of Reviews produced similarly Brieux's Damaged Goods, and last year it staged The Unborn, a play written to show the evils of reproduction without regard to heredity or circumstance. In presenting Frühlings Erwachen, Dr. Frederic H. Robinson, editor of the Medical Review of Reviews, said:

"The tragedy and danger of the adolescent period has been little understood in the past. In presenting Wedekind's great masterpiece, The Awakening of Spring, the committee of the Medical Review of Reviews feel that another step has been taken which will encourage the full and free discussion of a burning problem which convention has clouded and hypocrisy obscured."

A CITY PLAYGROUND IN THE MOUNTAINS

O provide at minimum cost a place where wholesome outdoor activities may be enjoyed, where boys, girls, adults' -in fact, the whole family-may spend an outing in the high mountains, was the subject with which Los Angeles, six years ago, established its playground summer camp. This is a municipal recreation center transferred to a spot where opportunities are ideal, a democratic institution where the crowded, unhealthy city life gives way to one of pleasure and contentment in intimate contact with nature in her most serene mood. For, this city playground away

OFF FOR A HIKE

from the city, looks out over deep ravines and beautiful streams, over boulders and giant pines, flowered meadows and distant hills.

The camp is not for the poor alone. It stands on a plane with the public school; its popularity is that of the city park; and the question for the coming seventh summer of its administration is

how to provide enough accommodation for all applicants. The Playground Commission has made a special point of keeping down charges so that citizens may enjoy the outing at a minimum cost. The mountain recreation center is too far removed from the city to encourage many day trips. The majority of its visitors stay for two weeks at a time. Their payments cover all salaries, food The group of

and transportation.

campers is looked upon as one big family, each member of which has a daily service to render for the good of the community. This work is so arranged that the dwellers of each cabin take turns in rotation, and none is excused. Thus the cost to the individual is reduced.

C. B. Raitt, superintendent of the Playground Commission of Los Angeles. recommends that such a summer camp, if planned by other cities, should be from thirty to seventy-five miles from the city, giving, if possible, an entire climatic change, preferably in the mountains. Cabins should be simply constructed, rustic in appearance, well ventilated, equipped with good beds, and, of course, not congested. An open-air diningroom with cemented floor is all that is needed for living quarters, in addition to a sanitary kitchen. In a large camp it is, of course, necessary to see to it that the sewage is properly handled so as not to pollute the stream, that modern flush

At the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, Martin Kallikak, an American soldier, used to replenish his fighting spirit at a tavern in Trenton, N. J., in company with other militiamen. One day he met a feebleminded girl there. They had a son. The son also was feebleminded. He, in turn, had many feebleminded children and since then this bad stock has been helping to fill almshouses, prisons and custodial asylums with degenerates. See the percentage of mental defectives in the upper right-hand corner.

toilets, lavatories, shower-baths and tubbaths are provided. A cemented swimming pool is a great attraction.

WHEN THE KALLIKAKS MOVED TO HARRISBURG HEN the

THE NORMAL MARRIAGE

But those were the soldier's days of wild oats. After the war he married a good and intelligent woman and settled down. Their union was blessed with a fine progeny. Among the descendants were clergymen, artists, professional people-but not a mental defective or a criminal. One of the descendants of this normal marriage is now with an American ambulance corps in France. He has recently been decorated for conspicuous bravery. See the chance he had in the upper left-hand corner.

the decorations and the service of expert decorators.

Forty organizations of philanthropic

be an enthusiast and a person with an understanding of human nature. "The success of a camp," says Mr. Raitt, "rests almost entirely in the hands of the director in charge." Los Angeles provides this leader with a corps of specialized assistants, responsible for commissary, finances, clinic, store, athletics and hikes, entertainments, and care of grounds and equipment. It is these who organize the services rendered by the campers themselves.

