28. In what body is the government of a territory vested? What representation has a territory in Congress?

29. What is the restriction of the Constitution regarding the origin of revenue bills? What is the object of this restriction? 30. Define "impeachment." What officers of the United States are subject to impeachment?

31. Mention (1) two powers of the Senate not possessed by the House of Representatives; (2) one power of the House not possessed by the Senate.

32. What is meant by "executive session"? Which body of Congress holds executive sessions? Mention two purposes for which executive sessions are held. On what ground is their abolition advocated?

33. Define "treaty." Show the importance of the power of the Senate to ratify or reject treaties made by the president.

34. Show the importance of the power of the Senate to reject nominations made by the president.

35. In whom is vested the power to try cases of impeachment? Give an account of the national court for the trial of impeachments as to jurisdiction and method of procedure.

36. Mention five restrictions imposed on Congress by the Constitution.

37. What application of the constitutional provision regarding the apportionment of direct taxes was recently made by the Supreme Court in regard to the income-tax law?

38. Give the provision of the Constitution in regard to (1) privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, (2) bills for raising revenue, (3) drawing of money from the Treasury.

39. Define "appropriation." Show the importance to the people of the constitutional provision regarding appropriations. 40. Define "writ of habeas corpus." Explain the importance of this writ as a protection to the right of personal liberty.

41. Define "bill of attainder."

42. What is an ex post facto law? Are there any such laws in the United States? Give a reason for your answer.

43. What is meant by "a title of nobility"? Why does the Constitution forbid Congress to grant such a title?

44. Is an income tax a direct tax under the Constitution? State your authority.

45. By what authority is Congress allowed to lay and collect a direct tax upon incomes?

46. A man being asked to what nation he belonged replied that his father was an American, and his mother an English woman; that he was born on an Italian ship, sailing in Spanish waters and flying a French flag. To what nation did he belong?

CHAPTER XXI

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT: ITS WORKING

The Senate Chamber. The work of the national legislature is carried on in different parts of the Capitol, the Senate Chamber occupying a part of the north wing, the Chamber of the House of Representatives the south. The room occupied by the Senate, naturally much the smaller of the two, is rectangular in form, the seats being arranged semicircularly, facing the chair of the presiding officer, which occupies a raised marble dais at the end of the room. The seats are armchairs, each with its desk. Around the four sides of the room run galleries, one of which is reserved for the president of the United States. The open space back of the senators' chairs is furnished with sofas, and into this senators may bring visitors. The bare aspect of the walls, unbroken by windows (for the room is lighted from above) is somewhat relieved by a few pictures. The Democrats occupy the right side of the room, the Republicans the left; but because of the semicircular arrangement of the seats they face the chair, not each other.

Chamber of the House. The chamber occupied by the House is much larger so large indeed as to make speaking there a difficult task. Like the Senate Chamber, it is lighted from above and supplied with huge galleries running round all four sides and capable of seating 2500 people. The seats of the members are arranged in concentric rows about the Speaker's marble chair on its raised platform.

Below and in front of the Speaker rests the mace, and here too are seated the clerks and official stenographers, with the sergeant-at-arms to the right. As in the Senate Chamber, there is an open space furnished with sofas back of the members' seats to which certain visitors are admitted.

Character of Members. In the character of their members the two Houses show a somewhat marked difference, the Senate containing a considerably larger proportion of men of superior intellectual capacity, political experience, and personal dignity. The great majority of the senators are successful lawyers, many of whom still practice before the Supreme Court; and there are many ex-governors, exrepresentatives, ex-state judges, and ex-state legislators. In the Senate of the Fifty-eighth Congress there were 20 exgovernors, 4 ex-judges, and 33 ex-representatives. Thus we have in the Senate a body of men possessed already of considerable political training, whose political efficiency is sure to be increased by their experience as senators. This is not to say that the Senate is made up of men different in kind from those in the House. Like the representatives, the senators are for the most part active politicians who have made their way by means of the ordinary political methods; but the Senate, because it confers on its members more power and greater dignity, a longer term of service. and a more independent position, has proved more attractive to men of ability and ambition, and has been able to draw to itself the ablest of those who have chosen a political career. In the House, as in the Senate, lawyers are numerous, though they are for the most part not leaders in their profession. The rest are recruited from the ranks of the manufacturers, agriculturists, bankers, and journalists. Great railroad men, like great lawyers, are rare, and for the

same reason. The attractions of a career in the House are not sufficient to overcome those of a successful practice at the bar or of a great railway business. Unlike the Senate, the House of Representatives has few very wealthy members, though few are very poor. Taking the House as a whole, it is not made up of men of the highest culture or the widest information, though there is no lack of character, shrewdness, and keen, if limited, intelligence. If they lack breadth of view, it is due to lack of opportunity rather than to natural incapacity.

Methods of Legislation. So much for the men by whom the work of national legislation is conducted. Let us now see something of the methods in use in the making of laws. All laws enacted by the national legislature make their first appearance in that body in the form of bills. A bill is simply a form or draft of a proposed law, and may be very radically changed before it is finally enacted. The Constitution provides for three ways in which a bill, once introduced into the Congress, may become a law: (1) It may be passed by a majority of both Houses and signed by the president. This is the normal way. (2) It may, however, after passing both Houses, meet with the disapproval of the president. Thereupon it is returned without his signature to the House in which it originated, his objections are entered upon the journal, the bill is reconsidered, and may be repassed by a two-thirds vote of both Houses, the vote being taken by yeas and nays. It then becomes a law without the president's signature. (3) It may be passed by a majority of both Houses and sent to the president, who may neglect to return it within ten days, Sundays excepted. In that case also it becomes a law without the president's signature, unless Congress adjourns in the meantime. The Constitution does not, however, attempt to lay down rules