ΙΟΙΟ DECIUS MUS-DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE DECIUS MUS. See Mus, Vol. XVII, p. 64. DECKER, SIR MATTHEW, a political economist; born at Amsterdam toward the end of the seventeenth century; died in 1749. In 1702 he went to London and the next year was naturalized as an English subject. Having embarked in commerce, he attained much success. In 1716 he became baronet, three years after which he entered Parliament as member for Bishop's Castle. He is best known among political economists by his theory of a tax on houses, by which all revenue was to be raised. He published, in 1743, a pamphlet on the subject, which attracted much attention. He wrote, also, Causes of the Decline of the Foreign Trade (1744); and Considerations on High Duties (1743). DECLARATION, in law, is a technical term referring to the first pleading filed by the plaintiff in a suit at law. It corresponds to the bill in a suit in chancery. It must contain, in proper legal form, a specification of the claim upon which the plaintiff relies, so stated as to apprise the opposite party of the nature of the plaintiff's demand against him. This pleading is sometimes called the complaint, especially in states which have adopted a code of procedure. The primary meaning of the word is a statement made concerning a transaction by a party thereto, or who has some interest in the transaction. Testimony as to the declarations of a party interested in a transaction or in the fact stated is frequently admitted as evidence. Thus when the fact in question is, whether the declaration was made, evidence of the declaration is admissible. So in cases of the declarations of deceased persons nearly related to the parties in question, as to questions of pedigree. Also as to matters of public or general interest, as in case of reputation. Declarations made by a party against his interest are also original evidence. See also DECLARATION, Vol. VII, p. 21. As to dying or death-bed declarations, see EVIDENCE, Vol. VIII, p. 741; and WILL, Vol. XXIV, p. 573. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. The PEN Continental Congress, in session at Philadelphia (for an account of which see UNITED STATES, Vol. XXIII, p. 741), on July 4, 1776, unanimously adopted the following: DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature,—a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator | by jury; DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE-DECLINATION NEEDLE For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses; For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies; For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war,-in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. The Declaration was signed as follows: IOII of Carrollton. Virginia. GEORGE WYTHE. RICHARD HENRY LEE. THOMAS JEFFERSON. BENJAMIN HARRISON. THOMAS NELSON, JR. FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT Lee. CARTER BRAXTON. North Carolina. WILLIAM HOOPER. JOSEPH HEWES. South Carolina. Georgia. BUTTON GWINNETT. LYMAN HALL. GEORGE WALTON. DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE. ENGLAND, Vol. VIII, p. 349. See DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. See BILL OF RIGHTS, Vol. XX, p. 555 DECLARATION OF WAR, a formal announcement of the beginning of hostilities between two states. It was the custom of the Romans to issue some formal declaration acquainting the citizens of Rome with the commencement of war. Later, in the days of feudalism and knighthood, it was the practice to send a herald to the state upon which war was to be made, who made an oral declaration of the reasons for the war and of its immediate beginning. In modern times, before the invention of the telegraph and the construction of the railroad, ample notice. was given not only to the enemy, but also to the neutrals engaged in commerce with the belligerents. It is now no longer customary to send the enemy a formal announcement, but notice is given neutral states, and the citizens of the governments about to engage in war are notified by their own governments. The need of such declaration no longer exists, owing to the telegraph and other modern inventions. The power of declaring war rests, in the United States, with Congress. DECLINATION. See ASTRONOMY, Vol. II, p.765. DECLINATION NEEDLE, a magnetic needle which, when suspended or made to rest on a point so that it can move in a horizontal plane, rests in a line connecting two fixed points of the horizon; to which position, when turned aside in any direction, it invariably returns after several oscillations. These two points at certain places on the globe are the north and south points of the horizon, although there is usually a slight deviation from these points. A magnetic meridian is the vertical plane passing through the points on the horizon indicated by the needle; and a similar plane, passing through the north and south points, is called the astronomical meridian of the place. See MAGNETISM, Vol. XV, pp. 220, 238. 