Of the success of the camp, Los Angeles citizens speak with enthusiasm. In the gathering around the campfire of hundreds of people from all walks of life, from all parts of the city, with no interest in common except that of their citizenship, the seed of a community spirit is sown which, transplanted from the ideal conditions of this nursery garden into the everyday conditions of the city itself has every hope of healthful growth. "More civic pride is developed around the campfire in five minutes," says Mr. Raitt, "than in the city in one year. Many friendships of a lasting nature are formed, and these evenings are lived over and over again around the hearth in the home."

that it could not find a single dollar out of the $70,000,000 revenue with which the state would be blessed in the following two years, to devote to the completion, opening and maintenance of the state village for feebleminded women established two years before, some thousands of forward-looking men and women were suddenly awakened to a realization that educational work on the subject was imperatively needed in their state. Accordingly, under the leadership of the Public Charities Association of Pennsylvania, an exhibit on feeblemindedness was prepared, setting forth crisply, graphically and concretely the facts of the problem.

In Philadelphia, where it was first shown, a plan of extensive cooperation was worked out, which has since been followed in more than a score of communities in Pennsylvania. Business men were appealed to for aid in meeting the practical problems. One gave the use of a store building in the very heart of the business center; another donated lumber for the construction of booths; a, third contributed the services of carpenters; a department store gave the use of tables and chairs; another provided

clubs-volunteered to provide guides and attendants for directing and assisting the visitors. The booths, each of which told one chapter of the story, were parceled out to the care of these organizations, so that before the two weeks were over more than 300 men and women, active and prominent in social and civic affairs in the city, had devoted time to telling uninformed visitors of the importance of the problem and to making certain that no vital point in the story was missed.

Newspapers were brought into the campaign and publicity was unprecedented. More than 100,000 adult citizens visited the exhibit during the 110 hours the rooms were open for inspection. A nucleus of sentiment was created that immediately put the problem of the mental defective to the very fore front of the public mind in Philadelphia.

Encouraged by this success, the association set about extending the campaign throughout the state. A plan identical with the Philadelphia scheme of cooperation was set in motion. Local committees were organized by correspondence; the expense of transportation and ar

rangement was met by these committees through the same sort of appeal to public-spirited citizens that had proved so fruitful in Philadelphia; expert instruction for the guides was given by correspondence and personal visits; scores of organizations in every community got back of the enterprise with enthusiasm.

For a year the trail was followed almost without interruption, and with singularly uniform success in every part of the state. Whether in store buildings, dance halls, Y. M. C. A. buildings, courthouse or private homes, the exhibit brought its message and focused attention upon a program of control. More than a quarter of a million people had visited the exhibit before it was taken to Harrisburg, for the special benefit of the members of the legislature.

The legislature of Pennsylvania knows now the need for the village for feebleminded women; it knows that public sentiment will justify appropriations to that end; and it may even begin to suspect that public opinion will not long tolerate neglect of so fundamental a project.

NEW YORK'S NEW CITIZEN POLICE

WITH

ITH the approach and convening of what the metropolitan press has for weeks been describing as a "war session" of Congress, cities and towns near New York have been actively seeking information about the Home Defense League in that city, and have been preparing to launch similar organizations of their own citizens. This league was formed some time after the outbreak of the European war to act as a reserve to the police force and today has an enrollment of over 20,000 men.

It exists to do in emergencies whatever the regular police force does. Its members will, if called upon by the commissioner of police, undertake to preserve the peace, prevent crime and enforce laws relating to the police, health and tenement house departments and to criminal procedure. They could be asked to preserve fire lines and to do other service in the event of great fires. It is expected that their chief opportunity will come at night, when most of them are best able to give time.

The league is also organized for social and civic duties not customarily done by the police. Already it has been called upon in three emergencies. Once it was asked for volunteers to help get recruits for the Red Cross, once to aid in local efforts to reduce street accidents, and during the epidemic of infantile paralysis last summer to help in the sanitary patrol of the city, block by block.

