two veffels were driven on the coat of Africa, where they were in great danger of being loft. At lat they arrived at the port of Minoa, not far from Agrigentum. Here they received intelligence that Dionyfius had fet fail tor Italy, attended by a fleet of 80 galleys. On this Dion refolved to take advantage of the tyrant's ab. fence; and immediately let fail for Syracufe. On his march he prevailed upon the inhabitants of Agrirentum, Gela, Camarina, and other cities, to join him. As foon as he entered the territories of Syracufe, multitudes flocked to him; and as nobody appeared to oppose him, he boldly en tered the city, where he quickly found himself at the head Enters Sy- of 50,oco men. As foon as he had landed in Sicily, Tiracufe with-mocrates, to whom his wife Arete had been given by Dioout oppoli- nyfus, and to whom the care of the city had been left, difpatched a courier to let the tyrant know the danger in which he was. The meffenger, when almoft at his journey's end, found himself fo much oppreffed by fatigue, that he could not help lying down on the ground to take fome reft. In the mean time, a wolf, fmelling fome meat which he had in his wallet, came to the place, and carried off the bag in which was the meat, together with the dispatches. By this means Dionyfius was prevented from receiving a timely ac count of Dion's arrival; fo that when he entered the citadel by fea, feven days after Dion's arrival, he found his affairs Dionyfius in a defperate fituation. Upon this he had recourse to ararrives, but tifice; and having amufed the Syracufians by a feigned neis totally gotiation, until he obferved that they kept a negligent guard, he attacked them all at once with fuch fury, that he had almost taken the city. But Dion encouraged the foldiers by his example fo much, that he at lalt obtained a complete victory; for which they prefented him with a 42 crown of gold.

tion.

ΔΙ

defeated.

Ingratitude

Diun.

It was not long, however, before the ungrateful Syracuof the Syra- fians began to think of conferring quite different rewards on their benefactor. Dionyfius had the addrefs to render him fufpected by the multitude; at the fame time that Heraclides, an excellent officer, but a fecret enemy to Dion, did all that lay in his power to fink his credit. In a fhort time Dionyfius was obliged to fly into Italy: after which Heraclides, in order to ingratiate himself with the populace, propofed a new divifion of lands; infinuating, that they could never enjoy perfe& liberty as long as there was fo much inequality in wealth and power among the citizens. This scheme was oppofed by Dion, in confequence of which a general combination was formed against him; and he was deferted by all excepting the foreign troops whom he had brought with him into the ifland. The Syracufians folicitHe is obli- ed even these to abandon the caufe of their general: but ged to leave their offers were rejected with difdain; and Dion, with his the city. faithful adherents, getting clear of the tumultuous and riotous populace, took the road to Leontini. The rabble pur. fued him, but were foon driven back : and Dion relided for fome time at Leontini, where he was received with all the respect due to his character.

43

44

vantage

Lians.

VOL. XVIII. Part I.

This

del.

45

46

tranfports laden with provifions. The general landed his Syracufe. men, and got them into the citadel but almost all his galleys and fhips laden with corn were funk or taken. victory proved the ruin of the Syracufans; for, giving themselves up to feafting and debauchery, the enemy fallied out in the night time from the citadel, and maffacred the The inhacitizens without mercy. Being thus made fenfible of the bitant malerror they had committed, an embaffy was fent to Dion, facred by the parrifon intreating him to return and fave the city a fecond time. of the citaTo this he agreed without hefitation, and inftantly fet out on his march; but in the mean time, as the foldiers of Dienyhus, fatiated with flaughter, had retired into their fortress, the ungrateful Syracufans began to repent of their having therefent an embaffy to Dion. The chief commanders, fore, fent meffengers to ftop his march; but as fome of his friends fent deputies to him at the fame time, defiring him to pay no regard to the former meffage, he proceeded on his journey. The infatuated multitude feized the gates in order to difpute his entrance; but they paid dear for their frenzy. The Dionyfans again fallied out upon them, and A second made fuch flaughter, that one would have thought they had maffacre, left none alive in the city. As the troops of the tyrant well ty fet on knew that Dion was haftening to the relief of the city, they fire. uled their utmoft endeavours to destroy it entirely before his arrival; for, after they had murdered all the inhabitants they could find, they fet fire to the houses, by which great numbers perifhed. During this contufion Dion unexpectedly arrived; and having briskly attacked the enemy, at 'last defeated them with great flaughter, driving the remainder #7 into the citadel. During the reft of the night, inftead of The Dionyrefreshing themselves after their fatigues, they affifted in ex- ed with tinguishing the fire; which was not done without great dan- great ger and difficulty. The citadel foon after furrendered; and slaughter Dion allowed Apollocrates the tyrant's fon, 'who command-by Dion. ed there, to retire with five galleys to his father. as Dion entered the citadel, he was met by his fifter and wife Arete, whom he received with affection, notwithstanding her having lived fo long with Timocrates. He then left the Syracufians in poffeffion of the citadel, rewarded his followers, dismissed his guards, and continued to live like a private citizen.

As foon as Dion had got poffeffion of the city, Heraclides had fubmitted to him, and been received into favour; but as his feditious and turbulent behaviour ftill continued, 48 Dion at last gave orders to put him to death. This action, Dion behowever neceffary, fo affected the mind of Dion, that he be- comes mecame melancholy; and ever after imagined himself haunted lancholy, by a frightful spectre, refembling a woman of gigantic fa- dered. túre, with the haggard looks and air of a fury. In a fhort time after he loft his life, through the base treachery of Calippus, or Gylippus, who pretended to be his intimate friend, and who immediately after caused his wife and fifter to be carried to prifon.

and is mur

49

Calippus having thus removed Dion, foon made himself malter of Syracufe, where he committed all manner of cruelties; but was driven out, and forced to fly to Rhegium, where he was murdered with the fame dagger which had killed Dion. In 350 B. C. Dionyfius again made him-Dionyfius felf master of Syracufe; and being exafperated by his paft restored. misfortunes, tyrannized worse than ever. The Syracufians first had recourfe to Icetas tyrant of Leontini; but as the Carthaginians took this opportunity to invade them with a powerful fleet and army, they were obliged to apply to the Corinthians. By them Timoleon, a celebrated commander, was fent to the affiftance of the Syracufians, whom he found in a very diftreffed fituation; Icetas being master of the city, the Carthaginians of the harbour, and Dionyfius of the citadel. As all parties were equally the enemies of Diony