service reform; no more land grants to corporations; an "American policy"; and the "revival of American shipping. The candidates were Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, who were elected by a plurality of 62,683 votes.

Four years later, June 5, 1888, Cleveland was again nominated. Hendricks was then dead, and Allen G. Thurman was nominated for the second place by the convention sitting at St. Louis. The platform was a résumé of what the party had done since 1884, and made few pledges for the future. This time the Republicans won, though the Democratic plurality was 100,476

When the national convention met again (at Chicago, June 21, 1892), the great issues before the country were the tariff, the silver legislation of 1890, reciprocity and trusts. The platform of that year, therefore, calls for a tariff for revenue only; a repeal of the McKinley Act and of the Sherman Act; more legislation against trusts; repeal of the ten-per-cent tax on state bank issues; the improvement of waterways; and the protection of railway employees. Again the candidate was Grover Cleveland, with whom was now associated Adlai E. Stevenson, and again the Democrats won, with a plurality of 382,956. Of 444 electoral votes, Cleveland received 277, Harrison 145, Weaver 22.

The party was now in control of the Presidency, the Senate and the House, but the panic of 1893, the Hawaiian policy of the President, the income tax, the Wilson tariff, the action of the party in the Senate on the repeal of the silver-purchasing clause of the Sherman Act, turned the popular feeling against the Democrats, and at the fall elections of 1894 the Republicans regained the House by an immense majority

At the next national convention, which met in Chicago, July 7, 1896, the paramount issue, as presented by a majority of the delegates, was the demand for free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1. The other planks of the platform-tariff for revenue only; income tax; early admission of all territories as states; opposition to bond issues, to government by injunction and to life tenure in the civil service; the demand for Federal control of pools and trusts, etc.,-all these were overshadowed by the dominant cry of "free silver." The debate on this subject culminated in the eloquent speech of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, who was accordingly nominated as the Democratic candidate for President, with Arthur Sewall of Maine for Vice-President. A considerable minority of the delegates, especially those from the Eastern states, stood for the gold standard, and refused to indorse the "free silver" plank of the platform. On August 8th, representatives from thirty-three states met at Indianapolis and issued a call for a "sound money convention, in the name of the national Democratic party, to be held at Indianapolis, Sept. 2, 1896. The Populist convention at St. Louis (July 27th) also nominated Bryan for President, but refused to accept Sewall, and nominated Thomas E. Watson of Georgia for Vice-President. In November the Democrats were defeated.

J. B. MCMASTER.

DEMODEX. See ARACHNIDA, Vol. II, p. 276. DEMOGEOT, JACQUES CLAUDE, a French author; born in Paris, July 5, 1808. He was professor in the colleges of Beauvais, Rennes, Bordeaux and Lyons, and in 1834 became professor of rhetoric at the Lycée Saint Louis, in Paris. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor. He is

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the author of textbooks on French literature, and of many other works, including Letters and Men of Letters of the XIXth Century (1856); History of French Literature from Its Beginning to Our Own Time (1852); French Literature of the XVIIth Century Before Corneille and Descartes (1859); A Text-Book of Classical French Literature (1868); and History of Foreign Literature (1880).

DEMOISELLE, a name often applied to the Numidian crane (Anthropoides virgo). It ranges from Mongolia to Africa. See CRANE, Vol. VI, p. 546.

DEMOPOLIS, a city of Marengo County, central eastern Alabama, on the Tombigbee River, and on the Southern railroad It has lumber-mills and oil-mills, besides a large trade in cotton. Population 1890, 1,898.

DEMOS. See NOBILITY, Vol. XVII, pp. 526,527. DEMOSTHENES, an Athenian general. See SYRACUSE, Vol. XXII, p. 815. DEMOTIC WRITING. See HIEROGLYPHICS, Vol. XI, p. 794.

DENARIUS. See NUMISMATICS, Vol. XVII, pp. 652, 655.

DENDRERPETON, a small labyrinthodont amphibian, found as a fossil in the coal-measures of Nova Scotia. It is closely related to Archegosaurus. The name, signifying "tree-lizard," refers to its having been found in a tree (Sigillaria), but it is probable that this was not its natural abode.

DENDRITE, the name given to a peculiar branching mineral crystallization on the surfaces. of the fissures and joints, or in the surfaces of rocks, having the appearance of moss, and often mistaken for fossil plants. The hydrous oxide of manganese is the mineral that generally assumes this form, occurring frequently in great abundance in limestone, steatite, trachyte and other substances.

DENDROBIUM, a genus of tropical epiphytic orchids, cultivated in conservatories for their beautiful and often grotesque and fragrant flowers.

DENDROLITES, petrified stems of trees or shrubs found in all parts of the world in the formations called secondary, especially in the coal formation. They vary in size, and may be considered the remains of a former creation. In some instances gigantic stems occur, which often contain branches, fruit and even the impressions of leaves; and in other places mere fragments are found, which bear no resemblance to the trees now growing in the same regions, the fossil stems of beautiful palms having been discovered at Chemnitz, in Saxony, and other similar places. Such woods, when preserved in ancient strata altered by volcanic fire, are changed into agate, or into pitchstone. Opinion is divided regarding their origin.

DENDROPHIDE. See SNAKES, Vol. XXII, pp. 192, 195.

