400 joints, contained a young tænia compofed of this num. ber of pieces; but we have feen young teenia not half a foot long, and not poffeffed of 50 joints, which still were entire worms. We have also many reafons to believe, that when a part of this animal is broken off from the reft, it is capable of forming a head for itfelf, and becomes an independent being. The fimple conftruction of the head makes its regeneration a much more eafy operation than that of the tails and feet of lizards, which are compofed of bones and complicated veffels; but this laft operation has been proved by the experiments of Spallanzani and many other natural ifts.

Tenia opening at its extremity, which is confidered to be its mouth. See Plate DI. fig. 1, 2. This opening is continued by a short duct into two canals; these canals pafs round every joint of the animal's body, and convey the aliment (fig. 3.). Surrounding the opening of the mouth are placed a number of projecting radii, which are of a fibrous texture, whofe direction is longitudinal. These radii appear to serve the purpose of tentacula for fixing the ori fice of the mouth, as well as that of muscles to expand the cavity of the mouth, from their being inferted along the brim of that opening: (See fig. 1.) After the rounded extremity or head has been narrowed into the neck, as is reprefented in fig. 2. the lower part becomes flatted, and has two fmall tubercles placed upon each flatted fide; the tubercles are concave in the middle, and appear destined to ferve the purpose of fuckers for attaching the head more effectually. The internal ftructure of the joints compofing the body of this animal is partly vafcular and partly cellular; the fubftance itfelf is white, and fomewhat refembles in its texture the coagulated lymph of the human blood. The alimentary canal paffes along each fide of the animal, fending a cross canal over the bottom of each joint, which connects the two lateral canals together. See fig. 3.

Mr Carlisle, who gives the best account of the ftructure and economy of the tænia which we have feen, injected with a coloured fize by a fingle pufh with a small fyringe three feet in length of these canals, in the direction from the mouth downwards. He tried the injection the contrary way, but it feemed to be stopped by valves. The alimentary canal is impervious at the extreme joint, where it terminates without any opening analogous to an anus. Each joint has a vascular joint occupying the middle part, which is compofed of a longitudinal canal, from which a great number of lateral canals branch off at right angles. These canals contain a fluid like milk.

The tænia seems to be one of the fimplest vascular animals in nature. The way in which it is nourished is fingular; the food being taken in by the mouth, paffes into the alimentary canal, and is thus made to vilit in a general way the different parts of the animal. As it has no excretory ducts, it would appear that the whole of its alimentary fluid is fit for nourishment; the decayed parts probably diffolve into a fluid which tranfudes through the skin, which is extremely porous.

This animal has nothing resembling a brain or nerves, and seems to have no organs of fenfe but that of touch. It is moft probably propagated by ova, which may eafily pafs along the circulating veffels of other animals. We cannot otherwise explain the phenomena of worms being found in the eggs of fowls, and in the inteftines of a fetus before birth, except by fuppofing their ova to have paffed through the circulating veffels of the mother, and by this means been conveyed to the fœtus.

The chance of an ovum being placed in a fituation where it will be hatched, and the young, find convenient fubfiftence, must be very fmall; hence the neceffity for their being very prolific. If they had the fame powers of being prolific which they now have, and their ova were afterwards very readily hatched, then the multiplication of these animals would be immenfe, and become a nuisance to the other parts of the creation.

Another mode of increafe allowed to tenia (if we may call it increase) is by an addition to the number of their joints. If we confider the individual joints as diftin&t be ings, it is fo; and when we reflect upon the power of gene ration given to each joint, it makes this conjecture the more probable. We can hardly fuppofe that an ovum of a tænia, which at its full growth is 30 feet long, and composed of

When inteftinal worms produce a diseased state of the animal's body which they inhabit, various remedies are advi fed for removing them; many of which are ineffectual, and others very injurious by the violence of their operation. Draftic purges feem to operate upon tænia, partly by irri tating the external furface of their bodies, so as to make them quit their holds, and partly by the violent contractions produced in the inteftine, which may fometimes divide the bodies of tænia, and even kill them by bruifing. Mr Car lifle proposes the trial of a fimple remedy, which (à priori) promises to be fuccefsful; namely, fmall fhocks of electricity paffed frequently through the regions of the abdomen; the lives of the lower orders of animals feeming to be easily deftroyed by fuch shocks of electricity as do not injure the larger and more perfect animals.

