DEGREE-DEKKER 1015 also been used by monarchs, having in their minds a special significance as expressing the idea of the “divine right of kings." DEGREE, in music, the difference of position | the beginning of the seventeenth century. It has or elevation of the notes on the lines and spaces. When notes are on the same line or space they are on the same degree, even though one of the notes should be raised by a sharp or lowered by a flat. When two notes follow diatonically, so that one of them is on a line and the other on a space adjoining, the interval is of one degree. Subtracting one from an interval gives the degrees which separate the two notes; thus a third is separated by two degrees, a fourth by three, etc. DEGREES, ACADEMICAL. See EXAMINATIONS, Vol. VIII, p. 777. DE HAAS, MAURICE FREDERICK HENDRICK, a Dutch-American artist; born in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1832, the brother of William F. De Haas, and, like him, a marine-painter. He studied art in his native country, made sketches of Dutch and English coasts, and was appointed artist of the Dutch navy. In 1859 he came to New York, where he became an associate of the National Academy and one of the original members of the American Water-Colors Society. Among his works are Storm off the Isle of Jersey; After the Wreck; Off the Coast of France; Sunset at Sea; Drifting Ashore in a Fog; Early Morning off the Coast; and Farragut Passing the Forts.-His brother, WILLIAM FREDERICK DE HAAS, was born in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1830; died in Fayal, Azores, July 16, 1880. He was a marine-painter; studied in his native city and under Bosboom, at the Hague. He emigrated to America in 1854. Some of his paintings are Sunrise on the Susquehanna; Fishing-Boats off Mt. Desert; Boon Island; Coast of Maine; and Narragansett Pier. DE HAVEN, EDWIN J., an American Arctic explorer; born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1819; died there, Oct. 2, 1865. At the age of ten he entered the marine service, continuing in it for thirty-six years. From 1839 to 1842 he was with Wilkes's exploring expedition, and for sixteen months he was in command of the first expedition sent by Henry Grinnell in search of Sir John Franklin. DEIANIRA, daughter of Eneus; she poisoned the tunic of Hercules with blood of the centaur Nessus, preserved under the impression of its being a love-charm. See HERCULES, Vol. XI, p. 726. DEI GRATIA (Lat., "by the favor of God,") a formula taken from several apostolical expressions in the New Testament. It is believed to have been first formally used by the bishops at the Council of Ephesus, A. D. 431. Afterward it came to be appended by archbishops, bishops, abbots, abbesses, deans, monks, and even chaplains, to their titles, in letters and other documents, as an humble expression of dependence on the Most High. After the middle of the thirteenth century, the higher clergy wrote Dei et Apostolica Sedis gratia, "By the favor of God and the Apostolic See." In the British Islands this style was generally dropped about the time of the Reformation, but it was occasionally given to the archbishops of Canterbury and York, even after DEJAZET, PAULINE VIRGINIE, a French actress, from whom the Théâtre Dejazet, in Paris, receives its name; born, Aug. 30, 1797, in Paris; died there, Dec. 1, 1875- She began her stagelife while a child, and remained active in the profession for over seventy-five years. She was extremely popular while in her prime. of her death she owned the Théâtre Dejazet. DE KALB, a city in the northern part of Illinois, the capital of De Kalb County, about 60 miles W. of Chicago, on the Chicago Great Western and Chicago and North-Western railroads. It has manufactories of plows and other farming tools, furniture, gloves, mittens, barbed wire, iron wire, shoes and machinery. Population. 