due of the unexpired term. Their number and classification may be regulated by law. Justices of the peace, and judges or justices of inferior courts not of record, and their clerks, may be removed, after due notice and an opportunity of being heard by such courts as may be prescribed by law, for causes to be assigned in the order of removal. Justices of the peace and district court justices, shall be elected in the different cities of this State, in such manner, and with such powers, and for such terms, respectively, as shall be prescribed by law; all other judiAll other judicial cial officers in cities, whose election or appointment is not otherwise provided for in this article, shall be chosen by the electors of cities, or appointed by some local authorities thereof.

officers in cities, how chosen.

Inferior local courts.

County clerks to

be clerks of

SEC. 19. Inferior local courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction may be established by the Legislature; and except as herein otherwise provided, all judicial officers shall be elected or appointed at such times, and in such manner, as the Legislature may direct.

SEC. 20. Clerks of the several counties shall be clerks of the supreme court. supreme court, with such powers and duties as shall be preClerk of court of scribed by law. The clerk of the court of appeals shall keep his office at the seat of government. His compensation shall be fixed by law and paid out of the public treasury.

appeals.

Judicial officers not to

receive fees.

SEC. 21. No judicial officer, except justices of the peace, shall receive to his own use any fees or perquisites of office; nor shall any judge of the court of appeals, justice of the supreme court, or judge of a court of record in the cities of New York, Brooklyn or Buffalo, practice as an attorney or counsellor in any court or act as referee. of record in this State, or act as referee.

Judges of courts

of record, &c.,

shall not practice,

Certain judg

ments and de

SEC. 22. The Legislature may authorize the judgments, decrees may be re- crees and decisions of any court of record of original civil jurisdiction, established in a city, to be removed for review, directly into the court of appeals.

moved to court

of appeals.

Publication of laws.

Reporter of supreme court.

SEC. 23. The Legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of all statutes, and also for the appointment by justices of the supreme court designated to hold general terms, of a reporter of the decisions of that court. All laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person.

of the unexpired term. Their number and classification may be regulated by law. Justices of the peace and judges or justices of inferior courts not of record, and their clerks, may be removed after due notice and an opportunity of being heard in their defence by such county, city or state courts as may be prescribed by law, for causes to be assigned in the order of removal.

officers in cities and villages, how elected.

SEC. 18. All judicial officers of cities and villages, and all certain judicial such judicial officers as may be created therein by law, shall be elected at such times and in such manner as the Legislature may direct.

(See Art. VI., Sec. 14, Present Constitution.)

be clerks of supreme court.

Clerks of court of chosen and term

appeals, how

SEC. 19. Clerks of the several counties of this State shall be County clerks to clerks of the supreme court, with such powers and duties as shall be prescribed by law. A clerk of the court of appeals, to be exofficio clerk of the supreme court, and to keep his office at the seat of government, shall be chosen by the electors of the State; he shall hold his office for three years, and his compensation shall be fixed by law and paid out of the public treasury.

SEC. 20. No judicial officer, except justices of the peace, receive to his own use, any fees or perquisites of office.

shall

of office.

Judicial officers

not to receive fees.

Certain judgments and decrees may be re

SEC. 21. The Legislature may authorize the judgments, decrees and decisions of any local inferior court of record of original civil jurisdiction, established in a city, to be removed for review moved to court directly into the court of appeals.

of appeals.

laws.

SEC. 22. The Legislature shall provide for the speedy publica- Publication of tion of all statute laws, and of such judicial decisions as it may deem expedient. And all laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person.

SEC. 23. Tribunals of conciliation may be established, with such powers and duties as may be prescribed by law; but such tribunals shall have no power to render judgment to be obliga

Tribunals of conciliation.

First election of judicial officers, when.

SEC. 24. The first election of judges of the court of appeals, and of the three additional judges of the court of common pleas for the city and county of New York, shall take place on such day, between the first Tuesday of April and the second Tuesday in June, next after the adoption of this article, as may be provided by law. The court of appeals, the commissioners of appeals, and the additional judges of the said court of common pleas, shall respectively enter upon their duties on the first Monday of July thereafter.

tory on the parties, except they voluntarily submit their matters in difference and agree to abide the judgment, or assent thereto, in the presence of such tribunal, in such cases, as shall be prescribed by law.

SEC. 24. The Legislature, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, shall provide for the appointment of three commissioners, whose duty it shall be to revise, reform, simplify, and abridge the rules of practice, pleadings, forms and proceedings of the courts of record of this State, and to report thereon to the Legislature, subject to their adoption and modification from time to time.

SEC. 25. The Legislature, at its first session after the adoption Organization of of this constitution, shall provide for the organization of the courts of appeals. court of appeals, and for transferring to it the business pending in the court for the correction of errors, and for the allowance of writs of error and appeals to the court of appeals, from the judgment and decrees of the present court of chancery and supreme court, and of the courts that may be organized under this constitution.

ARTICLE XIV.

SECTION 4. The first election of judges and clerk of the court First election of of appeals, justices of the supreme court, and county judges, shall Judicial officers, take place at such time between the first Tuesday of April and the second Tuesday of June, one thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, as may be prescribed by law. The said courts shall respectively enter upon their duties, on the first Monday of June next, thereafter; but the term of office of said judges, clerk and justices as declared by this constitution shall be deemed to commence on the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.

suits.

SEC. 5. On the first Monday of July, one thousand eight hun- Jurisdiction of dred and forty-seven, jurisdiction of all suits and proceedings then pending in the present supreme court and court of chancery, and all suits and proceedings originally commenced and then pending in any court of common pleas (except in the city and county of New York), shall become vested in the supreme court hereby established. Proceedings pending in courts of common pleas, and in suits originally commenced in justices' courts, shall be transferred to the county courts provided for in this constitution, in such manner and form and under such regulations as shall be provided for by law. The courts of oyer and terminer