Plate DI. fig. 1. fhows the head of the tænia magnified; the mouth is in the middle of the circular plane, where the body becomes flatted and broad; there are two hollow tubercles represented by the two dark fhaded spots. Fig. 2. is the fame head, of its natural bigness, and which belonged to a tænia 20 feet in length. Fig. 3. fhows the alimentary canals, in a portion of the fame tænia, of their natural bignefs. The dark-shaded undulating lines are the alimentary canals, which are seen to their full extent in this portion of the worm. Fig. 4. fhows the middle fyftem of veffels, in two joints, which are reprefented by the dark lines. Fig. 5. fhows two joints, from one fide of which a flip was torn down to show the veffels underneath, and alfo the direction of the fibres in the flip, which are accumulated into little fafciculi like muscular fibres. Fig. 6. exhibits three joints, having the ducts leading from the lateral ofcula injected; the dark tranfverfe lines leading from each ofculum fhow the fize, direction, and extent of these ducts. Fig. 7. fhows the edge of two joints turned forwards, and the appearance of the ofcula in this point of view. Fig. 8. reprefents the whole of these canals in their relative fituations,

For a more complete account of the tænia, we must refer to Mr Carlisle's ingenious paper in the Linnæan Transactions.

TAFEETY, or TAFFETA, in commerce, a fine smooth filken ftuff, remarkably gloffy. There are taffeties of all colours, fome plain, and others ftriped with gold, filver, &c. others chequered, others flowered, &c. according to the fancy of the workmen.

TAGARA, a city of ancient India, the metropolis of a large diftrict called Ariaca, which comprehended. the greate part of the Subah of Aurangabad, and the fouthern part of Concan.. Arrian. fays, that it was fituated about ten days journey to the eastward of Pultanah; which, according to the rate of travelling in that country with. loaded carts, might be about 100 British miles. This fixes its fituation at Deoghir, a place of great antiquity, and famous through all India on account of the pagodas of Eloufa. It is now called Doulet-abad.

TAGETES, MARYGOLD, in botany: A genus of plants. belonging to the class of fyngenefia, and order of polygamia fuperflua; and in the natural. fyftem ranging. under the 49th

order,

The ereda, or African marygold, has a ftem fubdivided and fpreading, and has formed itself into a great many varieties: 1. Pale yellow, or brimftone colour, with fingle, double, and fiftulous flowers. 2. Deep yellow, with fingle, double, and fiftulous flowers. 3. Orange-coloured, with fingle, double, and fiftulous flowers. 4. Middling African, with orange-coloured flowers. 5. Sweet-fcented African. These are all very subject to vary; so that unless the seeds are very carefully saved from the finest flowers, they are apt to degenerate nor fhould the fame feeds be too long fown in the fame garden, for the fame reafon; therefore, those who are defirous to have these flowers in perfection fhould exchange their feeds with fome person of integrity at a distance, where the foil is of a different nature, at least every other year. If this is done, the varieties may be continued in perfection. This plant is fo well known as to need no defcription. It flowers from the beginning of July till the froft puts a flop to it.

The patula has a fimple erect stem, and the peduncles are fcaly and multiflorous.

It has been long in the British gardens, where it is diftinguished from the firft by the title of French marygold. Of this there are feveral varieties, fome of which have much larger flowers than others, and their colour varies greatly: there are some which are beautifully variegated, and others quite plain; but as these are accidents arifing from culture, fo they do not merit farther distinction; for we have always found that feeds faved from the molt beautiful flowers will degenerate, especially if they are fown in the fame garden for two or three years together, without changing the

feed.

These plants have a strong disagreeable scent, especially when handled; for which reason they are not fo greatly efteemed for planting near habitations: but the flowers of the sweet-fcented fort being more agreeable, are generally preferred, especially for planting in fmall gardens.

TAGUS, the largest river of Spain; which, taking its rife on the confines of Arragon, runs fouth-weft through the provinces of New Caltile and Eftremadura; and paffing by the cities of Aranjuez, Toledo, and Alcantara, and then croffing Portugal, forms the harbour of Lisbon, at which city it is about three miles over; and about eight or ten miles below this it falls into the Atlantic ocean.

TAHOEREWA, one of the Sandwich islands. It is fmall, deftitute of wood, and its foil fandy and unfertile. It is fituated in north latitude 20° 38', in eaft longitude 203° 27. See Cook's Difcoveries, vol. v. n° 88. and SANDWICHlands.

TAHOORA, one of the Sandwich islands in the South Sea. It is uninhabited, and lies in north latitude 21° 43', and in eaft longitude 199° 36'. See SANDWICH-Ilands. TAJACU, or PECCARY, in zoology, a fpecies of hog. See Sus.

TAI-OUAN, the Chinese name of the island of Formofa. See FORMOSA-Tai-ouan is alfo the name of the capital of the island.

TAIL, the train of a beaft, bird, or fifh; which in land animals ferves to drive away flies, &c. and in birds and fishes to direct their course, and affift them in afcending or defcending in the air or water.