A motor-boat division for water patrol has been created and thirty boats offered for use. Five hundred motor cars have been enrolled, and three cavalry squads formed of seventy horsemen each. Between 10,000 and 11,000 of the mem

PROTEST BY CLEVELAND SETTLEMENTS

HEREAS the Board of Edu

W cation of the city of Cleve

land has seen fit [the SURVEY, March 24] to introduce military training into the public high schools of this city, and

Whereas it has formally branded as immoral or cowardly the sincere opinions and activities of "peace societies and others," and

Whereas it has declared that "our children must be taught that wrong. must be FOUGHT and must come to know the utter silliness of declining war if war be necessary to overcome evil and hold up high principles and ideals," and

Whereas it has arranged for meetings in school buildings during or after school hours at which these opinions of the members of the board are to be presented to the children or to their parents, with the provision that "there must be no debate or questions at any meeting,"

Be it resolved, therefore, that we, the members of the Cleveland Settlement Union, residents and workers in the settlements of Cleveland, knowing intimately in our daily lives and work the industrial classes of Cleveland and their children, do hereby register our protest against the subtle inculcation of militaristic ideals through military training of immature, impressionable lads of high school age; that we heartily disapprove of the attempt to force upon the schools a point of view in matters of present and future public policy and a theory of international relations to which three of the seven members of the Board of Education itself could not entirely subscribe, and that we express our horror at the characteristic militarist determination to crush free speech by using the school buildings and the resources provided by public taxes for the purpose of presenting a theory of patriotic public policy, with the un-American provision that no debate, question or difference of opinion may be permitted as to what truly constitutes national honor, international morality and democratic ideals.

bers would, it is expected, actually respond to a call for service.

Members of the league receive instruction in elementary military drill and in the duties of police officers. They

are organized by precincts and each local organization meets periodically for drill and exercise. The drill is conducted in armories, public halls, schoolhouses and similar places.

The services of the league can be given only when officially called for by the head of the police department.

A statement issued by the secretary to the police commissioner declares that the league "is not armed, it is not a military body, and it is not related to the Plattsburg training camp." The fact that it is not armed, however, does not mean, says the statement, "that the members cannot shoot or ride. A great ma

jority of the members are in it because of the opportunity offered for service to the city and because they feel they could give a good account of themselves should they be called to render such service."

Many members are declared to have had experience in the army or navy, militia or naval reserve, as woodsmen on the plains, as railroad men and as baseball and football players. The membership is declared to be made up of "day laborers and men of means, business and professional men, actors and writers, men earning $4 a day and men whose income is big enough to support both town and country homes."

Recruiting and preparations are in the hands of a special staff attached to police headquarters. At the head of this is Alexander M. White, of the banking firm of White, Weld and Co., recently appointed aide to the commissioner. JUVENILE CRIME THE NEMESIS OF HATE

"TH

HE excessive excitement of the childish imagination by the events of the war, especially as they are depicted in trashy literature, is one of the brutalizing influences acting on our young people in war time. To inoculate the children with hate would breed lust for revenge, and could only bear evil fruit."

Thus writes Albert Hellwig, a German police court judge, in a book which he has recently published, Der Krieg und die Kriminalitaet der Jugendlichen, reviewing the criminality of German children between the outbreak of the war and the end of June, 1916.

The material for his study is composed of replies to a questionnaire sent to police authorities in several hundred towns and cities, from reports of institutions and societies, and from newspaper clippings. His general conclusion HEADWORKER-HOSPITAL

SOCIAL SERVICE

DEPARTMENT Competent headworker wanted for social service department in a large New York hospital; organization includes twelve paid workers, undergraduate pupil nurses, district physicians, volunteer Auxiliary. Apply to Dr. S. S. GOLDWATER, 1 E. 100th St., N. Y. City.

FOR RENT OR SALE

Staten Island

Small farm, near New Dorp. Situated on high land in centre of island. 14 acres, 3story stone house, completely furnished, 12 rooms, 2 baths, 3 toilets, veranda enclosed with glass. Annex adjoining containing 1 large room. Telephone.

