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INDEX.

A.

Acquisition, national spirit of, reflec-
tions on, II. 312.
ADAMS, JOHN, delegate to first Conti-
nental Congress, I. 13. On Wash-
ington's appointment as commander-
in-chief, 42. One of the committee
to prepare Declaration of Indepen-
dence, 50. His account of the Dec-
laration, 82. First minister to Great
Britain, 257. Answer to his com-
plaints about the treaty, 257. In-
structed to negotiate treaty with the
Netherlands, 280. One of the com-
missioners to procure commercial
treaties, 287. Views of, respecting
taxation of slaves, II. 159. Practice
of, respecting cabinet, 409.
ADAMS, SAMUEL, delegate to first
Continental Congress, I. 13.
serve of, respecting Constitution, II.
533. Disapproves of Constitution,

533.

Re-

Character of, 534. Position
of, in convention of Massachusetts,
534. In favor of Hancock's amend-
ments to Constitution, 538.
ADAMS, captain in the Revolutionary
naval force, I. 74.

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Aliens, rights to be conceded to, in
certain treaties, I. 280. See For-
eigners.

Allegiance of people of the Colonies,
transferred, I. 52.

Alliance. See Treaty of Alliance.
Ambassadors, proposed appointment
of, by Senate, II. 223, 410; by Pres-
ident, 234. Received by President,
415. To be nominated by President,
418. Jurisdiction of cases affecting,

444.

Amendment of Constitution, II. 84.
Provision for, adopted without debate,
177. And revolution, distinction be-
tween, 473.

Amendments of Constitution, when to
be proposed by Congress, II. 268.
How to be proposed and adopted,
473. How ratified, 477. Power to
make, limited, 477. States at liberty
to propose, 486. Proposed by Han-
cock, 537; by Massachusetts, classi-
fied, 539; by South Carolina, 548;
by Patrick Henry, 580; by Virginia,
581; by New York, 587, 588; by
North Carolina, 597. Refused in
Maryland convention, 543. Proposed,
not made conditions of adoption, 551.
Amendments of Articles of Confedera-
tion, how made, II. 84, 473, 481.
America, natural advantages of, for
commercial pursuits, II. 309. Vari-
ety of climate and products of, 309.
American Constitutions, character of, I.

261.

American Feeling, Washington's efforts
to create, I. 110.
American People perceive the insuffi-
ciency of State governments, I. 114.
Early familiarity of, with the princi-
ples of government, 117. Perceive
the necessity of a union, 121. See
People of America.

American Revolution, commencement

of, I. 3. Attempt to alter charter
governments, a principal cause of, 6.
Found local legislatures in all the
Colonies, 7. Fundamental principle
established by, 379. Object and ef-
fects of, II. 196. Policy which led
to, real cause of, 238. Effect of, on
views of people of United States,
relating to government, 238.
Annapolis, general commercial con-
vention at, I. 326, 340, 350. Recom-
mends general convention to revise
the federal system, 349. Recom-
mendation, how received, 351. See
HAMILTON and MADISON.
Annapolis Commissioners, report of,
acted upon in Congress, I. 355.
Anti-Federalists, plan of, to postpone
action of Virginia on Constitution,
II. 568. See Federalists.
Appropriation Bills, provision concern-
ing, objected to, II. 147. See Money
Bills and Revenue Bills.
Arms of the United States, when adopt-
ed, I. 151.

ARMSTRONG, JOHN, wrote the New-
burgh Addresses, I. 168.
Army, power of Congress to raise and
support, II. 333. Appropriation of
money for support of, 333. Power
of Congress to make rules for, 334.
Standing, repugnant to American
feelings, 336. Not to be kept by
States in time of peace, 371. Presi
dent commander-in-chief of, 413.
Power of President to employ, 413.
Army of the Revolution, first suggested,
I. 31. How first raised, 32. State
of, when Washington arrived at
Cambridge, 55. How constituted,
58. Short enlistments in, how ac-
counted for, 60. Committee of Con-
gress sent to examine, 60. Discon-
tents in, 79, 158, 186. History of,
after the evacuation of Boston, 91.
Reorganized, 91, 92. Defects in or-
ganization of, 93. Officers of, how
appointed, 93; how treated in 1776,
94. Bad construction of, 94, 96.
Third effort of Washington to reor-
ganize, 109. Embarrassments and
difficulties attending, 110. State of,
in April, 1777, 111; in May, 1782,

158.

Arrest, privilege from, II. 263.
Arsenals, authority of Congress over,
II. 340.