A conditional fee, at the common law, was a fee restrain. ed to fome particular heirs exclufive of others: as to the heirs of a man's body, by which only his lineal defcendants were admitted, in exclufion of collateral heirs; or to the heirs male of his body, in exclufion both of collaterals and lineal females alfo. It was called a conditional fee, by reason of the condition expreffed or implied in the donation of it, that if the donee died without fuch particular heirs, the land fhould revert to the donor. For this was a condition annexed by law to all grants whatsoever, that on failure of the heirs fpccified in the grant, the grant fhould be at an end, and the land return to its ancient proprietor. Such conditional fees were ftrictly agreeable to the nature of feuds, when they firft ceased to be mere eftates of life, and were not yet arrived to be abfolute eftates in feefimple.

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With regard to the condition annexed to these fees by the common law, it was held, that such a gift (to a man and the heirs of his body) was a gift upon condition that it fhould revert to the donor if the donee had no heirs of his body; but if he had, it should then remain to the donee. They therefore called it a fee-fimple on condition that he had issue. Now we muft obferve, that when any condition is performed, it is thenceforth entirely gone; and the thing to which it was before annexed becomes abfolute and wholly unconditional. So that as foon as the grantee had any iffue born, his estate was supposed to become abfolute by the formance of the condition; at least for these three purposes: 1. To enable the tenant to alienate the land, and thereby to bar not only his own iffue, but also the donor, of his intereft in the reverfion. 2. To subject him to forfeit it for treason: which he could not do till iffue born longer than for his own life, left thereby the inheritance of the issue and reversion of the donor might have been defeated. 3. To empower him to charge the land with rents, commons, and certain other encumbrances, fo as to bind his iffue. And this was thought the more reasonable, because, by the birth of iffue, the poffibility of the donor's reverfion was rendered more diftant and precarious: and his intereft feems to have been the only one which the law, as it then ftood, was folicitous to protect, without much regard to the right of fucceffion intended to be vested in the iffue. However, if the tenant did not in fact alienate the land, the course of descent was not altered by this performance of the condition: for if the iffue had afterwards died, and then the tenant or original grantee had died, without making any alienation, the land, by the terms of the donation, could defcend to none but the heirs of his body; and therefore, in default of them, must have reverted to the donor. For which reason, in order to subject the lands to the ordinary course of defcent, the donees of thefe conditional fee-fimples took care to alienate as soon as they had performed the condition by having iffue; and afterwards repurchased the lands, which gave them a fee-fimple abso lute, that would defcend to the heirs general, according to the courfe of the common law. And thus flood the old law with regard to conditional fees: which things, fays Sir Edward Coke, though they feem ancient, are yet neceffary to be known, as well for the declaring how the common law ftood in fuch cases, as for the fake of annuities, and fuchlike inheritances, as are not within the ftatutes of entail, and therefore remain as the common law. The inconveniences which attended these limited and fettered inheritances were probably what induced the judges to give way to this fubtle fineffe (for fuch it undoubtedly was), in order to fhorten the duration of thefe conditional eftates. But, on the other hand, the nobility, who were willing to perpetuate their

Pp 2

poffeflions

ob.

herit but fuch fpecial iffue as is engendered between them Tail. two; not fuch as the husband may have by another wife; and therefore it is called special tail. And here we may ferve, that the words of inheritance (to him and his heirs) give him an estate in fee; but they being heirs to be by him begotten, this makes it a fee-tail; and the perfon being allo limited, on whom fuch heirs fhall be begotten (viz. Mary his prefent wife), this makes it a fee-tail fpecial.

Tail poffeffions in their own families, to put a stop to this prac tice, procured the ftatute of Weftminster the fecond (com monly called the ftatute de donis conditionalibus) to be made; which paid a greater regard to the private will and intentions of the donor, than to the propriety of fúch intentions, or any public confiderations whatfoever. This ftatute revived in fome fort the ancient feodal reftraints which were originally laid on alienations, by enacting, that from thenceforth the will of the donor be observed; and that the tenements fo given (to a man and the heirs of his body) fhould at all events go to the iffue, if there were any; or if none, fhould revert to the donor.

Upon the conftruction of this act of parliament, the judges determined that, the donee had no longer a conditional fee fimple, which became abfolute and at his own difpofal the inftant any iffue was born; but they divided the eftate into two parts, leaving in the donee a new kind of particular eftate, which they denominated a fee-tail; and vefling in the donor the ultimate fee fimple of the land, expectant on the failure of iffue; which expectant eftate is what we now call a reverfion. And hence it is that Littleton tells us, that tenant in fee-tail is by virtue of the ftatute of Westminster the fecond. The expreffion fee-tail, or feodum talliatum, was borrowed from the feudifts (fee Crag. 1. s. t. 10. § 24, 25.), among whom it fignified any mutilated or truncated inheritance, from which the heirs general were cut off; being derived from the barbarous verb taliare, to cut; from which the French tailler and the Italian tagliare are formed, (Spelm. Gloff. 531.).