1880, 1,598; 1890, 2,579. The increase was due to the location of several large new factories in the city. DE KALB, JOHN, BARON, a Bavarian general who entered the French army, and, accompanying Lafayette to America, fought under Washington and Gates; born July 29, 1721, in Hüttendorf, Bavaria; killed in battle at Camden, South Carolina, Aug. 19, 1780. He was induced by Silas Deane to join the American forces, and upon his arrival in America was made a major-general by Congress. He was under Washington at Valley Forge and in New Jersey until 1780, when he was sent to aid General Gates in the South. He was mortally wounded, Aug. 16, 1780, while heading his forces in resisting an attack by Cornwallis. A statue has been erected to his memory in Annapolis, Maryland. DE KAY, CHARLES, an American novelist and journalist; born July 25, 1848, at Washington, District of Columbia, a grandson of the poet, Joseph Rodman Drake. He became literary editor of the New York Times in 1877, and held that position until 1894, when he was appointed United States consul to Berlin. He has published The Bohemian (1878); Hesperus, and Other Poems (1880); Love Poems of Louis Barnaval (1883); and Barye: Life and Works (1889). DE KAY, JAMES ELLSWORTH, an American naturalist; born in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1792; died in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York, Nov. 21, 1851. He studied for the medical profession in Edinburgh; visited Turkey with his father-in-law, Henry Eckford; was sent by the latter on business connected with the navy to the South American countries, and on his return settled at Oyster Bay. During the cholera outbreak in New York he gave his services to the victims. He wrote for the press, was engaged in a state survey, the departments of botany and zoology being assigned him. researches are in five volumes of the New York State Survey (1842-49). He also published Travels in Turkey (1833). His DEKKER, EDWARD DOUWES, a Dutch author; born in Amsterdam, March 2, 1820; died in Nieder-Ingelheim, Feb. 19, 1887. He published two 1016 DE KOVEN-DE LANCEY dramas, several works on the Dutch Indies, and various other popular books, the best known being Max Havelar (1860). He wrote under the pseudonym "Multatuli." the Revue des Deux Mondes, and his published works include Studies of the Fine Arts in France and Italy (1864); The Collections of Engravings in the National Library (1875); and A Compendium of the Origin, History and Processes of Engraving (1882). DE KOVEN, JAMES, an American clergyman; born in Middletown, Connecticut, Sept. 19, 1831; died in Racine, Wisconsin, March 9, 1879. He was DELAFIELD, EDWARD, an American physia graduate of Columbia and the General Theo- cian and surgeon; born at New York, May 17, logical Seminary, and was made rector at Dela- 1812; died there, Feb. 13, 1875. He graduated at field, Wisconsin, of the Church of St. John Yale in 1812, and studied medicine in New York, Chrysostom. The care of the school, St. John's London and Paris. He assisted in founding the Hall, was placed in his hands, and in 1859 he was New York Eye and Ear Infirmary in 1820, and elected warden of Racine College, and introduced the New York Ophthalmological Society in 1865, various innovations, such as the wearing of the of which he afterward became president; and Oxford cap and gown by teachers and pupils, and was president of Roosevelt Hospital and of the the first surpliced choir west of New York. He New York College of Physicians and Surgeons at did much for the upbuilding of this college, by the time of his death.-His son, FRANCIS DELAthe extension of its grounds and the erection of FIELD, was born in New York, Aug. 13, 1841; a new chapel and other buildings. He declined educated at Yale and in the New York College of the call to be the assistant rector of Trinity Physicians and Surgeons. He has been surgeon Church, New York, and a little while before his in the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, physideath he was chosen rector of St. Mark's, Phila- cian to Bellevue Hospital, professor of pathology delphia. He was a brilliant conversationalist and practical medicine in the New York College and a powerful pulpit orator. of Physicians and Surgeons, and, among other medical works, has published a Handbook of PostMortem Examination (1872) and Handbook of Pathological Anatomy (1885). DE KOVEN, REGINALD, an American musical composer; born in Middletown, Connecticut, April 30, 1859. After several years spent in study at Stuttgart under Speidl, and at Paris under Mathias and Durand, he attended King's College, Oxford, and was graduated in 1879. He again went to Stuttgart and studied under Lebert and Pruchner. His original idea had been to become a professional pianist, but he gave this up and devoted himself to composition, composition, in which he took a front rank among opera and song writers. His first composition was a song, Margery Daw (1882). He afterward published over one hundred songs; among them, Oh, Promise