Articles of Confederation, I. 509. Re-
ported in Congress, and recommend-

ed to the States, 53, 104, 113. Adop-
tion of, by the States, 124. Amend-
ments to, proposed by the States,
128; by New Jersey, for regula-
tion of commerce, 129. Chief obsta-
cle to the completion of, 131. States
urged to accede to, 134. Ratified by
New Jersey, 135; by Delaware, 135;
by Maryland, 136. Completion of,
announced, 137. Established by pa-
tatriotic sacrifices, 139. Outline of,
142. Construction of third article of,
265. Circular letter of Congress, rec-
ommending adoption of, 491. Rep-
resentation of New Jersey respecting,
493. Act of New Jersey accepting,
497. Resolves of Delaware respect-
ing, 498. Action of Maryland on,
501; of New York on, 505. Amend-
ment of, at first contemplated, II. 16.
How altered, 84, 180, 481. Citizen-
ship under, 206. Effort to include
in, power over Western Territory,
341. Admission of new States under,
345. On what terms ratified by small-
er States, 346. Restraints imposed
on States by, 363. Inter-state privi-
leges under, 447.

Assemblies in Provincial governments,
how constituted, I. 4.

Assembling, one of the common law
rights, I. 23.

Association, drawn up by House_of
Burgesses in Virginia, I. 12. For
non-importation, &c., how carried
out by colonists, 24.
Attainder, Bills of, defined, II. 360.
Congress prohibited to pass, 360.
States prohibited to pass, 368.
Attestation to Constitution, form of, II.

485.

B.

BALDWIN, ABRAHAM, model of Sen-
ate suggested by, II. 139. Vote and
views of, respecting representation in
Senate, 142.

Baltimore, public rejoicings in, in hon-
or of Constitution, II. 543.
BARNWELL, ROBERT, in favor of
Constitution, II. 510. Arguments
of, in convention of South Carolina,

548.

BELKNAP, Dr., on slavery in Massa-
chusetts, II. 454.

Bill of Rights, want of, a strong argu-
ment with some against Constitution,
II. 498. James Wilson's views re-

specting, 522. States equally divid-
ed on question of, in Convention,
523. Considered essential by Patrick
Henry, 554. Proposed by Virginia,

581.

Bills of Credit, power to emit, prohib-
ited to States, II. 328, 364. Mean-
ing of, 329.

Boston, occupied by royal troops in
1774-75, I. 27. Invested by army
under General Ward, in 1775, 32.
Reception of Constitution by people
of, II. 501. Rejoicings in, in honor
of Constitution, 540.

Boundary, Southern, fixed by the
Treaty of Peace, I. 312. Questions
of, proposed to be determined by
Senate, II. 223, 231; plan respect-
ing, 235. Determination of, a judi-
cial question, 232. See Western Ter-
ritory, Lands, and Northwestern Ter-
ritory.

Bounties offered for enlistment in 1776,
I. 93. Additional, offered by States,
95; effect of, 110.
BOWDOIN, JAMES, delegate to first
Continental Congress, I. 13. Gov-
ernor of Massachusetts, 270. Sup-
presses Shays's rebellion, 270. Mes-
sage of, suggesting a general conven-
tion, 336.

Brandywine, battle of the, force en-
gaged in, I. 113.

Bribery, by executive, dangers of, II.

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Cases arising under Constitution, &c.,
meaning of, II. 430.

Census, periodical, proposed by Wil-
liamson of North Carolina, II. 153.
Vote respecting, 153. See Federal
Census.

Cessions of Northwestern Territory, II.
342 Of land by States to United
States, 356. See Western and North-
western Territory.
Charleston, rejoicings in, on adoption
of Constitution, II. 548.
Charter, of William and Mary to Mas-
sachusetts, I. 5; attempt to alter, 6.
Inviolability of, 23. How distin-
guished from constitution, II. 7.
Charter Governments, form and charac-
ter of, I. 5.

CHASE, SAMUEL, views of, respecting
taxation of slaves, II. 159.

Checks of one department on another,
II. 301.

Citizenship, as qualification of national
officers, II. 186, 188, 204; of sena-
tors, 223. State rules respecting,
unlike, 199. General privileges of,
under Confederation, 206, 448; un-
der Constitution, 448. See Naturali-
zation.

CLARKE, GEORGE ROGERS, General,
proceedings of, in Kentucky, I. 322.
CLINTON, GEORGE, message of, as
Governor of New York, on revenue
system of 1783, I. 359. Head of
party in New York opposed to Con-
stitution, II. 502.

