3. Wife and two children: Per month. (a) If both children are between the ages of 10 and 15 or if one between 10 and 15 and the other between 5 and 10-------$22.00 (b) If both between 5 and 10. 17.50 (c) If one is between 5 and 10 and the other 5 years old or less. 17.50 (d) If both are under 5 years of age. 16.00 4. Wife and three children: (a) If all three are between the ages of 10 and 15, or if two are 25.00 (b) If all three are between the ages of 5 and 10, or if two are (c) If all three are under 5 years of age-- 5. Wife and four children: (a) If the family includes one child between 10 and 15, and a 28.00 (b) If including one child between 5 and 10, and the other children (c) If all four are under 5 years of age-- 6. Woman and five children: 23.50 22.00 (a) If the family contains one between 10 and 15 and a second child (c) If all the children are under 5 years of age. 7. Woman with six children: 26.50 25.00 (a) If the family contains one child between 10 and 15 and a (c) If all the children are under 5 years of age. 29.50 28.00 8. Woman with seven or more children, no matter what be their ages, may be given the maximum allowance of_-_ The above applies to wives of men who have joined the Canadian Expedi- If she depended entirely for support on an unmarried son who has 10. Parents: 30.00 10.00 If the parents of a soldier in the Canadian Expeditionary Force The practical effect of this schedule is that the wife of a private having three children between the ages of 10 and 15 would receive the following monthly allowance, upon the assumption that he assigned the minimum portion of his pay allowed: It is stated that the allowance at this figure continues as long as the soldier remains in the over-seas service or until some change in his status or that of the family takes place, such as his change in rank, the death of a child, or the passing of a child beyond the age of 15. Supervision of each family is constantly exercised. The Canadian Patriotic Fund and its method of administration would seem to have had a beneficial effect upon every side of Canadian life which it has touched. It has furnished a great incentive to enlistment, as cases in which men have come to the local office of the fund to inquire what the fund will do for their families should they enlist have been so frequent as to justify the belief that no small part of the patriotic response to the call for enlistment upon the part of the Canadians can be traced to the fund; it has benefited the soldier in the field, for its existence enables him to enjoy the peace of mind which comes from knowing that his dependents are looked after while he is away; it benefits the family who receives the grant, not only from the point of view of intensive welfare work, but also because the beneficiaries are made to realize that the Canadian Patriotic Fund grant is not a charity but represents the amount which is justly theirs while the breadwinner is fighting for his country; it benefits those who contribute, for it enables them to feel that even though they can not be on the firing line they are performing a service to their country; and lastly, it benefits those who are engaged in the the administration by permitting them to enjoy the elevating influence attached to this form of socialservice work. As already indicated, benefits may be paid after the discharge of a soldier from the service, this assistance being rendered in the form of (a) pension payments to the soldier with an allowance for children, and (b) payments to the family during the reeducation of an incapacitated soldier-that is, while he is in some home or sanitarium receiving medical treatment and being restored to a condition of health which will permit of his becoming a useful member of society. These homes are operated under the supervision of the Military Hospitals Commission, and while in them the soldier receives his regular military pay and his family still continues to enjoy the assigned pay, the separation allowance, and the patriotic-fund assistance, if any. An article describing the organization of the Military Hospitals Commission, the activities of the hospitals and homes, the allowances and benefits received by soldiers committed to them, appears in the June issue of the MONTHLY REVIEW (pp. Canada." Under the schedule there noted a soldier undergoing vocational training, with a wife and six children, might receive monthly $55 (minus whatever pension he was receiving) and in addition thereto $8 for spending money and $30 for maintenance allowance. For the purpose of pension payments, soldiers are placed in six classes according to the degree of disability sustained. Six classes have been found to be inadequate. Appendix XII of the bulletin gives a new scale of 10 classes shortly to be adopted. The pension received by the rank and file for total disability is $480 a year and ranges up to $2.700 a year payable to brigadier generals. In certain cases a further yearly allowance is made. The determination of the degree of disability is of great importance. The full table of disabilities in percentages of total disability is shown in Appendix XIII of the bulletin. Below is given the ratings of some of the disabilities: Loss of life is of course considered as total disability, 100 per cent, and in that case the following regulation applies: If a member of the forces has been killed or has died as the result of injuries received, or disease contracted or aggravated while on active service, the widow, until remarriage, shall be entitled to the equivalent of the pension in class 2 (80 per cent and less than 100 per cent), and also be entitled to draw the allowance for children. On the remarriage of the widow her pension shall cease, but she shall be entitled to a gratuity of an amount equivalent to one year's pension. The amounts payable to various dependents are set forth in full in Appendix XIV, which gives the regulations promulgated by the Board of Pension Commissions regarding pensions to the Canadian Expeditionary Force. In defining the principle embodied in the plan so fully described the author declares that no good reason exists for failure to recognize the fact that the soldier in the trenches and the civilian worker in a munition plant are on an equality when the question of protection to their dependents is at issue. If we provide that in the event of the death or injury of the munition worker his family shall receive benefits for a certain period, ought we to deny to the family of a soldier a similar measure of protection? There is an equal necessity for placing the