Me; Winter's Lullaby; Indian Love Song; Ask What Thou Wilt; etc. But it is perhaps for his operas that Mr. De Koven is best known. Among them are Robin Hood (1890); Don Quixote (1889); The Fencing-Master (1892); Rob Roy (1894); and The Mandarin (1896). He became musical critic for the New York World. DE KROYFT, SARAH HELEN ALDRICH, an American authoress; born at Rochester, New York, Oct. 29, 1818. She received an excellent education, and graduated at the Lima Seminary, in New York. In 1845 she was married, but her husband was accidentally killed on the wedding day. Later she became totally blind, but nevertheless became a successful writer for the periodicals. She has lectured on Darwin and Moses. Her only published book is A Place in Thy Memory (1850). DELABORDE, HENRI, a French historical painter; born at Rennes, May 2, 1811; a pupil of Delaroche; a member of the Institute, an officer of the Legion of Honor, and perpetual secretary of the Academy of Fine Arts, and gained a high reputation as a writer and art critic. Among his paintings are The Confessions of St. Augustine (1853); The Death of St. Monica (1838); and The Taking of Damietta (1841). He contributed to DELAFIELD, RICHARD, an American military engineer; born in New York City, Sept. 1, 1798; died in Washington, District of Columbia, Nov. 5, 1873. After graduating at West Point in 1818 he became a military engineer, and was appointed to duty on the northern boundary survey of the United States, under the Ghent treaty. Subsequently he was employed on the defenses of Hampton Roads, the Mississippi, Delaware and Hudson rivers. He was twice superintendent of West Point. He was one of the military commission sent to Europe in 1855, during the Crimean War, to study the warfare of the times. 1861 to 1863 he served on the staff of Governor Morgan of New York; from 1864 to 1866 had charge of the bureau of engineers of the War Department, was inspector of the Military Academy, and in 1866 was retired from service with the rank of brigadier-general. From DELAGOA BAY. For over half a century there have been intermittent attempts to establish communication between the Transvaal and Delagoa Bay. All failed, however, till 1887, when a company was formed in London to work a concession from the Portuguese government for the construction of a railway from Delagoa Bay to the Transvaal frontier. The line was partly opened in 1888, and in July, 1895, was finished to Pretoria, in the Transvaal, a distance of 350 miles, and to Johannesburg, four hundred miles from the bay. See DELAGOA BAY, Vol. VII, p. 40. DE LANCEY, JAMES, an American jurist; born in New York City, Nov. 27, 1703; died there, July 30, 1760. He was educated in England, where he studied law. He took a prominent part in the early organization of the city of New York, and was mainly responsible for the "Montgomery Charter of 1730. He became chief justice of the DE LANCEY-DELAVAN supreme court in New York in 1733, lieutenantgovernor of the state, presided over the first Congress held in the colonies, and was the first person on whom the freedom of the city of New York was conferred. He was one of the founders of King's College. The De Lancey family was prominent in Revolutionary times, and several of its members were men of remarkable talent. DE LANCEY, WILLIAM HEATHCOTE, an American Protestant Episcopal bishop, nephew of the preceding; born Oct. 8, 1797, in Mamaroneck, New York; died in Geneva, New York, April 5, 1865. He was ordained deacon in 1819, and priest in 1822. From 1828 to 1833 he was provost of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1835 he became rector of St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, having been assistant for the two previous years. He was chosen bishop of western New York in 1839, and in 1852 was a delegate to the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the London Missionary Society, this being the first occasion on which the American church was formally represented in England. DELAND, a city and the capital of Volusia County, central eastern Florida, 41 miles N.W. of Titusville, on a branch of the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West railroad. It is the seat of Stetson University. It is also popular as a healthresort. Its industries are machine-shops, refrigerator factories and the handling of the great quantities of oranges raised in the vicinity. Population 1890, 1, 113. DELAND, MARGARET WADE (CAMPBELL), an American novelist and writer; born Feb. 23, 1857, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Her school days were spent at the Pelham Priory, in New Rochelle, New York, and at Cooper Union, New York City. Upon the completion of her studies she engaged in teaching. She has written and published a number of delightful poems and stories. Among her writings are The Old Garden, and Other Verses (1886); John Ward, Preacher (1888); Philip and His Wife (1894); and Sidney (1890). She was She was married to L. F. Deland of Boston in 1880. DELANE, JOHN THADEUS, a British editor; born in London, Oct. 11, 1817; died there, Nov. 22, 1879. He was graduated at Oxford in 1839. He made starts in several professions, and finally drifted into journalism. He became a member of the staff of the London Times, and in 1841 its editor. His connection with that paper and his influence are given under NEWSPAPERS, Vol. XVII, P. 418. MARGARET W. DELAND. DELANO, COLUMBUS, an American statesman; born in Shoreham, Vermont, June 5, 1809. He became an eminent criminal lawyer in Ohio, was elected to the legislature and to Congress in 1844, 1864 and 1866. He was a delegate to the 1017 conventions of 1860 and 1864 which nominated Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. President Grant appointed him Commissioner of Internal Revenue in 1869. From 1870 to 1875 he was Secretary of the Interior. He died at his home near Mount Vernon, Ohio, Oct. 23, 1896. DE LA RAMÈE, LOUISA ("Ouida "), an English novelist; born in 1840, at Bury St. Edmunds, England. She began at a very early age to write. for the London periodicals, especially Colburn's New Monthly Magazine. The childish mispronunciation of her name, Louisa, suggested her pseudonym,"Ouida." Since gaining a reputation she has spent the greater part of her time in Italy. She was a very prolific writer; over 25 novels are accredited to her. Her best-known works are Strathmore (1865); Under Two Flags (1867); Pascarel (1873); Two Little Wooden Shoes (1874); and Moths (1880). LOUISA DE LA RAMÈE. DELATOR, an informer or accuser. The original use of the term was for any kind of a carrier, but soon it was applied only to those who brought evil reports. In Rome the delatores held sway for a time and were paid for their services by the government. They apprehended assassins. and accused persons of crimes. They brought accusations against various public officials, a great many times wrongfully. They became such an evil under Domitian that the next emperor, Nerva, ordered them to be driven out. DELAUNAY, CHARLES EUGENE, a French mathematician; born at Lusigny, Aube, France, April 9, 1816; drowned Aug. 5, 1872, at Cherbourg, France. His work in mathematics and astronomy is treated in full in MoON, Vol. XVI, pp. 801, 802; and GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 225. DELAUNAY, EMANUEL. See ANTRAIGUES, COMTE D' in these Supplements. He DELAUNAY, LOUIS ARSÈNE, a French actor, probably the greatest of the French actors of his day. He was born in Paris, March 21, 1826. He began his stage life in 1846, at the Odéon. was chosen by many of the French playwrights for the first presentation of their work. He created the part of Hernani, in Hugo's play of that name, and the part of Télémaque, in Ulysse. Was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and in 1877 professor of dramatic oratory at the Conservatory. He retired in 1887. DELAVAN, a railroad town of Tazewell County, northern central Illinois, about 157 miles. S. W. of Chicago, on the Chicago and Alton and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville railroads. It has a variety of manufactories and a population (1890) of 1,171. DELAVAN, a village in Walworth County, southwestern Wisconsin, on Turtle Creek, 58 1018 DELAVAN-DELAWARE miles S. W. of Milwaukee, on the Chicago, Mil- | yield large crops and find a ready market in New. waukee and St. Paul railroad. It is the seat of the State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb; has foundries and extensive dairies. Population 1895, 2,238. DELAVAN, EDWARD CORNELIUS, an American temperance reformer; born in Schenectady County, New York, in 1793; died in Schenectady, Jan. 15, 1871. He acquired a large fortune in the wine business and owned considerable real estate in Albany, including the Delavan House, which was erected by him. He became interested in the temperance cause, and, with the assistance of Dr. Eliphalet