Coinage of the United States, origin
of, I. 443.

COIT, captain in the Revolutionary
naval force, I. 74.

Colonies, thirteen English, I. 3. Ante-
Revolutionary governments of, 3.
Form a union, 3. No union of, be-
fore the Revolution, 7. Common
grievances of, 9. People of, how
descended, 9. Rights of, how to
be determined, 16; when and how
stated, 20; declaration of, 22; what
included in, 22; how to be enforced,
23. Trade of, how far right to regu-
late in Parliament, 20. Reduction

of, to submission, great preparations
for, 38. Trade with, prohibited by
Parliament, December, 1775, 38.
Change of, into States, 116. Consti-
tutional power of, II. 179.
Commerce, of the United States, I.
276; capacity of, at the close of the
war, 284. Regulation of, a leading

object of Constitutional Convention,
II. 12; became an exigency of the
Union, 13; how provided for, by
Virginia plan, 90; if universal, must
include slave-trade, 285; report of
committee of detail respecting, 289;
generally conceded to general gov-
ernment as necessary, 290; views of
Southern statesmen respecting, 290;
by Congress, beneficial to North and
South 291; a power conceded by
South to North, 291; indivisible,
370; reluctance of South Carolina
to concede, 546. Want of power
over, in Confederation, 279. Interest
of, in different States, not identical,
291, 299. Powers of government
over, influence of, 311.

Necessities

See

of, basis of Constitution, 312.
Regulation of Commerce.
Commercial Convention. See Annapo-
lis and Virginia.

Commercial Power asked for by Con-
gress, I. 285. Action of the States
respecting, 286.

Commercial Treaties, want of, dis-
played, I. 277. Existing at the peace,
279. How far the Confederation com-
petent to make, 279. Why not made
with England, 282. Congress endeav-
ors to get power to make, 285. At-
tempt to negotiate without power,
286. States refuse the power to make,
287. Fruitless efforts of the commis-
sioners to negotiate, 289.
Commission. See Commercial Treaties
and JOHN ADAMS.

Committee of Congress sent to confer
with Washington, I. 60, 93.

Committee of the States under the Con-
federation, I. 146.

Committees of Correspondence recom-
mended by Virginia, I. 11. Agency
of, 12.

Common Law, one of the rights of the
Colonies, I. 23. And equity, distinc-
tion between, preserved by Constitu-
tion, II. 425. Basis of State jurispru-
dence, 425.

Commutation. See Half-Pay
Compromises between national and fed-
eral systems, II. 102, 104. Lie at
the basis of the Constitution, 129.
Respecting formation of Congress,
141, 167, 195; representation in Con-
gress, 146. Respecting slavery, 161;
how to be effected, 163; reflections
on, 309. Committee of, proposed by
Gouverneur Morris, 201. Respecting

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Confederation, office of, in American
history, I. 140, 149. Revenues of,
147. Defects of, 148, 155; II. 11,
14, 15, 35, 60, 79, 376. Restraints
imposed by, upon the States, L. 149.
Legal commencement of, 149. Op-
eration of, to the close of the war,
181. Power of, to maintain an army
and navy in peace, 215. Analyzed
by Hamilton, 221. Principle of, ad-
hered to, 225. Summary of its oper-
ations, 228. Incapacity of, to protect
the State governments, 260. Had
no strict power to hold or manage
public lands, 291. Decay and fail-
ure of, 328; II. 13. Fatal defect in
the principle of the, I. 371. Nature
of, II. 16. Had no power of compul-
sion, 16, 376. Powers of, 27. Prin-
ciple of, 33. Rule of suffrage under,
42. Had no executive or judiciary,
60. Laws of, to be executed by
State tribunals, 61. Compared with
Constitution, 90. Articles of, framed
in 1776, 158. Assessments on States
under, 160. Still in force while Con-
vention in session, 178. Relation of,
to States, 179. States opposed to
entering, except on full federal equal-
ity, 227. Had no seat of govern-
ment, 268. Want of power in, over
commerce, 279; over revenues, 279.
Engagements of, proposal to assume,
321. Want of power in, to admit
new States, 349. Rule of, respecting
making of treaties, 376, 416, 441.
Nature and objects of, 448.
How
amended, 473. Chief cause of fail-
ure of, 573. See Articles of Confeder-
ation and Congress.