1012 DECLINOMETER. DECLINOMETER-DEEMS See METEOROLOGY, Vol. | prominent member of the Huguenot Society of America. XVI, pp. 161, 162. DECOLORIMETER, an instrument by which the power of portions of bone-black, or animal charcoal, to abstract coloring matter is ascertained; a measurer of the effects of bleachingpowder. It is a graduated tube charged with a test-solution of indigo or molasses. DECOMPOSITION, a term in chemistry signifying the separation of more simple substances from a compound. Thus the red oxide of mercury, when heated, resolves into mercury and oxygen, thus undergoing decomposition; and water under a current of voltaic electricity is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen. See Chemical Action, under CHEMISTRY, Vol. V, P. 474. DE CONINCK, PIERRE LOUIS JOSEPH, a French artist; born at Méteren, France, Nov. 22, 1828. He studied under Leon Cogniet. He exhibited at Rome in 1855, and at the Paris Salon in 1857. He obtained medals in the Salons of 1866, 1868, 1875, and at the Universal Exposition of 1889, and was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. Among his paintings are Moccoli: The End of the Carnival at Rome (1877); Portrait of a Trappist (1885); Cornelia (1878); and The Gardener (1889). DECORAH, a city, the county seat of Winneshiek County, northeastern Iowa, on the Upper Iowa River; the seat of the Norwegian Luther College; contains churches, banks, mills and newspaper-offices. Three Norwegian periodicals are published here. Population 1895, 3,141. DECORATED STYLE. See ENGLISH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, pp. 425-428. DECORATION DAY, sometimes called Memorial day, is the day set apart in the United States for commemorating the services of the soldiers and sailors who lost their lives in the Civil War. Orations and processions are made in their honor, and their graves are florally decorated. It is observed by North and South alike, and, in most of the states of the Union, on the same day-May 30th. DECORATIVE ART. See MURAL DECORATION, Vol. XVII, p. 34; PоTTERY, Vol. XIX, pp. 611-625; JAPAN, Vol. XIII, pp. 588-592. DE COSTA, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, an American Protestant Episcopal clergyman; born July 10, 1831, in Charlestown, Massachusetts; now (1896) rector of the Church of St. John the Evangelist, in New York City. He entered the ministry in 1857, after being graduated at the Concord, New Hampshire, Biblical Institute. From 1857 to 1860 he was rector, first at North Adams, and later at Newton Lower Falls. For the first three years of the Civil War he was a chaplain in the Massachusetts infantry. He left the army in 1863 and engaged in journalism on the editorial staff of the Christian Times, the Episcopalian and the Magazine of American History. He published PreColumbian Discovery of America by the Northmen | (1869); The Moabite Stone (1870); and The Rector of Roxburgh (1873); etc. He was active in the organization of temperance societies, and became DECREPITATION, a term applied to the crackling sound heard when a substance like common salt is thrown into the fire. A series of minute explosions occurs, owing to the water between the plates of the crystalline particles becoming expanded by the heat, and ultimately bursting them. DECRESCENDO, in music, the reverse of crescendo; namely, gradual diminishing of the sound. The execution of the decrescendo is very difficult, whether on one or more notes. Like the crescendo, it is also frequently combined with a slight ritardando, especially in descending passages. sages. It is indicated by dec. or decres., or by the mark >. DECRETALS, FALSE, a collection of papal letters, canons, etc., chiefly forgeries, ascribed to Isidorus Mercator, and dating from the first half of the ninth century. See CANON LAW, Vol. V, p. 17. DECUSSATION, the crossing of two nerves, rays or lines which meet in a point and then diverge. For Decussation of the Pyramids, see ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 870. DEDHAM, a manufacturing town of central eastern Massachusetts, ten miles S. W. of Boston, the capital of Norfolk County, situated on the Charles River, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford and New England railroads. It manufactures brooms, woolen goods and pianos; has good public buildings, a courthouse, jail and house of correction, a town hall, and also a home for fallen women. Population 1890, 2,500. DEDICATION, in law, is the act of setting apart land for some public use by the owner, and which the public, or the proper officer on its behalf, accepts for such uses. Thus when the owner lays out and plats a tract of land and devotes certain portions thereof to public streets and alleys, and the public, through its proper officers, accepts the same, this act constitutes a dedication and precludes the owner from exercising control over it. Dedication may be either express, as when made by deed or other formal or direct manner, or it may be implied from the acts of the owner, as when he acquiesces in the use by the public under circumstances which indicate that he intended a dedication. DE DONIS CONDITIONALIBUS, THE STATUTE, a law passed in England, A.D. 1285, the object of which was to prevent the alienation of property by one who held a limited interest therein. Similar statutes are now enforced in many of the United States. DEDUCTION. See A PRIORI, Vol. II, p. 214. DEEMS, CHARLES FORCE, an American clergyman and educator; born in Baltimore, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1820; died Nov. 18, 1893, in New York City. After his graduation at Dickinson College in 1839, he entered the Methodist Episcopal ministry and was engaged in active pastoral work until 1842, when he was appointed professor of logic in the University of North Carolina; in 1845 became professor of chemistry in Randolph-Macon College, and in 1850-55 DEEMSTER-DEFENDER OF THE MARRIAGE TIE president of Greensboro Female College. He returned to his pastoral work in New York City, and remained there until the time of his death as pastor of the Church of Strangers. He was a close intimate of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and was largely responsible for the establishment and endowment of Vanderbilt University, Tennessee. He was a ready writer, and published a number of valuable works; among them, Triumph of Peace, and Other Poems (1840); Weight and Wings (1872); and Chips and Chunks for Every Fireside (1892). He edited The Southern Methodist Episcopal Pulpit (1846-51); The Annals of Southern Methodism (1849-52); and Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine (1876-79). DEEMSTER. See MAN, ISLE OF, Vol. XV, p. 452. DEEP BOTTOM, a point on the James River, in Henrico County, eastern Virginia, 12 miles below Richmond. It was a strategic point during the Civil War, and important battles were fought in the vicinity in the year 1864. DEEP RIVER, a village of Middlesex County, central southern Connecticut, situated near the west bank of the Connecticut River, about 35 miles S. of Hartford, on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad. The chief industry is the manufacturing of hardware. Population 1890, 1,297. DEEP RIVER, of North Carolina, rises in Guilford County, follows a southeasterly course and unites with Haw River at Haywood, to form the Cape Fear River. Deep River is about 130 miles long. 1013 Erie and Western railroad. The Delaware River See CARIACOu, in these DE FACTO, a legal term used to denote a condition actually existing, or a thing which has been done. It is frequently used in contradistinction to de jure, which means, of right. Thus an officer de facto is one who in fact exercises the functions of the office with apparent right, but who is not actually qualified in law as such officer. A de facto government is one completely estab| lished, and actually exercising control, but whose control is not recognized as permanent or rightful. DEFAULT, in law, is the failure of the defendant in a suit to appear in proper time and make his defense, or of the plaintiff to prosecute his claim against the defendant. Upon default of the defendant, judgment by default may be rendered against him, in accordance with the claim set forth in the declaration. Upon default of the plaintiff, a nonsuit may be entered against him. Usually, in suits to recover a definite liquidated sum of money, a judgment may be entered against the defendant upon his