Abolition of distinction between absolute and conditional.. 215-228, 229 Cushing 38 Our note to England. Wilhelmina.. Declaration of London. Our note to Germany. British answer.. Germany's answer.. British orders in council: August 20, 1914.. October 29, 1914. March 30, 1916. July 7, 1916. Contraband Foodstuffs, importation of, into Germany. Germany's "without warning" note. Frye, William P., sinking of the. Germany, decree on foodstuffs ordinance on declaration of London war zone decree February 4, 1915...... 95, 157 32 8 III 203, 205-209 203 203 204 (footnote) 204 204 209-211, 211-214 340 372 372 205-211 89, 90 181 164 65 166 37 280-282 280 281 11 274-280 Page. Germany-Great Britain, modus vivendi between, proposed by United States. 18, 22, 27 Declaration of London.. Flag, neutral... Frye. William P., steamship.. Severance of diplomatic relations.. War zone... Great Britain: Blockade of Germany, March 1, 1915.. Declaration of London, orders in council- August 20, 1914. October 29, 1914. 203 32 169 164 37, 38-39, 52, 55, 65, 114, 155, 157, 169 8, 10, 13, 38-52, 114-132, 155–157 287 319 204 209-214 340-343 372 372 30, 293, 342 October 20, 1915. Requisition of ships.. Trading with the enemy act. Great Britain-United States correspondence. Armed merchant vessels. Blacklist. Blockade. Ineffectual, illegal, and indefensible Censorship of cables.. Contraband of war.. Classes absolute Conditional. Declaration of London.. Detention of American cargoes. 340-343, 345-372 75-88 327-339 327-338 401 182, 205, 229-234 Flag, neutral. Foodstuffs into Germany. Gulflight, steamship, attack on.. Importations in the United States. Interference with mails.... Neches, steamship, detention of. Submarines and armed neutral vessels. Hague Conference, its findings.. First reply from Germany. Second reply. Third note. Mails, interference with. Maritime rights, order in council. Matamoras cases, cited.. Mediterranean Sea, submarine activity in.. Merchant vessels: See Armed merchant vessels. Detention in British ports. Mines, submarine.... Modus vivendi proposed by the United States. 203 346-350 95, 157, 274-280 37 182-183, 385-401 314, 319 274-280 55, 60 377 38 38 39 38-52 40 43 45 48 52 182-183, 385-401 372 318 61-73 346-350 7, 8, 10 18, 282 Munitions of war, exportation of: Austria-Hungary and United States....... Mutual concessions proposed by United States. Answer by Great Britain Nationality of vessel, how determined. British order in council, October, 1915 Nebraskan, steamship, attack on. Joint resolution of Congress. Neutral vessels in war zone.. Page. 15, 33 22, 48, 282 19 340-343 234-256, 296-307, 308-313, 327-338, 345-348, 349–372 Armed neutrality note of January 18, 1916. February 22, 1917. Examination of neutral vessels.. Orders in council, texts of- August 20, 1914 (declaration of London) Germany. Wilson, President Reply of entente. Petrolite, steamship, attack on.. Prize courts, British: American cases. Removal of belligerent citizens from an American vessel (Chin::) Requisition of ships: Orders in council, March 23, 1915.. Orders in council, November 10, 1915. Resolution declaring that a state of war exists.. Restraint of sea-borne commerce, American inquiry of England British reply... German memorandum Restraints of commerce. Search, right of (Dec. 26 note). United States Navy order, August 18, 1862. Ships, requisition of: 314, 319 22, 181, 315, 319, 339 288 39 92 414 204 209-214 28.291 30, 293 340 342 372 372 140 142 143 73 329, 335 327-339 203 327-339 327-339 327-339 327-339 188-197 32 406-413 65 401-406 30, 293 342 423 22 27 33 234-274, 287 234-256, 328-330 339 28, 291 303, 318, 324, 334 91 121 38-52, 61-65, 114-132 128 155, 157 137-138 Telegrams, censorship.. Trent case, cited. Ultimatum to Germany. See Foodstuffs. act. Attitude toward Germany and Austria.. Navy order on neutrality. Vessels detained by British (Sept. 10). See Detention of American ships. Visit and search. See Search. von Holweg on German relations with the United States. War, state of, declared.. War material, exportation of: Correspondence with Austria. War Zone.. Page. 401 340-343, 345-374 405 121 124, 147, 161 339 269-274 256-269 132 422 55-59 33 7, 283, 413 155, 157, 160 124, 161 110 112 Address on submarine controversy. 124 Address on peace proposals (Senate). 147 Address peace conference (May 27).. 151 Address on severing diplomatic relations with Germany (Feb. 3). THE PROBLEMS OF NEUTRALITY WHEN THE WORLD IS AT WAR AS TOLD IN DOCUMENTS. OUR CONTROVERSY WITH GREAT BRITAIN. OUR DIPLOMATIC STRUGGLE FOR THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS AS REVEALED IN OUR CONTROVERSY WITH GREAT BRITAIN. The rights of a neutral country in times of war are invariably invaded by belligerents whose incursions, oblivious of international practices, approach the limit where endurance breaks down. This is always placed upon the ground of actual necessity and such necessity as the violator decrees. To establish rules of the sea for both belligerent and neutral to observe, attempts have been made by groups of nations to agree upon a code. Such was the Declaration of Paris in 1856, coming at the close of the Crimean War, in which Russia, Turkey, England, and France were interested. This famous agreement which has stood as the law of the rights of neutrals for 60 years was as follows: ARTICLE 2. The neutral flag covers enemy's goods, with the exception of contrABAND ARTICLE 3. Neutral goods, with the exception of contraband of war, are not liable to capture under the enemy's flag. ARTICLE 4. Blockades in order to be binding must be effective; that is to say, maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the coasts of the enemy. The chief defender of the neutrals' rights has been Great Britain, primarily because the sea is her chief highway of commerce. Her endeavors have been as a neutral to keep open the lanes of trade. One of the most stubborn questions was that of contraband. In 1898, when she was a belligerent, then in the Boer War, she took the following position: Foodstuffs, though having a hostile destination, can be considered as contraband of war only if they are for the enemy's forces; it is not sufficient that they are capable of being so used, it must be shown that this was in fact their destination at the time of their seizure. 181 |