Good barn, with cement cellar and gardener's living quarters above. City water in house and barn. Good kitchen garden. Fine orchard, yielding plentifully. 10 minutes from trolley. Has been occupied for the past 2 years as a Home for Girls. For further information, apply to

MRS. P. MALI, 8 Fifth Avenue.

is not given statistically, but he leaves no doubt that the increase in youthful delinquency, and especially in acts of violence, has been considerable. "From all these figures it is evident that crime among the young diminished in some places during the first months of the war. But afterward the increase was all the greater at least in the larger cities and as regards crimes tried before a judge and jury."

This change is easily accounted for if we remember that during the first months of the war hundreds of thousands of youths under eighteen entered the army as volunteers or were drafted into other public service, whereas the new factors making for lawlessness worked with cumulative effectiveness. Dr. Hellwig explains the increase in crimes of violence by the change in economic conditions-poverty at first and high wages afterward; and further by slackening school attendance and home control, "trashy war books and films," amnesty of juvenile criminals granted in the earlier days of the war, reduction of the police force through mobilization.

But that these causes, important though they may seem, are not the primary ones will appear from the following order of the Prussian government dated January 15, 1916: "The desire has been expressed recently that the teachers in our schools should combat by suitable instruction the spread and deepening of national hate and pave the way for the future reconciliation of civilized nations. Such endeavors should not, however, provide opportunities for the spread of a cosmopolitan propaganda and idle talk of peace."

This change of heart, it would seem, is coming rather late in the day. In Berlin, in 1915, there were twice as many crimes by children as in 1914. In Munich, the number of young delinquents for the first three months of 1915 equaled the total for 1914. Frankfort reported a decrease of 55 per cent in the number of minor offenses-possibly because prosecution had slackened-with an increase in serious crime by 40 per

cent.

It would be easy to minimize the apparent lesson of these figures by pointing out that crimes of violence, both in the adult and in the juvenile population of Germany, have been on the increase for some time. Professor von Liszt, of Berlin University, in a lecture last year stated that the number of young people sentenced for offences and crimes in Prussia had increased from 30,719 in 1882 to 54,949 in 1912, and was still rising year by year. But such statistics are of no value unless we know what changes have taken place in the law and in the practice of police courts. As

Standards of Service

In rural communities clusters of mail delivery boxes at the crossroads evidence Uncle Sam's postal service. Here the neighbors trudge from their homes-perhaps a few yards, perhaps a quarter mile or sofor their mail.

Comprehensive as is the government postal system, still the service rendered by its mail carriers is necessarily restricted, as the country dweller knows.

Long before rural delivery was established the Bell System began to link up the farmhouse with the neighboring towns and

villages. One-fourth of the 10,000,000 telephones in the Bell System are rural. They reach more places than there are post offices. Along the highways and private lanes the telephone poles lead straight up to the farmer's door.

He need not stir from the cheerful hearth ablaze in winter, nor grope along dark roads at night for friendly news or aid in time of trouble. Right in the heart of his home is his telephone. It is the American farmer's key to the outside world, and in no other country is it found.

March 17, social workers in Germany

are sufficiently impressed with the seri

An anti-theistic pamphlet By Elizabeth Patten, Englewood, Colorado Price, prepaid, 5c.

Universal Service

The L. E. B. Binder Clip

will instantly make a book of any papers WITH TITLE ON ITS BACK You can instantly remove any paper therefrom or add any paper thereto. With it letter files are kept on shelves just the same as books. After

the Binder Clip is applied, the arms may be reversed and snapped against the documents or papers, and thus kept out of the way.

Money back if not suited

AT ALL STATIONERS

CUSHMAN & DENISON MFG. CO.

240 West 23rd St. Dept. 9, New York City

Authoritative Books on Finance and Economics

Some Aspects of the Tariff Question. By FRANK W. TAUSSIG, Henry Lee Professor of Economics in Harvard University.

374 pages, with charts. $2.00 An especially full and careful consideration of tariff theory and history in the United States.

The Financial History of Boston. By CHARLES P. HUSE, PH.D., of Boston University.

395 pages, with tables. $2.00 A study of eighty-seven years' development in municipal finance. Tabular material permits close comparative examination from year to year. Railroad Reorganization. By STUART DAGGETT, PH.D., of the University of California. Second Impression.

