of the Mississippi, I. 312. See Mis-
sissippi.

Speaker, of House of Representatives,
II. 264; when to act as President, 403.
Standing Armies, jealousy of, I. 81, 90.
States, interests and relations of, before
Constitution, II. 5. Devotion of,
to republican liberty, 6. Union of,
essential to republican liberty, 9.
Weakness of, without union, 9.
General purposes of, in calling Con-
stitutional Convention, 16. Position
of, in Convention, 27. Powers sur-
rendered by, to Confederation, 27.
Why represented in Congress, 40.
Diverse interests of, as affecting rep-
resentation, 43. Tendency of, to en-
croach on federal authority, 51. Pro-
posed control over legislation of, by
Congress, 52. Population of, in 1790,
table of, 55. Legislation of, control
of judicial department over, 66. Ad-
mission of, 75, 79, 109, 176, 340,
344, 350, 354. Cessions by, to
Union, 76. Republican government
guaranteed to, 79, 83, 177, 458.
Jealous of general government, 91.
Sovereignty of, how reconciled with
national sovereignty, 91. Plan to
abolish, 92. To make partial sur-
render of power under Virginia
plan, 95. Sovereignty of, preserved
under New Jersey plan, 95. Con-
flicts of, with nation, probable, un-
der Virginia plan, 102, 103. Strug-
gle between large and smaller,__re-
specting representation, 104. Pro-
posed equalization of, 108. Popu-
lations of, at formation of Constitu-
tion, 116. Relative rank of, at for-
mation of Constitution, 117. Con-
flict among, as to national and fed-
eral systems, 117. Danger of anni-
hilation of sovereignty of, by national
government, 128, 377. Danger of
alliances of, with foreign powers, 136.
Preservation of, in Congress, conced-
ed to be necessary, 139. Divided re-
specting constitution of Senate, 145.
Jealousy among, 150. Western,
views of members respecting, 150.
Slave and free, index of wealth of,
157. Wealth of, not measured by
land, 160. Position of, in Conven-
tion, respecting slaves, 161, 162.
Wealth of, for purpose of taxa-
tion, determined by inhabitants, 163.
Smaller, concession to, in constitu-
tion of Senate, 166. Free and slave,

populations of, compared, 168. Re-
lation of, to Confederation, 179.
Whether Constitution could be rati-
fied by government of, 180. Voting
by, history of practice of, 227. Equal
representation of, in Senate, just, 233.
Union desired by, from different mo-
tives, 303. Commercial legislation
of, under Confederation, various, 310.
Revenue and paper-money systems
of, under Confederation, various, 310.
Rights guaranteed to, by Constitu-
tion, 314. Power of, over slave-
trade, anterior to Constitution, 314.
Ports of one, not to be preferred to
those of another, 324. Compacts
between, outside of Articles of Con-
federation, 347. New, temporary
governments for, Madison's motion
respecting, 351. Admission of, num-
ber of votes requisite for, 352; by
dismemberment of State, 352; by
junction, 354; difference in cases of,
357; provisions for, general, 358.
Restraints on political power of, 362.
Issuing of bills of credit prohibited
to, 364. Laying of duties and im-
posts by, 368. Cannot lay duty on
tonnage, 370. Keeping of troops or
ships of war by, 371. Agreements
by, with another State or foreign
power, 371. When may engage in
war, 371. Governments of, how far
supreme, 377. May be multiplied
indefinitely under Constitution, 383.
Levying war against, not treason
against United States, 385. Certain
controversies between, proposed to
be tried by Senate, 424. Constitu-
tional restrictions on, 432. Laws of,
constitutionality of, how determined,
439. Courts of, not likely to admin-
ister justice to foreigners, &c., 442.
Different, controversies between citi-
zens of, 442; grants of lands by,
jurisdiction of cases respecting, 444.
A party to a suit, jurisdiction in cases
of, 444. Foreign, jurisdiction in
cases of, 444. Full faith given to
acts, &c. of, 449. Have exclusive
regulation of domestic institutions,
451. May exclude foreigners, 457.
Republican government guaranteed
to, object of, 468. Domestic violence
in, application to general govern-
ment in case of, 469. Competency
of, to abolish constitutions, 469.
Must have executive and legislature,
470. Protection of, against domestic

violence, 472. Equality of, in Senate,
for ever guaranteed by Constitution,
478. Refusal of, to comply with
requisitions of Congress, 572. See
New States.