compensation benefits or "pensions" of the soldier upon a scientific basis as in the case of the compensation laws applicable to the industrial worker. Every feeling of gratitude and humanity dictates that a satisfactory-even liberal— allowance shall be made to the disabled soldier and his dependents, but senti ment and generosity must be considered when the plan is formulated and no when individual cases are passed upon. The latter course must inevitably lea to discrimination, unequal and unfair awards. INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY AND FATIGUE IN BRITISH MUNITION FACTORIES. The British Health of Munition Workers Committee issued, under date of February, 1917, an interim report on "Industrial efficiency and fatigue." This report contains two parts, Part I comprising industrial and statistical studies and Part II medical studies. In Part I are reprinted Memorandum No. 7, " Industrial fatigue and its causes," and Memorandum No. 12, "Statistical information concerning output in relation to hours of work," previously published by the committee. In addition, a group of special studies are presented in Part I, entitled, respectively, "Comparative efficiencies of daywork and nightwork," "The causes and conditions of lost time," and "Incentives to work with special reference to wages." Part II contains a "Report on the health and physical condition of male munition workers," and an "Inquiry into the health of women engaged in munition factories." This bureau now has in preparation a bulletin containing a full reprint of all the studies referred to except memoranda Nos. 7 and 12, which were published in full in Bulletin No. 221. Regarding the comparative efficiencies of daywork and nightwork in munition factories, the committee points out that while the case against nightwork was considered to be sufficiently established, the data collected are in all cases prejudicial to nightwork. It would appear, then, that nightwork, although necessary in the present crisis, is undesirable. However, the committee considers that the extensive data gathered in its investigations on this subject provide material upon which certain conclusions, having reference to relatively light repetition work, may be based as to the result upon output to be anticipated from this scheme of nightwork. These conclusions are here quoted from the report: Women.-(1) In monotonous processes which call for little physical effort, such as those concerned with cartridge making, discontinuous nightwork of women gives an output which rarely falls much more than 10 per cent below and usually approximates closely to that obtained by day. (2) Continuous nightwork is productive of definitely less output than is the discontinuous system; and the committee have failed to obtain evidence that the output of the continuous day shift balances this inferiority. (3) (a) The timekeeping of girls and of women of 19 years of age and upward, working for alternate weeks of day and night shifts, is even better maintained than when they work on permanent day shifts. 1 Great Britain. Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Interim report. Industrial efficiency and fatigue. London, 1917. Price, 1s. 3d. 121 pp. (b) Timekeeping of girls of 14 to 18 is practically the same whether they work on permanent day shifts or on day and night shifts. The committee, basing their opinion upon these conclusions, consider it undesirable to adopt for women continuous night shifts in any factory not at present so working or not yet open, and suggest that wherever practicable this system should be discontinued. The committee believe that this inferiority of the continuous nightworker may ultimately be referred to a failure to secure proper rest and sleep in the daytime. Women on continuous nightwork are likely to perform domestic duties which, when they work alternately in the two shifts, is impracticable; and this extra domestic strain may account for the inferior results of their industrial activities. The committee has, indeed, some evidence of women employed in permanent night shifts who still carry on their ordinary daytime avocations, but it is not sufficiently extensive (statistically) to be offered as a proof of the suggestion just made. Men.-The conclusions arrived at with respect to women are true, with slight modifications, for men. (1) There is no significant difference between the rate of output in night and day shifts managed on the discontinuous system. (2) With men, as well as with women, the discontinuous system is preferable to continuous night work. There is no reason to think that the nightly output need be much, if at all, inferior to the output by day in the case of a discontinuous system, and there is evidence that the timekeeping by night is rather better than by day. The contrast between permanent night shifts and permanent day shifts is, however, less striking than in the case of women. On the whole, it appears that the rate of output may be less and the loss of time greater than in the discontinuous system. This result is what might be expected if the surmise regarding the cause of the inferiority seen among women were correct. Men do not naturally take so much part in domestic work as women, and the temptation to burn the candle at both ends is, from this point of view, smaller. On the other hand, the incitement to devote the time which should be given to sleep to amusement is certainly as intense among men as among women, so that some inferiority might be anticipated. The principal conclusion seems to be, therefore, that, equally with women, men can more profitably be organized under the discontinuous than under the continuous system of night work. With reference to the matter of causes and conditions of lost time, grouped (1) as causes uncontrollable and including necessity of employing persons of inferior physique or irregular habits, bad weather, lack of housing and transport facilities, sickness and accident, etc., and (2) causes mainly controllable, including drink, indifference, overtime work, discontent with conditions of work, etc., the report discusses the question of how far lost time is attributable to sickness, considers the relation of lost time to overtime, giving figures that show the large extent to which hours gained by overtime may be counterbalanced by lost time, and suggests the uneconomical and unprofitable results following the employment of workers before breakfast. How considerable a proportion of the time gained by extraordinary hours may be lost in normal hours even in a well-managed factory in |