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Not attaining the true deuteroscopy and second intention of the words, they are fain to omit their superconsequences, coherences, fi-. gures, or tropologies, and are not sometimes persuaded beyond their literalities. Brown. LITERALLY. adv. [from literal.]

Thou antick death,

Two Talbots winged through the lither sky, In thy despight shall 'scape mortality. Shaksp. 2. [lyden, Saxon.] Bad; sorry; corrupt. It is in the work of Robert of Gloucester written luther.

1. According to the primitive import of LITHOGRAPHY. n. s. [os and yapw ] words; not figuratively.

That a man and his wife are one flesh, I can comprehend: yet literally taken, it is a thing impossible. Savift. 2. With close adherence to words; word by word.

Endeavouring to turn his Nisus and Euryalus as close as I was able, I have performed that episode too literally; that giving more scope to Mezentius and Lausus, that version, which has more of the majesty of Virgil, has less of his conciseness. Dryden. So wild and ungovernable a poet cannot be translated literally; his genius is too strong to bear a chain. Dryden. LITERARY. adj. [literarius, Latin.] Respecting letters; regarding learning. Literary history, is an account of the state of learning and of the lives of learned men. Literary conversation, is talk about questions of learning. Literary is not properly used of missive letters. It may be said, this epistolary correspondence was political oftener than literary.

LITERA TI. n. s. [Italian.] The learned.

I shall consult some literati on the project sent me for the discovery of the longitude. Spectator. LITERATURE. n. s. [literatura, Latin] Learning; skill in letters.

This kingdom hath been famous for good lite rature; and if preferment attend deservers, there will not want supplies. Bacon.

When men of learning are acted by a knowledge of the world, they give a reputation to literature, and convince the world of its usefulness. Addison.

LÍTHARGE.N. S. [litharge, Fr. lithargyrum,
Lat.]

Litbarge is properly lead vitrified, either alone or with a mixture of copper. This recrement is of two kinds, litbarge of gold, and litharge of silver. It is collected from the furnaces where silver is separated from lead, or from those where gold and silver are purified by means of that metal. The litharge sold in the shops is produced in the copper works, where lead has been used to purify that metal, or to separate silver from it. Hill.

I have seen some parcels of glass adhering to the test or cupel as well as the gold or litharge. Boyle.

If the lead be blown off from the silver by the bellows, it will, in great part, be collected in the form of a darkish powder; which, because it is blown off from silver, they call litharge of silver. Boyle.

LITHE. adj. [lide, Saxon.] Limber; flexible; pliant; easily bent.

Th' unwieldy elephant,

To make them mirth, us'd all his might, and

wreath'd

His lithe proboscis.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
LITHENESS. n. s. [from lithe.] Limber-
ness; flexibility.

LITHER. adj. [from htbe.] Soft; pliant.
VOL. III.

The art or practice of engraving upon

stones.

LITHOMANCY. n. s. [90s and partia ]
Prediction by stones.

As strange must be the lithomancy, or divina-
tion, from this stone, whereby Helenus the pro-
LITHONTRI PTICK. n. s. [os and prow;
phet foretold the destruction of Troy. Brown.
lithontriptique, Fr.] Any medicine pro-
per to dissolve the stone in the kidneys
LITHO TOMIST. n. s. [os and reuw]
or bladder.
A chirurgeon who extracts the stone by
LITHO TOMY. n. s. [Dog and T.]
opening the bladder.
The art or practice of cutting for the
LITIGANT. n. s. [litigans, Latin; litigant,
French.] One engaged in a suit of law.
The cast litigant sits not down with one cross
verdict, but recommences his suit.

stone.

Decay of Piety. The litigants tear one another to pieces for the benefit of some third interest. L'Estrange LITIGANT. adj. Engaged in a juridical

contest.

Judicial acts are those writings and matters which relate to judicial proceedings, and are sped in open court at the instance of one or both of To LITIGATE. V. a. [litigo, Latin.] To the parties litigant. Ayliffe's Parergon. contest in law; to debate by judicial process.

To LITIGATE. V. n. To manage a suit; to carry on a cause.

The appellant, after the interposition of an appeal, still litigates in the same cause. Ayliffe. LITIGATION. n. s. [litigatio, Lat. from litigate.] Judicial contest; suit of law.

Never one clergyman had experience of both litigations, that hath not confessed, he had rather have three suits in Westminster-hall, than one in the arches. Clarendon.

LITIGIOUS. adj. [litigieux, French.]
1. Inclinable to lawsuits; quarrelsome;
wrangling.

Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, who quarrels move. Donne. His great application to the law had not infected his temper with any thing positive or liti gious. Addison.

2. Disputable; controvertible.

In litigious and controverted causes, the will of God is to have them to do whatsoever the sen tence of judicial and final decision shall deter mine. Hooker.

No fences parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds, Distinguish'd acres of litigious grounds. Dryden. LITIGIOUSLY. adv. [from litigious.] Wranglingly.

LITIGIOUSNESS. n. s. [from litigious.] A wrangling disposition; inclination to vexatious suits.

LITTER. n. s. [litiere, French.]

G

LIV

They which minister about holy things, live of
the things of the temple.
1 Corinthians.
His goods were all seized upon, and a small
portion thereof appointed for his poor wife to
live upon.
Knolles.

The number of soldiers can never be great in
proportion to that of people, no more than of
those that are idle in a country, to that of those
who live by labour.
He had been most of his time in good service,
Temple.
and had something to live on now he was old.

11. To be in a state of motion or vegeta-
Timple.
tion.

In a spacious cave of living stone,
The tyrant olus, from his airy throne,
With pow'r imperial curbs the struggling winds.

Cool groves and living lakes
Dryden.
Give after toilsome days a soft repose at night.
Dryden.

12. To be unextinguished.

Pure oil and incense on the fire they throw :
These gifts the greedy flames to dust devour,
Then on the living coals red wine they pour.
LIVE. adj. [from alive.]
1. Quick; not dead.

Dryden.

If one man's ox hurt another that he die, they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money.. Exodus.

2. Active; not extinguished.

A louder sound was produced by the impetuous eruptions of the halituous flames of the saltpetre upon casting of a live coal upon it.

LIVELESS. adj. [from live.] Wanting Boyle. life: rather, lifeless.

Description cannot suit itself in words,
To demonstrate the life of such a battle,
In life so liveless as it shews itself. Shakspeare.
LIVELIHOOD. n. s. [It appears to me cor-
rupted from livelode.] Support of life;
maintenance; means of living.

Ah! luckless babe! born under cruel star,
And in dead parents balefui ashes bred;
Full little weenest thou what sorrows are
Left thee for portion of thy livelihood! Spenser.
That rebellion drove the lady from thence, to
find a livelihood out of her own estate. Clarendon.

He brings disgrace upon his character, to submit to the picking up of a livelihood in that strolling way of canting and begging. L'Estrange.

It is their profession and livelihood to get their living by practices for which they deserve to forfeit their lives. South.

They have been as often banished out of most other places; which must very much disperse a people, and oblige them to seek a livelihood where they can find it. Trade employs multitudes of hands, and furSpectator. nishes the poorest of our fellow-subjects with the opportunities of gaining an honest livelihood: the skiltul or industrious find their account in it. Addison.

LIVELINESS. n. 5. [from lively.] 1. Appearance of life.

That liveliness which the freedom of the pencil makes appear, may seem the living hand of Dryden's Dufresnoy.

nature.

2. Vivacity; sprightliness."

Extravagant young fellows, that have liveli ness and spirit, come sometimes to be set right, and so make able and great men; but tame and low spirits very seldom attain to any thing.

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Thou, in our wonder and astonishment,
Hast built thyself a liveling monument. Milton.
LIVELY. adj. [live and like.]

1. Brisk; vigorous; vivacious.

But wherefore comes old Manoa in such haste, With youthful steps? much livelier than ere

while

He seems; supposing here to find his son,
Or of him bringing to us some glad news? Milt.
Gay; airy.

2.

Dulness delighted, ey'd the lively dunce,
Rememb'ring she herself was periness once.

Pope.

Form'd by thy converse, happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe.

Popea

3.

Representing life.

4.

Since a true knowledge of nature gives us pleasure, a lively imitation of it in poetry or painting must produce a much greater.

Strong energetick.

Dryden's Dufresnoy.

His faith must be not only living, but lively too; it must be brightened and stirred up by a particular exercise of those virtues specifically requisite to a due performance of this duty. South.

The colours of the prism are manifestly more full, intense, and lively, than those of natural bodies. Newton's Opticks. Imprint upon their minds, by proper arguments and reflections, a lively persuasion of the certainty of a future state. Atterbury.

LIVELILY.

LIVELY.

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Make livers pale, and lustihood dejected.

LIVERCOLOUR. adj. [liver and colour.]
Dark red.

The uppermost stratum is of gravel; then clay of various colours, purple, blue, red, livercolour. Woodward. LIVERGROWN. adj. [liver and grown.] Having a great liver.

nearest.