State Constitutions, formation of, I. 116.
State Governments, how formed, I. 36.
State Sovereignty, early assertion of, I.

90.

Stop Laws. See Debts.

STORY, JOSEPH, views of, respecting
President's power to adjourn Con-
gress, II. 420.

Suffrage, Rule of, Governor Randolph's
resolution respecting, II. 35. Change
in, opposed by Delaware, 36. In
Continental Congress, 42. In Con-
federation, 42. In Senate, 48. For
House of Representatives, great de-
bate on, 135. According to Virginia
plan, 145. Different in different
States, 174, 198. Not universal in
any State, 471.

SULLIVAN, General, president of New
Hampshire Convention, II. 541.
SULLIVAN, JAMES, Governor of Mas-
sachusetts, II. 541.

Superintendent of the Finances, ap-
pointed, I. 174. See ROBERT MOR-

RIS.

Supremacy of United States, meaning
and scope of, II. 376. Of States,
extent of, 377. Of Constitution, as
affecting national growth, 383.
Supreme Court, tenure of office of, II.
67. Judges of, not removable by
address, 68, 73; compensation of, 68;
by whom appointed, 68. To deter-
mine constitutional questions, 74.
Functions of, compared with those of
State courts, 74. Judges of, propos-
ed appointment of, by Senate, 223,
230, 410. Appointment of, propo-
sals concerning, 234. Sole interpre-
ters of Constitution, 380. Judges of,
to be nominated by President, 418;
tenure of office and salaries of, 423.
One, under Constitution, 423. Origi-
nal and appellate jurisdiction of, 424.
Appellate jurisdiction of, ambiguity
concerning, 428. Doubts about con-
ferring power upon, to declare law
unconstitutional, 434.

Taxation, right of, denied to Parlia-
ment, I. 20. How distinguished from
regulation of trade, 20. Inseparable
from representation, 20, II. 157.
Difficulty of applying combined rule
of wealth and numbers to, 158. Re-
port of committee of detail respect-
ing, 290. By general government,
Mason's objections to, 557. See
Colonies.

Taxes, odious to the people of United
States, I. 180. Power of Congress

to collect, II. 322.
Tender, State laws respecting, restraint
on, II. 365.

Tender Law of Massachusetts, I. 268.
Sce Debts.

Territory, power of Congress over, un-
der the Confederation, I. 141. Au-
thority of Congress over, under Con-
stitution, II. 340; purpose of provis-
ion respecting, 355; diverse views
concerning, 358. See Western Ter-
ritory and Northwestern Territory.
Territorial Governments, power
frame, in Ordinance of 1787, II. 345.
Theory, danger of adhering too firmly
to, II. 129.

to

THOMPSON, CHARLES, Secretary of
first Continental Congress, I. 14.
TICKNOR, GEORGE, cited for a saying
of Jefferson concerning the Revolu-
tionary Congress, I. 64; for a saying
of Talleyrand about Hamilton, 410.
Tonnage, duty on, States prohibited to
lay, II. 370; proposed exception re-
specting, 370.

Tories, how dealt with by Continental
Congress, I. 36; in New Hampshire,
65. Washington's opinion respecting,
65. Movements of, in the neighbor-
hood of New York, 66; how met by
Washington, 66. Steps taken by
Congress to disarm, 68. Misunder-
standing respecting, between Wash-
ington and Congress, 69. Subject
referred to local authorities, 72. Re-
lations of persons and property of, to
the Union, 251.
Trade, inter-colonial, before the Revo-
lution, I. 9. Regulation of, by Par-
liament, distinguished from taxation,
20. With Colonies prohibited by
Parliament, December, 1775, 38. See
Colonies, Commerce, Continental Con-
gress, and Parliament.
Treason, definition of, in Constitution,
origin and purpose of, II. 384. Na-
ture of evidence of, 386. Punish-

Treaty of amity and commerce with
France, Sweden, and the Nether-
lands, I. 279. Negotiation for, with
the Netherlands, 280; with Sweden,
281.