404 pages, with charts. $2.00 Considers forty-two reorganization plans.

Corporate Promotions and Reorganizations. By ARTHUR S. DEWING, PH.D., Second lately of Yale University. Impression. 615 pages, with tables and charts. $2.50

Although largely a study in finance. this book treats many economic and legal aspects of the "trust problem."

T

BOOK I.

HE movement for Community Singing is fast spreading over the land, and Whitman's prophetic word, "I hear America singing," is being realized.

Have you organized to meet the new demand? Bring old and young together to sing the songs of common appeal-the songs of the people, sung by the people.

These songs have been printed in keys that bring the melody within the compass of untrained voices. The average voice can sing them.

Give Music is the common heritage of man. every one in your community a chance to sing. If you want the name of your organization printed on each copy and so give it the local stamp, we will do so without charge on all orders of one hundred or more copies. Don't skimp your first order.

Price, 20 cents postpaid. $10.00 per hundred, carriage extra. OLIVER DITSON COMPANY ROOM 812, BOSTON, MASS.

Classified Advertisements

ousness of the increase in juvenile crime since the beginning of the war to give their attention to special measures for mitigating the influences which make for it. It was largely due to their urgent protest against the spread of the gospel of hate through the schools that the Prussian ministerium was moved to issue the decree quoted above.

If anyone would like to know why war should have this effect in Germany to so much greater an extent than in the allied countries he will find the explanation in abundance in a typical file of newspapers. At all times the bitterness of German partisan literature, of internal as well as external polemics, even of caricature, has been unequaled. During the war the seed of hatred has been sown even more broadcast on an even more responsive soil, and an unexpected and unwelcome crop was the result.

VINDICATION FOR A CIVIC REFORMER

THE Intermediate Court of Kana

wha county, West Virginia, has dismissed the indictments brought in March, 1915, against A. Leo Weil. The case attracted widespread attention at the outset because of Mr. Weil's civic record in Pittsburgh, where as president

HYGIENE

IN

MEXICO

ALBERT J. PANI

A Study of Sanitary and Educational Problems

12°. $1.50 net. (By Mail $1.60)

An investigation by the ExDirector General of Public Works in the City of Mexico by the express order of Carranza. M. Pani says: "The purpose of this book is to expose one of the least known, most nefarious, and shameful inheritances of the past, in order that it may be uprooted with the most intense energy of which Government and society in general is capable."

At all Booksellers

tal in running down graft in the old Pittsburgh councils, leading to wholesale confessions, indictments and prison sentences for men prominent both in municipal politics and in local banks. Political influence or wealth were no protection against his rigorous prosecutions.

In the West Virginia case Mr. Weil, who had been acting as counsel for the Manufacturers' Light and 'Heat Company, was taken off the train at midnight, and the original sensational report of the arrest said that he was "charged with an attempt to bribe two of the public service commissioners of The actual charge West Virginia."

was that he authorized a statement to these commissioners that if they were called as witnesses in a suit pending in the United States District Court, and would testify to the truth as to the alleged interference by the governor with the commission in its consideration of the case of his client, other positions would be obtained for them if the governor removed them.

Mr. Weil emphatically denied that he authorized these proposals, much less an offer of bribery. But for two years he has been fighting for his liberty and to clear his name in a situation in which a person with less means, less knowledge of the law and of detective methods, would have been not only railroaded to jail overnight, but under an antiquated West Virginia law kept there

The Divine Directions how to make life happy here, and joyful forever. The final answer to every question about Life and Destiny.

A simple arrangement, in immediately intelligible order, of the whole Will of God as declared in the New Testament; a concise statement of the whole Truth; the requirements of Faith; the way of Salvation; the conditions of Peace;-all presented in the easy, obvious original sense. Ample notes. Every-day English No denominational bias. No "new religion." Not any one's opinion, but, What God has said.

A Popular Hand-book of Vital Truth Send a One Dollar bill with your address to Eufaula, Ala.

The Truth Publishing Foundation -