Nott, he organized, in Schenectady, a state temperance society; he lectured, wrote and gave largely for the cause. In 1835 he charged an Albany brewing company with using filthy water for malting. Suit for libel and other suits were brought against him, but he won the first and the others were dropped. He published a temperance periodical, which became later the Journal of the American Temperance Union. DELAWARE. For general account and history up to 1870, see Vol. VII, pp. 44, 45. The York and Philadelphia. In 1893 the peach crop was a large one, over two million baskets being shipped to points outside the state. Immense quantities are canned, this industry being one of Delaware's most profitable lines of export. The strawberry crop also adds largely to the aggregate of the annual value of agricultural products. The census returns show Delaware to have over 1,000 specified manufacturing industries, with an aggregate invested capital of $33,695,400, employing 21,906 hands, paying in wages, $9,892,387, LIBERTY AND INDEPENDENCE STATE SEAL OF DELAWARE. climate of Delaware is mild and healthful, except and producing $37,571,848 worth of goods. The principal industries were the manufacture of cotton goods, car-building, the manufacture of chemicals and fertilizers, foundries and machine-shops, flouring-mills, iron and steel works, leather goods, etc. Over eighteen hundred hands were employed in ship-building, the shipyards at Wilmington being especially extensive. In sea-fisheries large capital is invested and many persons engaged. The oyster industry alone has some five hundred vessels and boats constantly employed throughout the season. STATE CAPITOL, DOVER, DELAWARE. The number of miles of railroad in operation in 1891 was 333, with a capital of more than $7,000,000, and $112,347,873 representing the cost of equipment. At the beginning of 1895 the total state assets were $1,031,842, the total liabilities $684,750. The school fund was $115,442, having been much depleted during the three years preceding by the expenditure of $42,187 for the purchase of free textbooks for the schools of the state. In 1895 there were six thousand colored children of school The total number of farms is given as 9.381, their acreage as 1,055,692, with a total valuation of $39,586,080. The farm implements and machinery were valued at $1,385,570, and the livestock at $4,198,810. The estimated value of farm products was $6,481,590. In 1893 the number of farm-animals, with their value, was as fol-age in the state, who had never had the privileges lows: Horses, 25,553, value $2,049,814; mules, 4,826, value $491,549; milch cows, 31,330, value $757,246; oxen, 27,941, value $635,396; sheep, 13,551, value $48,987; swine, 521, 167, value $365,167. The soil, climate and proximity to market all combine to make fruit-growing profitable, and peaches, apples and the small fruits all of attending a public school. The total number of DELAWARE BAY-DELBRÜCK periment station, in connection with the college, receives government aid to the amount of about thirty-five thousand dollars annually. There is also a college at Wilmington, and a separate institution for colored students. Among the state institutions are the Delaware State Hospital for the Insane, at Farnhurst, with an average of about 250 patients, the Delaware Industrial School for Girls, and the Delaware Industrial School for Boys. The deaf and dumb, the blind, and feeble-minded children are maintained in institutions outside the state, their support being provided for by annual appropriations. There are about three hundred churches in the state, the Methodist denominations leading in point of numbers. Of the 37 newspapers published in the state at the beginning of 1896, 5 are daily, 29 weekly, 2 semimonthly and 1 monthly. Wilmington, the principal city of Delaware, has a population of 61,431; Dover, the capital, 3,061; New Castle, 4,010. Important towns and villages are Smyrna, North Milford, Seaford, Lewes, Laurel, Delaware City and Newark. The population of the state in 1880 was 146,608; in 1890, 168,493, of which 140,066 were white, 28,427 colored, 37 Chinese and 4 Indians. The following is the list of the governors of Delaware from 1789: Joshua Clayton, 1789-96; | Gunning Bedford, 1796–97; Daniel Rogers, 179798; Richard Bassett, 1798-1801; James Sykes, 1801-02; David Hall, 1802-05; Nathaniel Mitchell, 1805-08; George Truett, 1808-11; Joseph Haslett, 1811-14; Daniel