Confiscations, provided against, by the
Treaty of Peace, I. 250. Strict right
of, belonged to the Union, 251.
Congress of the Revolution, leaves
Philadelphia after the battle of the
Brandywine, I. 113; assembles at
Lancaster and Yorktown, 113. Of
the Confederation, first meeting of,
125; structure and form of, 143, II.
133, 226; powers of, I. 144; restric-
tions on powers of, 146; attendance
diminished after the peace, 189; driv-
en from Philadelphia by a mutiny,

220; decline of, 226; meeting of, in
1783, 235; thinly attended, 235;
appointment and attendance of dele-
gates, 237, 239; perpetually in ses-
sion, 238; public objects to be ac-
complished by, 239; condition of, in
1785, 339; unfitted to revise the fed-
eral system, 364; had but one cham-
ber, II. 132; resolution for continu-
ance of, 176; method of voting in,
226; members of, chosen annual-
ly, and liable to recall, 241; ap-
pointment of officers by, complaints
respecting, 248; met where, 268;
presence of, in New York, benefits
resulting from, 273; attempts of, to
procure cessions from States, 342;
resolve of, for regulation of North-
west Territory, 342; power of, to
admit new States, 344; transmission
of Constitution to, 486; action of,
on Constitution, 499. Old, authority
of, continued till new adopted, 86.
Under Virginia plan, to have two
houses, 101. Under New Jersey
plan, to be one body, 101. Present
constitution of, by whom first sug-
gested, 138; compromise respecting,
141, 167. Power of, to legislate for
general interests of Union, 170; to
negative State laws, 170; respecting
elections to, 257; in general, 279; over
taxes, duties, &c., 322; to pay debts
of United States, 322; to provide
for common defence, &c., 322; over
places purchased for forts, &c., 340;
over Territories, different views con-
cerning, 340, 358; limited, 340; over
soil of national domain, 351; pro-
posed, over property of United States,
355; restraints on, 359; to establish
inferior tribunals, 423, 427. Acts of,
supreme law, 170; how passed, 264.
Proposal that executive be chosen by,
171. Members of, qualifications of,
194; ineligibility of, to office, 250;
time, &c. of electing, left to States,
258; pay of, proceedings in Conven-
tion respecting, 258; objections to
States paying, 259; privileged from
arrest, 263; punishment and expul-
sion of, 263; not to be questioned
elsewhere for speech or debate, 263.
Importance of early legislation of,
208. Proposed to be modelled after
Congress of Confederation, 226. Ad-
mission of members of Cabinet, &c.
to, question respecting, 253. Each
house of, to be judge of elections,

&c. of its own members, 262; to de-
termine its own rules of proceeding,
263; to keep journal, 263. Adjourn-
ment of, 275, 419. Exclusive sover-
eign of District of Columbia, 277.-
Time of meeting of, 277. To make
all necessary and proper laws for ex-
ecution of powers, 338. To declare
war, 413. To authorize calling out
of militia, 413. Special relations of
President to, 419. To prescribe
mode of proof and effect of State rec-
ords, &c., 449. To propose amend-
ments to Constitution, 477. To call
Convention to amend Constitution,
when, 477.

Connecticut, a charter government, I. 5.
Governor, council, and representa-
tives always chosen by the people,
6. Had five representatives in first
House, 149. Cedes claims to West-
ern territory, 300, 344. Appoints
and instructs delegates to the Con-
vention, 369. Opposed to Conven-
tion, II. 23; to executive holding of-
fice during good behavior," 173;
to property qualification for office,
189; to nine years' citizenship as
qualification of Senator, 224; to tax-
ing exports, 296; to restricting Pres-
ident to stated salary, 407. In favor
of equality of suffrage in both branch-
es of Congress, 122, 138; of equal
representation of States in Senate,
141, 148, 165; of census of free in-
habitants, 153; of referring Consti-
tution to State legislatures, 184; of
each State having one vote in Sen-
ate, 227. Vote of, respecting citizen-
ship as qualification for office, 209;
respecting money bills, 216, 218; re-
specting eligibility of members of
Congress to office, 251; respecting
slave-trade, 305. Ratification of Con-
stitution by, 515. Convention of,
527; debates in, mostly lost, 529.
Connecticut Reservation, note on, I. 300.
Constitution, how framed, II. 3. Means
of peaceful coercion a leading object
of, 62. An abridgment of State pow-
ers in some respects, 73. Republican
government guaranteed to States by,
80, 458, 468. Capacity of, of amend-
ment, 84. Why submitted to peo-
ple for ratification, 84. As reported
to Convention, 86. Different plans
of, proposed in Convention, 89.
Compared with Confederation, 90.
Compromise of, between national

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