I enquired what other casualties were most like the rickets, and found that livergrown was Graunt. LIVERWORT. n. s. [liver and wort; lichen.] A plant.

That sort of liverwort which is used to cure the bite of mad dogs, grows on commons, and open heaths, where the grass is short, on declivities, and on the sides of pits. This spreads on the surface of the ground, and, when in perfection, is of an ash colour: but, as it grows old, it alters, and becomes of a dark colour. Miller. LIVERY. n. s. [from livrer, Fr.] 1. The act of giving or taking possession. You do wrongfully seize Hereford's right, Call in his letters patents that he hath By his attorneys general to sue

His livery, and deny his offered homage.

2. Release from wardship.

Shakspeare.

Had the two houses first sued out their livery, and once effectually redeemed themselves from the wardship of the tumults, I should then suspect my own judgment. King Charles. 3. The writ by which possession is obtained.

4. The state of being kept at a certain

rate.

What livery is, we by common use in England know well enough, namely, that it is an allowance of horse meat; as they commonly use the word stabling, as to keep horses at livery; the which word, I guess, is derived of livering or delivering forth their nightly food; so in great houses, the livery is said to be served up for all night, that is, their evening allowance for drink : and livery is also cailed the upper weed, which a serving man wears; so called, I suppose, for that it was delivered and taken from him at pleasure: so it is apparent, that by the word livery, is there meant horse meat, like as by the coigny is understood man's meat. Some say it is derived of coin, for that they used in their coignies not only to take meat but money; but I rather think it is derived of the Irish, the which is a common use amongst landlords of the Irish to have a common spending upon their tenants, who being commonly but tenants at will, they used to take

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If your dinner miscarries, you were teized by the footmen coming into the kitchen; and to prove it true, throw a ladleful of broth on one or two of their liveries. Swift.

6: A particular dress; a garb worn as a
token or consequence of any thing.
Of fair Urania, fairer than a green
Proudly bedeck'd, in April's livery.
Mistake me not for my complexion
The shadow'd livery of the burning sun,
To whom I am a neighbour and near bred.

Sidney.

Shakspeare.

At once came forth whatever creeps the

ground,

Insect, or worm: those wav'd their limber fans
For wings, and smallest lineaments exact,
In all the liveries deck'd of summer's pride,
With spots of gold and purple, azure, green.

Milton.

Now came still evening on, and twilight grey Had in her sober livery all things clad. Milton. LIVERYMAN. n. s. [livery and man.] 1. One who wears a livery; a servant of an inferiour kind.

The witnesses made oath, that they had heard some of the liverymen frequently railing at their mistress. Arbuthnot.

2. [In London.] A freeman of some standing in a company.

LIVES. n. s. [the plural of life.]

So short is life, that every peasant strives,
In a farm house or field, to have three lives.
Donne.

LI'VID. adj. [lividus, Lat. livide, Fr.]
Discoloured, as with a blow; black and
blue.

It was a pestilent fever, not seated in the veins or humours, for that there followed no carbuns cles, no purple or livid spots, the mass of the blood not being tainted. Bacon.

Upon my livid lips bestow a kiss:

O envy not the dead, they feel not bliss! Dryd. They beat their breasts with many a bruising blow,

Till they turn❜d livid, and corrupt the snow.

Dryden.

LIVIDITY. 2. s. [lividité, Fr. from livid.]

Discolouration, as y a biow.

The signs of a tendency to such a state, are darkness or lividity of the countenance.

Arbuthnot.

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LIVING. participial adj.

1. Vigorous; active: as, a living faith. 2. Being in motion; having some natural energy, or principle of action: as, the living green, the living springs. LIVING. n. s. [from live.]

1. Support; maintenance; fortune on which one lives.

The Arcadians fought as in unknown place, having no succour but in their hands; the Helots, as in their own place, fighting for their livings, wives, and children. Sidney. All they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living. Mark.

2. Power of continuing life.

There is no living without trusting some body
L'Estrange.

or other, in some cases.

3. Livelihood.

For ourselves we may a living make. Spenser. Then may I set the world on wheels, when she can spin for her living. Shakspeare.

Isaac and his wife, now dig for your life, Or shortly you'll dig for your living. Denham. Actors must represent such things as they are capable to perform, and by which both they and the scribbler may get their living.

Dryden's Dufresnoy.

4. Benefice of a clergyman.

Some of our ministers having the livings of the country offered unto them, without pains, will, neither for any love of God, nor for all the good they may do, by winning souls to God, be drawn forth from their warm nests. Spenser.