default in pleading to the action without the hearing of proofs, provided the plaintiff has filed with his declaration an affidavit of the amount due him. Default, in its general sense, means the failure of a party to perform a duty or undertaking. DEFEASANCE, a collateral instrument, usually made at the same time or in connection with the same transaction as another conveyance, and which contains conditions which, if performed, will defeat the estate created by the other deed. In Chatham and Moore counties are found the Deep River coal-beds, a tract of land containing about 40 square miles, lying along the Deep River valley. The coal is of good quality, varying from bituminous to anthra-Thus a bond for the reconveyance of an estate cite. Although the coal is abundant, and its location known for over a century, it has not been mined. In the same region good copper and iron ores are found. DEERFIELD, a historic village in Franklin County, northwestern Massachusetts, on the Boston and Maine and New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads. In 1675 it was the scene of "Bloody Brook massacre, and in 1703 the French and Indians burned the village. It is a railroad center, and possesses many attractions of scenery for the tourist. Population 1890, 2,910. upon the payment of a certain sum at a specified time, and delivered at the same time the estate is conveyed, is a defeasance, and if the condition is performed by the payment of the money at the time agreed, the deed of conveyance will be defeated. An instrument of defeasance must be of as high a nature as the principal deed, and must be recorded, to be binding as against a stranger without notice. DEFENDER OF THE MARRIAGE TIE, an office created by Pope Benedict XIV in 1741. Its object is, in all cases of actions for divorce, or any attempt to annul the marriage tie, to defend the sanctity of the marriage bond in every DEE RIVER. See CHESHIRE, Vol. V, p. 589. feature of its integrity. Marriage, being a sacraDEER LODGE CITY, the capital of Deer ment in the Catholic Church, is, like the other Lodge County, western Montana, situated on a sacraments, most jealously guarded. The "decreek of the same name, on the Montana Union fender," or officer appointed to defend, is clothed railroad, about 50 miles S. W. of Helena. The by ecclesiastical authority with the same, or simiregion is mountainous, and gold is found. Popu- lar, powers that the prosecuting attorney has in Popular, lation 1890, 1,463. civil law in criminal procedure. It is his duty to protect and defend the sacredness of the marriage tie in every case presented within his jurisdiction. He usually acts as a referee in civil court procedure. The office was instituted in America by the Third Plenary Council in 1884, and is now extended until each Catholic diocese has its own "defender" ecclesiastically DEER-MOUSE OR JUMPING-MOUSE, a genus of American rodent quadrupeds, allied to mice and to jerboas. See JERBOA, Vol. XIII, p. 626. DEER PARK, a township of Orange County, southern New York, drained by the Neversink River and intersected by the New York, Lake 1014 DEFENSE-DEGOLLADO Munich Academy, he has his studio in that city. appointed. The first appointment in the United | Horse; and The Wrestlers. A member of the States, resultant on the action of the Baltimore Council in 1884, was the Rev. Dr. Burtsell, who was made "defender," etc., by Archbishop Corrigan, and elected by the synod of 1886. DEFENSE, the resistance of an attack. Selfdefense, in case of an attack with force, when the person attacked cannot otherwise avoid injury, is a natural right which the law recognizes. A man is also permitted to repel force by force for the purpose of protecting his family and property. If one kills an assailant while protecting himself, his family, or even his property, and while using only means proportionate to the occasion, he will be justified, provided the act from which he attempts protection would if carried out, constitute a felony. DEFIANCE, capital of Defiance County, northwestern Ohio, on the Maumee River, where it is joined by the Tiffin, about 50 miles S. W. of Toledo, and about 44 miles N. E. of Fort Wayne, Indiana. It is on the Wabash railroad, the Wabash and Erie canal, and the Baltimore, Pittsburgh and Chicago railroad. It publishes two weekly newspapers, and contains a seminary for women, and several manufactories. Population 1890, 7,694. DEFLAGRATION, a sharp, quick combustion; an example is the rapid combustion