pay it doubly. Why the tax should not be equally assessed, I am at a loss to conjecture: but in fact it does not fall very heavy upon those who have any portion of philosophy; they may, with the poet of reason exclaim

"Though doubly tax'd how little have I lost!"

Your dread of the envy attendant upon literary excellence might with equal justice be extended to every species of merit, and might be urged against all that is good in art or nature. -Scandal is said to attack always the fairest characters, as the birds always peck most at the ripest fruit; but would you for this reason have no fruit ripen, or no characters aspire to excellence?

But if it be your opinion that women are naturally inferior to us in capacity, why do you feel so much apprehension of their becoming eminent, or of their obtaining power, in consequence of the cultivation of their understandings ?-These ex- fer pressions of scorn and jealousy neutralize each other. If your contempt were unmixed and genuine, it would be cool and tranquil, inclining rather to pity than to anger.

You say that in all animals the female is the inferior, and you have never seen any reason to believe that the human species affords an exception to this observation.-Superiority amongst brutes depends upon force; superiority amongst the human species depends upon reason: that men are naturally stronger than women, is evident; but strength of mind has no necessary connexion with strength of body; and intellectual ability has ever conquered mere physical force, from the times of Ajax and Ulysses to the present day. In civilized nations, that species of superiority which belongs to force, is much reduced in value amongst the higher classes of society. -The Baron who struck his sword into an oak, and defied any one to pull out the weapon, would not in these days fill the hearts of his antagonists with terror, nor would the twisting of a horse shoe be deemed a feat worthy to decide a nation in their choice of a king.-The days of chivalry are no more; the knight no longer sallies forth in ponderous armour, mounted upon 66 a steed as invulnerable as himself."*_The damsel no longer depends upon the prowess of his mighty arm to maintain the glory of her charms, or the purity of her fame; grim barons, and castles guarded by monsters and all devouring dragons, are no more; and from being the champions and masters of the fair sex, we are now become their friends and companions. We have not surely been losers by this change; the fading glories of romance have vanished, but the real permanent pleasures of domestic life remain in their

*Condorcet.-History of the Progress of the Human Mind.

stead; and what the fair have lost of adulation they have gained in friendship.

Do not, my dear Sir, call me a champion for the rights of woman; I am too much their friend to be their partizan, and I am more anxious for their happiness than intent upon a metaphysical discussion of their rights: their happiness is so nearly connected with ours, that it seems to me absurd to manage any argument so as to set the two sexes at variance by vain contention for superiority. It ought not to be our object to make an invidious division of privileges, or an ostentatious declaration of rights, but to determine what is most for our general advantage.

You fear that the minds of women should be enlarged and cultivated, lest their power in society and their liberty should consequently increase. Observe that the word liberty, applied to the female sex, conveys alarming ideas to our minds, because we do not stay to define the term; we have a confused notion, that it implies want of reserve, want of delicacy, boldness of manners, or of conduct; in short, liberty to do wrong. Surely this is a species of liberty, which knowledge can never make desirable. Those who understand the real interests of society, who clearly see the connexion between virtue and happiness, must know that the liberty to do wrong, is synonymous with the liberty to make themselves miserable. This is a privilege, of which none would chuse to avail themselves. When reason defines the term, there is no danger of its being misunderstood; but imagination and false associa tions often make this word liberty, in its perverted sense, sound delightful to those who have been kept in ignorance and slavery. Girls who have been disciplined under the strict high hand of authority, are apt to fancy, that to escape from habitual restraint, to exercise their own will, no matter how, is to be free and to be happy.-Hence, innumerable errors in their conduct; hence their mistaken notions of liberty, and that inordinate ambition to acquire power, which ignorant, ill-educated women show in every petty struggle, where they are permitted to act in private life. You believe this temper to be inherent in the sex; and a man who has just published a book upon the Spanish bull-fights, declares his belief that the passion for bull-fighting, is innate in the breast of every Spaniard. Do not, my friend, assign two causes for an effect where one is obviously adequate. The disposition to love command, need not be attributed to any innate cause in the minds of females, whilst it may be fairly ascribed to their erroneous education.

I shall early cultivate my daughter's judgment, to prevent her from being wilful or positive; I shall leave her to chuse for herself in all those trifles upon which the happiness of

childhood depends; and I shall gradually teach her to reflect upon the consequences of her actions, to compare and judge of her feelings, and to compute the morn and evening to her day.I shall thus, I hope, induce her to reason upon all subjects, even upon matters of taste, where many women think it sufficient to say-1 admire; or, I detest:-Ŏh charming! or, Oh horrible ! -People who have reasons for their preferences and aversions, are never so provokingly zealous in the support of their own tastes, as those usually are who have no arguments to convince themselves or others that they are in the right.

*

But you are apprehensive that the desire to govern, which women show in domestic life, should obtain a larger field to display itself in public affairs.-It seems to me impossible, that they can ever acquire the species of direct power which you dread; their influence must be private: it is therefore of the utmost consequence that it should be judicious.—It was not Themistocles, but his wife and child who governed the Athenians; it was therefore of some consequence that the boy who governed the mother, who governed her husband, should not be a spoiled child, and consequently that the mother who educated this child should be a reasonable woman. Thus are human affairs chained together; and female influence is a necessary and important link, which you cannot break without destroying the whole.