The parson of the parish preaching against adultery, Mrs. Bull told her husband, that they would join to have him turned out of his living for using personal reflections. Arbuthnot. LIVINGLY, adv. [from living.] living state.

In the

In vain do they scruple to approach the dead, who livingly are cadaverous, or fear any outward pollution, whose temper pollutes themselves.

Brown. LIVRE. n. s. [Fr.] The sum by which the French reckon their money, equal nearly to our ten-pence.

LIXI VIAL. adj. [from lixivium, Lat.] 1. Impregnated with salts like a lixivium. The symptoms of the excretion of the bile vitiated, were a yellowish colour of the skin, and a lixivial urine. Arbuthnot.

2. Obtained by lixivium.

Helmont conjectured, that lixivial salts do not pre-exist in their alcalizate form. Boyle. LIXIVIATE. adj. [lixivieux, Fr. from lix. ivium.] Making a lixivium.

In these the salt and lixiviated serosity, with some portion of choler, is divided between the guts and the bladder. Brozon.

Lixiviate salts, to which pot-ashes belong, by piercing the bodies of vegetables, dispose them to part readily with their tincture. Boyle. LIXIVIUM. n. s. [Lat.] Lie; water impregnated with alkaline sait, produced from the ashes of vegetables; a liquor which has the power of extraction.

I made a lixivium of fair water and salt of wormwood, and having frozen it with snow and salt, I could not discern any thing more like to

wormwood than to several other plants. Boyle. LIZARD. . S. [lisarde, Fr. lacertus, Lat.] An animal resembling a serpent, with legs added to it.

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A plant.

LL.D. [legum doctor.] A doctor of the canon and civil laws.

Lo. interj. [la, Sax.] Look; see; behold.

It is a word used to recal the attention generally to some object of sight; sometimes to something heard, but not properly; often to something to be understood.

Lo! within a ken our army lies. Shakspeare. Now must the world point at poor Catherine, And say, la! there is mad Petruchio's wife.

Lo! I have a weapon,
A better never did itself sustain
Upon a soldier's thigh.

Thou did'st utter,

Shakspeare.

Shakspeare.

I am yours for ever.
-Why lo you now, I've spoke to the purpose

twice.

Shakspeare.

Roscommon.

For lo! he sung the world's stupendous birth.

Dryden's Albion.

Lo! heav'n and earth combine To blast our bold design. LOACH. n. [loche, Fr.]

The loach is a most dainty fish; he breeds and feeds in little and clear swift brooks or rills, and lives there upon the gravel, and in the sharpest streams: he grows not to be above a finger long, and no thicker than is suitable to that length: he is of the shape of an eel, and has a beard of wattels like a barbel: he has two fins at his sides, four at his belly, and one at his tail, dappled with many black or brown spots: his mouth, barbellike, under his nose. This fish is usually full of eggs or spawn, and is by Gesner, and other physicians, commended for great nourishment, and to be very grateful both to the palate and stomach of sick persons, and is to be fished for with a small worm, at the bottom, for he seldom rises above the gravel. Walton's Angler.

LOAD. n. s. [hlade, Sax.]

1. A burden; a freight; lading.
Fair plant with fruit surcharg'd,
Deigns none to ease thy load, and taste thy sweet?
Milton.

Then on his back he laid the precious load, And sought his wonted shelter. Dryden.

Let India boast her groves, nor envy we The weeeping amber, and the balmy tree; While by our oaks the precious loads are born, And realms commanded which these trees adorn. Pope.

2. Weight; pressure; encumbrance. Jove lighten'd of its load

3.

Th' enormous mass, the labour of a God. Pope. Weight, or violence of blows.

Like lion mov'd they laid on load, And made a cruel fight.

Chevy Clace. Far heavier load thyself expect to feel From my prevailing arm.

Milton.

And Mnestheus laid hard load upon his helm. Dryden. 4. Any thing that depresses.

How a man can have a quiet and chearful mind under a great burden and load of guilt, I know not, unless he be very ignorant. Ray, 5. As much drink as one can bear.

There are those that can never sleep without their lead, nor enjoy one easy thought, till they have laid all their cares to rest with a bottle.

L'Estrange. The thund'ring god,

Ev'n he withdrew to rest, and had his load.

Dryden.

To LOAD. v. a. preterit loaded; par.loaden or laden. [hladan, Sax.]

1. To burden; to freight.

At last, laden with honour's spoils,
Returns the good Andronicus to Rome.

Shakspeare.
Your carriages were heavy loaden; they are a
burden to the beast.
Isaiah.