Treaty of Alliance with France, I. 156.
Treaty of Peace signed and ratified,
I. 155, 187, 235, 237. Objects se-
cured by, 249. How violated by
certain States, 254, 257. Southern
boundary of the United States
fixed by, 312. Accompanied by a
secret article, 312, 313. Question
respecting, II. 415.

Treaty Power under the Confederation,
I. 325.

Treaties, supreme law of land, II. 170,
372, 374. Proposition that Senate
should make, 223. Negotiation of,
by numerous body, embarrassing,
232. Making of, proposals concern-
ing, 234. Provision respecting, ori-
gin of, 240; how modified, 414.
Rule of Confederation respecting,
416. May be proposed by Senate,
417. Jurisdiction over cases arising
under, 430. Cases arising under, how
settled, 440. Power to make, under
Confederation, 440.

Trial by Jury, of the vicinage, one
of the rights of the Colonies, I. 23.
Under Constitution, II. 424. Pro-
vision for, in civil cases, not in Con-
stitution originally, 427; supplied by
amendment, 427. Guaranty of, re-
quired by many States, 429. For
crimes, provisions respecting, 431.
Omission to secure, a strong argu-
ment with some against Constitution,

498.

TUCKER, GEORGE, cited about Madi-
son, I. 421.

TYLER, JOHN, opposed to Constitu-
tion, II. 506.

U.

Union, origin of, I. 3. Unknown to
the colonial condition, 7. Power to
form, a result of the Revolution, 8.
Proposal of, in 1754, 8. Proposed in
1773, 10. Virginia recommends, 11,

II. 12. As established by the Con-
federation, I. 142. Saved by the
proposal of the revenue scheme, 188.
Necessary to preserve the good faith
of the country, 189. Of the people,
idea of, 373. Change in character
of, II. 4. Necessarily republican, 10.
Preservation of, essential to indepen-
dence of States, 10. Purposes of, at
first indefinite, 12. Previous history
of, important, 13. "Exigencies of,"
13; how only to be provided for, 19.
Objects of, embraced in two classes,
13; how ascertained, 13; different
views respecting, 39. Proposed pow-
er in, to protect and uphold govern-
ments of States, 79. Dissolution of,
Madison's views respecting, 136;
Hamilton's views respecting, 136;
at one time probable, 140. General
interests of, power to legislate for,
170. Success of, to what attributa-
ble, 380. Sovereignty of, and of
States, no conflict between, 380. Ca-
pacity of, for territorial expansion,
cause of, 381. Theory of, respecting
domestic institutions of States, 451.
"United Colonies," term of, first adopt-
ed, I. 33.

United States of America, title of,
adopted, I. 52, 142.

United States, character of, at stake, I.
179. Laws and treaties of, supreme
law of States, II. 170, 372. Guar
anty by, of State institutions, 177.
Became proprietor of crown lands,
352. Title of, to vacant lands, 357.
Officer of, not to accept present, &c.
from foreign king, &c., 362. Reso-
lutions respecting supremacy of gov
ernment of, 372, 373. Supremacy of,
meaning and scope of, 376. Gov-
ernment of, unlike any other, 379;
determines its own powers, 379; safe-
guard of, 379; success of, to what
attributable, 379. Constitution, no
impediment to growth of, 383. Trea-
son against, definition of, 385. Im-
portance of preserving federal char-
acter of government of, 392. Rela-
tion of government to citizens of,
432. A party to a suit, jurisdiction
of cases of, 444.

V.