Having thus fhown the original of eftates tail, we now proceed to confider what things may or may not be entailed under the ftatute de donis. Tenements is the only word used in the ftatute: and this Sir Edward Coke expounds to comprehend all corporeal hereditaments whatsoever; and also all incorporeal hereditaments which favour of the realty, that is, which iffue out of corporeal ones, or which concern or are annexed to.or may be exercised within the fame; as rents, eftovers, commons, and the like. Alfo offices and dignities, which concern lands, or have relation to fixed and certain places, may be entailed. But mere perfonal chattels, which favour not at all of the reality, cannot be entailed. Neither can an office, which merely relates to fuch perfonal chattels ; nor an annuity, which charges only the perfon, and not the lands of the granter. But in these laft, it granted to a man and the heirs of his body, the grantee hath ftill a fce conditional at common law as before the ftatute, and by his alienation may bar the heir or reverfioner. An eftate

to a man and his heirs for another's life cannot be entailed for this is ftrictly no estate of inheritance, and therefore not within the ftatute de donis. Neither can a copyhold estate be entailed by virtue of the ftatute; for that would tend to encroach upon and restrain the will of the lord: but, by the Special cukom of the manor, a copyhold may be limited to the heirs of the body; for here the custom afcertains and and interprets the lord's will.

As to the feveral fpecies of eftates tail, and how they are respectively created; they are either general or fpecial. Tail-general is where lands and tenements are given to one, and the heirs of his body begotten: which is called tailgeneral; because, how often foever fuch donee in tail be married, his iffue in general, by all and every fuch marriage, is, in fucceffive order, capable of inheriting the 'eftate tail per formam doni. Tenant in tail-fpecial is where the gift is reftrained to certain heirs of the donee's body, and does not go to all of them in general. And this may happen feveral ways. We fhall inftance in only one; as where lands and tenements are given to a man and the heirs of his body, on Mary his now wife to be begotten. Here no iffue can in

Eftates in general and special tail are farther diversified by the diftinction of sexes in fuch entails; for both of them may either be in tail male or tail female. As if lands be given to a man, and his heirs-male of his body begotten, this is an eftate in tail male general; but if to a man, and the heirs-female of his body on his prefent wife begotten, this is an eftate in tail female special. And in case of an entail male, the heirs-female fhall never inherit, nor any derived from them; nor, e converfo, the heirs male in case of a gift in tail female. Thus, if the donee in tail male hath a daughter, who dies leaving a fon, such grandion in this cafe cannot inherit the eftate-tail; for he cannot deduce his defcent wholly by heirs-male. And as the heir-male must convey his defcent wholly by males, so must the heir-female wholly by females. And therefore if a man hath two eftates-tail, the one in tail male and the other in tail female, and he hath iffue a daughter, which daughter hath iffue a fon; this grandfon can fucceed to neither of the eftates, for he cannot convey. his defcent wholly either in the male or female line.

As the word heirs is neceffary to create a fee, fo, in farther imitation of the strictness of the feodal donation, the word body, or fome other words of procreation, are neceffary to make it a fee-tail, and afcertain to what heirs in particular the fee is limited. If, therefore, either the words of inheritance or words of procreation be omitted, albeit the others are inferted in the grant, this will not make an estatetail. As if the grant be to a man and the, iffue of his body, to a man and his feed, to a man and his children or offspring; all these are only eftates for life, there wanting the words of inheritance, "his heirs." So, on the other hand, a gift to a man, and his heirs male or female, is an estate in feefimple and not in fee-tail; for there are no words to afcertain the body out of which they fhall iffue. Indeed, in last wills and teftaments, wherein greater indulgence is allowed, an estate-tail may be created by a devife to a man and his feed, or to a man and his heirs-male, or by other irregular modes of expreffion.

There is fill another fpecies of entailed eftates, now indeed grown out of ufe, yet ftill capable of fubfifting in law; which. are eftates in libero maritagio, or FRANKMARRIAGE. that article.

See

The incidents to a tenancy in tail, under the statute Weftminster 2. are chiefly thefe: 1. That a tenant in tail. may commit waste on the eftate tail, by felling timber, pulling down honfes, or the like, without being impeached or called to account for the fame. 2. That the wife of the tenant in tail fhall have her dower, or thirds, of the eftatetail. 3. That the husband of a female tenant in tail may be tenant by the curtesy of the estate-tail. 4. That an eftate-tail may be barred, or deftroyed, by a fine, by a common recovery, or by lineal warranty defcending with assets, to the heir. See ASSETS.

Thus much for the nature of eftates tail: the eftablishment of which family-law (as it is properly styled by Pigott) occafioned infinite difficulties and difputes. Children grew difobedient when they knew they could not be set. afide: farmers were oufted of their leafes made by tenants. in tail; for if fuch leafes had been valid, then, under colour of long leases, the iffue might have been virtually dif if inherited creditors were defrauded of their debts; for,