of ignited charcoal, where a nitrate, such as nitrate of potash, or a chlorate, such as chlorate of potash, is thrown thereon. As chlorates do not occur naturally, it follows that deflagration with a natural salt indicates a nitrate; and if the deflagration be accompanied by a violet flame, it is characteristic of nitrate of potash (ordinary niter or saltpeter); and if by a strong yellow flame, it is indicative of a nitrate of soda (cubical niter). DEFORCEMENT, in English law, an abatement, intrusion, disseisin or discontinuance, or any other wrong whatsoever, whereby he that has the right to the freehold is kept out of possession. DE FOREST, JOHN WILLIAM, an American soldier and author; born in Humphreysville (now Seymour), Connecticut, March 31, 1826. His education was largely obtained abroad. During the Civil War he served as captain of volunteers, quitting the service with the rank of major. Before the war he had written several books, and stories for periodicals, and being on the field of operations, he sent to Harper's Monthly, descriptions of many battles fought in Louisiana and Georgia. He wrote many essays, poems and some fifty short stories. Among his writings are Oriental Acquaintance (1856); Seacliff, a novel (1859); Honest John Vane (1875); and The Oddest of Courtships; or, The Bloody Chasm (1881). DEFREGGER, FRANZ, a German painter; born in Tyrol, at Stronack, April 30, 1835. He studied in Munich and Paris, and was a pupil of Piloty, becoming one of the foremost genre painters. His pictures are for the most part from Tyrolese life. The more famous among them are Tyrolese Landsturm Returning from the War of 1809; The Prize DE FUNIAC SPRINGS, a village of western Florida, capital of Walton County, about twenty miles N. of Choctawhatchee Bay, on the Louisville and Nashville railroad. It is the seat of the Florida Chautauqua and state normal school. DEGENERATION, ANIMAL. See ZOOLOGY, Vol. XXIV, p. 811. In PLANTS. See BOTANY, Vol. IV, pp. 128, 129. DEGER, ERNST, a German historical painter; born at Bockenheim, April 15, 1809; died Jan. 27, 1885, at Düsseldorf. He was a pupil of Schadow at the Düsseldorf Academy. The greater part of his work was in Scriptural illustration, especially in church decoration, notedly at the Church of St. Apollinaris at Remagen, and the Chateau at Stolzenfels. He was one of the group of artists known as "Nazarites," and was a member of the Munich and Berlin academies. DE GIERS, NICHOLAS CARLOVITCH, a Russian statesman; born at Radzivilow, May 9, 1820; died in St. Petersburg, Jan. 26, 1895. He entered the diplomatic service in 1838; was in the foreign office during the Crimean War; consulgeneral to Egypt, Wallachia and Moldavia; minister to Teheran; was next made privy councilor; minister to Switzerland and Sweden. In 1875 he was appointed adjunct minister of foreign affairs, and in 1882 succeeded Gortchakoff as the head of the department of foreign affairs. DE GOEJE, MICHAEL JAN, a Dutch Orientalist; born in Dronryp, Aug. 13, 1836. He began the study of Arabic under the tuition of his father, and afterward under the famous Arabist, Dosy, professor at the University of Leyden. He himself was appointed, in 1869, professor of Arabic at the University of Leyden. He has published numerous new editions of Arabic texts, with translations and glossaries. Among these may be mentioned Jakubi, a description of Africa and Spain; Beládhori, a history of the conquest of Syria; and a series of historical and geographical notes on the Orient. DEGOLLADO, SANTOS, a Mexican general; born in Morelia, Mexico, July 30, 1819; died in June, 1861. In 1854 he took part in the revolt against Santa Anna, and raised an army of two thousand men, who joined the forces under the command of General Juan Alvarez. This general, at the head of the Liberal forces, deposed Santa Anna, and became President, while Degollado, belonging to the Liberal party, and opposed to the church party, devoted his energies to the establishment of the government. He was elected governor of his native state, Michoacan, in 1859, and then elected to Congress. In the mean time the church party had become powerful and ag gressive; it had sent an army into the field, and now threatened the government. Its latest outrage was the capture and unprovoked assassinaation of Melchor Ocampo, the friend of Degollado. The latter asked permission to lead an expedition against the rebels. He started out with 150 men, fell into an ambush and was assassinated. |