Valuation. See Land and Contribution.
Vermont, provision for admission of,

II. 353.

Within asserted limits of

New York, 353.
Vessels, entry and clearance of, II.
324. Payment of duties by, 324.
Veto, an essential power, II. 57. Bill
may be passed notwithstanding, 264.
Of President qualified, 265. Of king
of England absolute, 265; how sig-
nified, 265; in disuse since William
the Third, 266. History of, in Con-
stitutional Convention, 267. Mean-
ing of "two thirds" in provisions re-
specting, 267. Power of, proposed to
be given to Council of Revision, 438.
Vice-President, ex officio President of
Senate, II. 264. Has only casting vote
in Senate, 264, 396. Choice of, em-
barrassments respecting, 390. Rea-
sons for having, 395. Ultimate elec-
tion of, by Senate, 396, 401. When
to act as President, 400. Changes in
appointment of, 400. Qualifications
for, 401.

Virginia, a provincial government, I.4.
Advises a Continental Congress, 11.
Elects delegates, 12. Constitution
of, formed, 120. Effect of claim of,
to Western Lands, 132. Cedes the
Northwestern Territory, 137, 295.
Repeals her act granting imposts,
175. Stop-law of, 253. Action of,
concerning Western posts, 258. Op-
poses the surrender of the Mississippi,
315. Action of, leading to a general
commercial convention, 340, 343.
Appoints and instructs delegates to
the Convention, 367. Measures of,
respecting commerce, 423. First to
declare for Union, II. 12. Plan of
government proposed by, 89; Ham-
ilton's doubts respecting, 99; incon-
sistency in, 101, 103; reported to
Convention, 109; vote on, 109;
chasm in, 133. Opposed to election
of Senators by State legislatures,
135; to equality of suffrage in House
of Representatives, 138; to equality
of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165,
217. Had ten Representatives in
first House, 149. In favor of census
of free inhabitants, 153; of executive
holding office during "good behav-
ior," 173. Vote of, respecting citi-
zenship as qualification for office,
209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed
to each State having one vote in Sen-
ate, 227; to impeachments being tried
by Senate, 262; to taxing exports,
296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade,

305.

Cession by, in 1784, 342.
Strong opposition to Constitution
in, 504. Statesmen of, 504. Char-
acter of people of, 504. Great influ-
ence of Washington in, 505. Effect
of action of New Hampshire on, 510.
Convention of, meets at Richmond,
510, 549; parties in, nearly balanced,
529, 568; anxiety respecting action
of, 542, 549; eminence of members
of, 551; responsibility resting on, 551;
discussion on Constitution in, 554.
Had ratified Constitution before news
from New Hampshire, 578. Con-
vention of, final propositions of
friends of Constitution in, 579. Rat-
ification of Constitution by, how
finally effected, 579. Form of
amendments and Bill of Rights pro-
posed by, 581. Address prepared by
opponents of Constitution in, 582.
Adoption of Constitution by, rejoic-
ings at, 582.

Virginia and Maryland, efforts of, to
regulate the trade of the Potomac and
the Chesapeake, I. 341.
Virginia Reservation, note on, I. 296.
Voters, qualifications of, in different
States, II. 198.

W.

War, power to declare, proposed to
be given to two branches of Con-
gress, II. 231. To be declared by
Congress, 332, 413. When States
may engage in, 371. Ships of, not
to be kept by States in time of
peace, 371. And peace, power of
President to make, 411. To be
prosecuted by President, 413.
WASHINGTON, appointed and com-
missioned commander-in-chief, I. 33.
Arrives at Cambridge, 33. Mode of
his appointment as commander-in-
chief, 41. Previous history and char-
acter of, 41. Embarrassments of, in
the early part of the war, 55. Opin-
ions and actions of, respecting Tories,
65. Urges Congress to establish prize
court, 75. On the necessity for a
standing army, 91. Leaves Boston
for New York, 91. Compelled to
abandon New York, 91. Retreats
through New Jersey, 96. Complains
of his situation, 96. Asks for extra-
ordinary powers, 100. Dictatorial
powers conferred on, 100; apology