If it be your object, my dear Sir, to monopolize power for our sex, you cannot possibly secure it better from the wishes of the other, than by enlightening their minds and enlarging their views they will then be convinced, not by the voice of the moralist, who puts us to sleep whilst he persuades us of the vanity of all sublunary enjoyments; but by their own awakened observation: they will be convinced, that power is generally an evil to its possessor; that to those, who really wish for the good of their fellow-creatures, it is at best but a painful trust. The mad philosopher in Rasselas, who imagined that he regulated the weather and distributed the seasons, could never enjoy a moment's repose, lest he should not make "to the different nations of the earth, an impartial dividend of rain and sun-shine."-Those who are entrusted with the government of nations, must, if they have an acute sense of justice experience something like the anxiety felt by this unfortunate monarch of the clouds.

Lord KENYON has lately decided, that a woman may be an overseer of a parish; but you are not, I suppose, apprehensive that many ladies of cultivated understanding should become ambitious of this honour.-One step farther in reasoning, and a woman would desire as little to be a queen or an empress, as to be the overseer of a parish.-You may perhaps reply,

that men, even those of the greatest understanding, have been ambitious, and fond even to excess of power; that ambition is the glorious fault of heroes, I allow; but heroes are not always men of the most enlarged understandings-they are possessed by the spirit of military adventure-an infectious spirit, which men catch from one another in the course of their education:-to this contagion the fair sex are not exposed.

At all events, if you suppose that women are likely to acquire influence in the state, it is prudent to enlighten their understandings, that they may not make an absurd or pernicious use of their power. You appeal to history, to prove that great calamities have ensued whenever the female sex has obtained power; yet you acknowledge that we cannot with certainty determine, whether these evils have been the effects of our trusting them with liberty, or of our neglecting previously to instruct them in the use of it:-upon the decision of this question rests your whole argument. In a most awful tone of declamation, you bid me follow the history of female nature, from the court of Augustus to that of Lewis the XIVth. and tell you whether I can hesitate to acknowledge, that the liberty and influence of women have always been the greatest during the decline of empires.-But you have not proved to me that women had more knowledge, that they were better educated at the court of Augustus, or during the reign of Lewis XIVth. than at any other place, or during any other period of the world; therefore your argument gains nothing by the admission of your assertions; and unless I could trace the history of female education, it is vain for me to follow what you call the history of female nature.

It is, however, remarkable, that the means by which the sex have hitherto obtained that species of power which they have abused, have arisen chiefly from their personal, and not from their mental qualifications, from their skill in the arts of persuasion, and from their accomplishments; not from their superior powers of reasoning, or from the cultivation of their understanding. The most refined species of coquetry can undoubtedly be practised in the highest perfection by women, who to personal graces unite all the fascination of wit and eloquence. There is infinite danger in permitting such women to obtain power without having acquired habits of reasoning. Rousseau admires these syrens; but the system of Rousseau, pursued to its fullest extent, would overturn the world, would make every woman a Cleopatra, and every man an Anthony; -it would destroy all domestic virtue, all domestic happiness, all the pleasures of truth and love.In the midst of that delirium of passion to which Anthony gave the name of love, what must have been the state of his degraded, wretched soul, when he could suspect his mistress of designs upon his

life?-To cure him of these suspicions, she, at a banquet, poisoned the flowers of his garland, waited till she saw him inflamed with wine, then persuaded him to break the tops of his flowers into his goblet, and just stopped him when the cup was at his lips, exclaiming "Those flowers are poisoned: you see that I do not want the means of destroying you, if you were become tiresome to me, or if I could live without you."And this is the happy pair who instituted the orders of-The inimitable lovers!and the companions in death !*

These are the circumstances, which should early be pointed out, to both sexes, with all the energy of truth: let them learn, that the most exquisite arts of the most consummate coquette could not obtain the confidence of him who sacrificed to her charms the empire of the world.-It is from the experience of the past that we must form our judgment of the future. How unjustly you accuse me of desiring to destroy the memory of past experiments, the wisdom collected by the labour of ages-You would prohibit this treasure of knowledge to one half of the human species; and I on the contrary would lay it open to all my fellow-creatures.-I speak as if it were actually in our option to retard or to accelerate the intellectual progress of the sex; but in fact it is absolutely out of our power to drive the fair sex back to their former state of darkness; the art of printing has totally changed their situation; their eyes are opened,-the classic page is unrolled, they will read;-all we can do, is to induce them to read with judgment to enlarge their minds so that they may take a full view of their interests and of ours.-I have no fear, that the truth upon any subject, should injure my daughter's mind; it is falsehood that I dread:-I dread, that she should acquire preposterous notions of love, of happiness, from the furtive perusal of vulgar novels, or from the clandestine conversation of ignorant waiting maids:-I dread, that she should acquire, even from the enchanting eloquence of Rousseau, the fatal idea, that cunning and address are the natural resources of her sex; that coquetry is necessary to attract, and dissimulation to preserve, the heart of man. I would not, however, -I proscribe an author, because I believe some of his opinions to be false; I would have my daughter read and compare various books, and correct her judgment of books by listening to the conversation of persons of sense and experience. Women may learn much of what is essential to their happiness, from the unprejudiced testimony of a father or a brother; they may learn to distinguish the pictures of real life, from paintings of imaginary manners and passions which never

* Vide Plutarch.