2. To encumber; to embarrass.

He that makes no reflections on what he reads, only leads his mind with a rhapsody of tales, fit in winter nights for the entertainment of others. Locke.

3. To charge a gun.

A mariner having discharged his gun, and leading it suddenly again, the powder took fire. Wiseman.

4. To make heavy by something appended or annexed.

Thy dreadful vow, loaden with death, still sounds Addison's Cato.

In my stunn'd ears. LOAD. n. s. [more properly lode, as it was anciently written; from lædan, Sax. to lead.] The leading vein in a mine.

The tin lay couched at first in certain strakes amongst the rocks, like the veins in a man's body, from the depth whereof the main load spreadeth out his branches, until they approach the open Carew's Survey of Cornwall. Their manner of working in the lead mines,

air.

is to follow the load as it lieth. Carew. LoʻADER. H. S. [from load.] He who loads.

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LOʻADSMAN. n. s. [load or lode and man. He who leads the way; a pilot. LO ́ADSTAR. n. 5. [more properly as it is in Mandeville, lodestar, from lædan, to lead.] The polestar; the cynosure; the leading or guiding star.

She was the loadstar of my life; she the blessing of mine eyes; she the overthrow of my desires, and yet the recompence of my overthrow. Sidney. My Helice, the loadstar of my life. Spenser. O happy fair!

Your eyes are loadstars, and your tongue sweet air!

More tuneable than lark to shepherd's ear When wheat is green, when hawthorn buds apShakspeare.

pear.

That clear majesty Which standeth fix'd, yet spreads her heavenly worth,

Lodestone to hearts, and lodestar to all eyes. Davies.

LO ́ADSTONE. n. s. [properly lodestone or leading-stone. See LOADSTAR.] The magnet; the stone on which the mariners compass needle is touched to give it a direction north and south.

The loadstone is a peculiar and rich ore of iron, found in large masses, of a deep iron grey where fresh broken, and often tinged with a brownish or reddish colour: it is very heavy, and considerably hard, and its great character is that of affecting iron. This ore of iron is found in England, and in most other places where there are mines of that metal. Hill.

The use of the loadstone was kept as secret as any of the other mysteries of the art. Swift. LOAF. n. s. [from hlaf or laf, Sax.] 1. A mass of bread as it is formed by the baker: a loaf is thicker than a cake. Easy it is

Of a cut loaf to steal a shive we know. Shaksp

The bread corn in the town sufficed not for six days: hereupon the soldiers entered into proportion; and, to give example, the lord Clinton limited himself to a loaf a-day. Hayward.

With equal force you may break a loaf of bread into more and less parts than a lump of lead of the same bigness. Digby.

2. Any thick mass into which a body is wrought.

tle.

Your wine becomes so limpid, that you may bottle it with a piece of loaf sugar in each botMortimer. LOAM. n. s. [lim, laam, Sax. limus, Lat. from An, a fen, Junius.] Fat, unctuous, tenacious earth; marl.

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The purest treasure

Is spotless reputation; that away,
Men are but gilded loam or painted clay.

Shakspeare. Alexander returneth to dust: the dust is earth; of earth we make loam; and why of that loam might they not stop a beer barrel? ́ Shaksp. To LOAM. v. a. [from the noun.] To smear with loam, marl, or clay; to clay.

The joist ends and girders which be in the walls, must be loamed all over, to preserve them from the corroding of the mortar. Moxon. Lo ́AMY. adj. [from loam.] Marly.

The mellow earth is the best, between the two extremes of clay and sand, if it be not loamy and binding. Bacon.

Auricula seedlings best like a loamy sand, or light moist earth; yet rich and shaded. Evelyn. LOAN. n. s. [hlæn, Sax.] Any thing lent; any thing given to another, on condition of return or repayment.

The better such ancient revenues shall be paid, the less need her majesty ask subsidies, fifteens, and loans. Bacon.

You're on the fret, Because in so debauch'd and vile an age, Thy friend and old acquaintance dares disown The gold you lent him, and forswear the lean. Dryden.

LOATH. adj. [lað, Sax.] Unwilling; disliking; not ready; not inclined.

These fresh and delightful brooks, how slowly they slide away, as loth to leave the company of so many things united in perfection! Sidney.

With lofty eyes, halt lot to look so low, She thanked them in her disdainful wise, Ne other grace vouchsafed them to show Of princess worthy. Spenser.

When he heard her answers loth, he knew Some secret sorrow did her heart distrain.

To speak so indirectly, I am loth; I'd say the truth; but to accuse him so, That is your part.

Spenser.

Shakspeare.

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