Plans

for, 101. Requires oath of allegiance
to United States, 106. Proclamation
by, at Morristown, in 1777, 106.
Powers conferred on, in 1776, jeal-
ousy respecting, 106. Opinion of,
respecting an oath of allegiance, 108.
Third effort of, to raise a new ar-
my, 109. Embarrassments of, 110.
Thwarted by the local authorities,
112. Adheres to a plan for the cam-
paign, 112. Anxious about the fall-
ing off of Congress, 127. Letters of,
to the States, in 1782, 157; to the
President of Congress, 158, 162. Sit-
uation of, 158. Warns Congress re-
specting the officers, 167. Painful
position of, 167. Proceedings of,
upon the Newburgh Addresses, 168.
On the want of a revenue power, 182.
Relations of, to the country during
the war, 200. Opinions of, at the
close of the war, 200. Address of, to
the States, on resigning, 201. On a
peace establishment, 218, 219. Re-
signs as commander-in-chief, 235.
Address to, 235. On the insurrec-
tion in Massachusetts, 274.
communications with Western settle-
ments, 310. Opinions of, respecting
the navigation of the Mississippi, 311,
315. Opinions of, in 1785, on the
state of the country, 333. Connection
of, with the plan of a general Conven-
tion, 341. Pressed to attend the gen-
eral Convention, 365, 397. On the
idea of a monarchical government
for the United States, 370. At Mount
Vernon, 393. Views of, on public
affairs, 394. Declines to attend the
general Convention, 399; reconsid-
ers and attends, 399. Reception of,
at Philadelphia, 401. Placed in the
chair of the Convention, 401. Opin-
ions of, 401. Character of, as a states-
man, 404. Meets the Alexandria
commissioners at Mount Vernon,
425. Failure of civil power to sus-
tain, II. 14. Difficulty experienced
by, as President, in preserving neu-
trality and excluding foreign influ-
ence, 82. In Convention, confined
himself to duties of presiding officer,
213. Suggestion of, respecting ratio
of representation in Congress, adopt-
ed, 213. In favor of tax on exports,
284. Early nominated for President,
391. Received no pay as command-
er-in-chief, 405. Practice of, respect-
ing cabinet, 409. Leading man in

Constitutional Convention, 476. Tra-
dition respecting words of, before
signing Constitution, 487. Views of,
respecting consequences of rejection
of Constitution, 487. Unbounded
confidence of people in, 498. Great
influence of, in Virginia, 505. Copies
of Constitution sent by, with expres-
sion of opinion, 509. Opinion of,
respecting action of Maryland on
Constitution, 542. Not a member
of Virginia convention, 551. Justi-
fies course of Federalists in New
York convention, 590. Administra-
tion of, topics appropriate to history
of, 604.

Washington, City of, an object of affec-
tion and pride, II. 277. See Seat of
Government.

WEBSTER, DANIEL, compared with
Hamilton, I. 419.

WEBSTER, NOAH, recommends a new
government, I. 350.
WEBSTER, PELATIAH, recommends a
general Convention, I. 350.
Weights and Measures, standard of,
fixed by Congress, II. 328.
West Florida, secret article respecting,
in the Treaty of Peace, I. 312.
West Point, academy at, suggested, I.

218.

Western Lands, claims of the States to,
I. 131. Conflicting interests of the
States concerning, 132. Surrender
of claim to, by New York, 133. Ces-
sions of, urged by Congress in 1780,
134. Motives of the cession of, 137.
Surrender of claim to, by Virginia,
137. Become the bond of the Union,
140. Power of Congress over, under
the Confederation, 141.
Western Posts. See Military Posts.
Western Settlements, position of, after
the peace, I. 309. Connection of,
with the Atlantic coast, 310. Alarm
of, about the Mississippi, 318.
Western States, prospective charac-
ter of, II. 300. Vast resources of,
310.

Western Territory, controversy respect-
ing, before the adoption of Articles
of Confederation, I. 291. Cessions
of, invited, 292; Congress declares
certain trusts respecting, 293. States
to be formed in, 293. Power of Con-
gress to deal with, 293. Cession of,
by New York, 293; by Virginia, 235.
Further legislation respecting, and
further trusts declared, 296. Admis-