Rodney, 1814-17; John Clarke, 1817-20; Jacob Stout, 1820-21; John Collins, 1821-22; Caleb Rodney, 1822-23; Joseph Haslett, 1823-24; Samuel Paynter, 1824-27; Charles Polk, 1827-30; David Hazzard, 1830-33; Caleb P. Bennett, 1833-36; Charles Polk, 183637; Cornelius P. Comegys, 1837-40; William B. Cooper, 1840-44; Thomas Stockton, 1844-46; Joseph Maul, 1846; William Temple, 1846-47; William Thorp, 1847-51; William H. Ross, 185155; Peter F. Cansey, 1855-59; William Burton, 1859-63; William Cannon, 1863-67; Gove Saulsbury, 1867-71; James Ponder, 1871-75; John P. Cochran, 1875-79; John W. Hall, 1879-83; Charles C. Stockley, 1883-87; Benjamin T. Biggs, 1887-91; R. J. Reynolds, 1891–95; J. H. Marvil (died April 8), 1895; W. P. Watson, 1895-97; E. W. Tunnell, 1897. DELAWARE BAY, an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean, 28 miles wide and 38 long, inclosed by Cape May, New Jersey, and Delaware. The Delaware River empties into it, and is here about four miles in width. The bay receives, also, the waters of the Maurice River and several smaller tributaries. Its entrance is between Cape Henlopen and Cape May, where it is about thirteen miles wide. A breakwater extending from the former point, built by the Federal government, makes the bay an excellent harbor, with from four to six fathoms of water. DELAWARE OR DE LA WARR (THOMAS WEST), LORD, an American colonial governor. He became, in 1602, third Lord Delaware, and seven years later was appointed governor of Virginia, | | 1019 and the following year he arrived at Jamestown. The colonists were discouraged and on the point of sailing for England, but his coming and prudent measures inspired them with hopes of better times. The colony flourished under his management. He built and named the forts Charles and Henry, established the settlement where Hampton now is, and discovered the river called, in his honor, the Delaware. Illness obliged him to go back to England, but so much was he respected that the colonists petitioned him to return. While attempting to do so, he died, and was buried at sea, June 7, 1618. DELAWARE CITY, a village in the northern part of Delaware, situated in Newcastle County, on the Delaware River, 40 miles below Philadelphia, on the Bay Ridge and Annapolis railroad. It is at the eastern terminus of the canal which connects the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. It has an academy and flouring-mills. Population 1890, 969. DELAWARE INDIANS. For history, see INDIANS, Vol. XII, p. 831. The Delawares, with the exception of a scattered remnant in Ontario, Canada, are a part of the Cherokee Nation, in the Indian Territory, and number about 1,700. DELAWARE RIVER, a river which rises in Delaware County, southern New York, flows westward till it reaches Pennsylvania, when it becomes the eastern boundary of that state. Its general course is southward, though it makes several turns toward the east and west. Near Shroudsburg, Pennsylvania, it breaks through the Kittatinny Mountains, at the Delaware Water Gap (q. v.), a place of remarkable beauty of scenery. Trenton and Philadelphia are the most important points ou | the river, Trenton being the head of navigation. DELAWARE RIVER OR GRASSHOPPER CREEK, a river of northeastern Kansas, rises in Nemaha County, flows south-southeast and empties into the Kansas, 12 miles above Lawrence. Its length is about 75 miles. Its valley is very fertile and coal is found in the vicinity. DELAWARE WATER GAP, a village of Monroe County, Pennsylvania, 92 miles N. W. of New York and 57 miles S. E. of Scranton. It is a summer resort, famous for the beauty of its scenery. The Delaware River, at this point, breaks through a gorge in the Kittatinny Mountains, and the steep, rocky banks rise nearly 1,300 feet above the water. DE LA WARR, EARLS OF, a family of the British nobility, whose family name is West. The De la Warrs succeeded the Gresleys in the manorial rights of the town of Manchester, England. The title of Baron De la Warr was first given Sir Reginald West in the thirteenth century. The title was changed to Baron West in 1343, but reverted to De la Warr in 1579. The present (1896) Earl of De la Warr is Reginald Windsor Sackville. His eldest son and heir, bears the courtesy title of Viscount Cantelupe. DELBRÜCK, MARTIN FRIEDRICH RUDOLPH, a German statesman; born in Berlin, April 16, 1817. He practiced law at the bar of Halle in 1839-40, and later entered the civil service, be |