DENGUE OR BREAKBONE FEVER, also called DANDY and BUCKET FEVER, a disease known in the Southern states of North America, and in the West Indies and Africa, where it was first

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described as having appeared in 1827 and 1828. It is seldom fatal, though very violent in its access, mainly consisting of an attack of inflammatory fever, accompanied by pains of the limbs and muscles. The acute stage lasts seven or eight days. This fever is said to be infectious. DENIS, JEAN FERDINAND, a French traveler and writer; born in Paris, Aug. 13, 1798; died there, Aug. 2, 1890. He spent a number of years traveling in South America, and, later, in Portugal and Spain. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor, and at the time of his death was administrator of the St. Genevieve Library. He published a number of works descriptive of his travels; among them, Buenos Ayres and Paraguay (1825); History of the Literature of Portugal and Brazil (1833); and Chronicles of the Chivalry of Spain and Portugal (1837). He wrote a number of articles for encyclopædias of the time, and also a series of valuable translations.

DENISON, a town and the capital of Crawford County, central western Iowa, 64 miles N. N. E. of Council Bluffs, situated on the Boyer River, and on the Chicago and North-Western railroad. It has thriving manufactories and a normal college. Population 1895, 2,256.

DENISON, a city of Grayson County, central northeastern Texas, situated within three miles of the northern boundary of the state, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad. It is a railroad shipping and trading center. The city is especially noted as a fruit market. It has excellent water-works and considerable manufactures. contains St. Xavier convent, a business college, good schools, ice factory, meat-refrigerator, planing-mill, iron-foundry, etc. It has also railroad machine-shops. Population 1880, 3,975; 1890, 10,958.

It

DENISON, EDWARD, a British philanthropist; born in 1840; died in Australia, Jan. 26, 1870. He was the son of Edward Denison, bishop of Salisbury, and by reason of his position in society was of great influence in the work to which he devoted his short life-the relief of the poor of London. He lived for eight months in East London, associating with the poor and criminal classes. He organized a school and began the system of education of the poor which has developed into the "university settlements" and 66 commons. His influence brought about the organization of the present Associated Charities Societies. His health failed him and he died while on a voyage to regain it. See also CHARITY ORGANIZATION, in these Supplements.

DENISON, GEORGE ANTHONY, an English ecclesiastic; born in 1805, in Ossington, Nottinghamshire, England; became vicar of East Brent in 1843, and archdeacon of Taunton in 1851. On a charge of teaching the doctrine of the real presence he was condemned by an ecclesiastical court in 1854 to be deprived of his preferments; but the judgment was quashed by the Courts of Arches and the Privy Council. He became a leader of the High Church party, an opponent of secular education, and an advocate of the confessional. He was for

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many years editor of the Church and State Review, and was chairman of the committee of convocation which condemned Bishop Colenso's works. His principal literary productions are his delightful Notes of My Life (1878) and Mr. Gladstone (1885).

DENISON UNIVERSITY, an institution for the instruction of men, located at Granville, Ohio. Ohio. It was organized under the auspices of the Baptist Church in 1831 as a manual-labor school, under the name of Granville Literary and Theological Institute, which in 1845 was changed to Granville College and in 1856 to its present name. Affiliated with it are Granville Academy, a preparatory school, and Shepardson College, a school for women. Denison University had, in 1895, a faculty of 21, with 197 students, and a library of 6,000 volumes. Since the organization 450 had been graduated. It has an endowment of $400,000, and an annual income of $30,000.

DENIZLI, a town in the government of Aidin, southwestern Asia Minor, on a railroad, 60 miles E. of the city of Aidin. The chief industry is making leather and leather manufactures. In 1715 over 10,000 people were killed here by an earthquake. Population, 20,000.

DENMAN, GEORGE, an English jurist, the fourth son of Thomas, first Baron Denman (q.v., Vol. VII, p. 79), was born in London, Dec. 23, 1819. He was educated at Repton Grammar school, whence he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became a scholar and at fellow, taking his B. A. degree in 1842. He was called to the bar in 1846, at Lincoln's Inn. In 1857 he was appointed one of the Cambridge University counsel. He unsuccessfully contested the University in 1856; but was subsequently elected for Tiverton, which he represented, with one interval, until 1872. He promoted and carried bills for assimilating the laws relating to evidence, and for abolishing the disqualifications of witnesses for want of religious belief, and on other grounds. In 1872 he succeeded to a vacancy in the Court of Common Pleas, and on the passing of the Judicature Act in 1875, became a judge in the High Court of Justice. In 1893, after twenty years' service, he retired from the bench; in 1893 was sworn a Privy Councilor, and became a member of the judicial council of the Privy Council. He published a translation, into Greek elegiacs, of Gray's Elegy (1871); and a Latin elegiac revision. of the first book of Pope's Homer. He died in London, Sept. 21, 1896.

DENMARK. For the early history, climate, productions, commerce, etc., of the kingdom of Denmark, see Vol. VII, pp. 80-94. According to the last decennial census, taken Feb. 1, 1890, the total area of Denmark was 15,289 square miles, and the total population 2,172,305. The population in 1870 was 1,794,733, and in 1880 1,980,259, showing an increase, during each of the two decennial periods, of nearly ten per cent, or one per cent per annum. In Denmark proper the town population has increased from 515,758 in 1880 to 663,121 in 1890, or at the rate of 28.7 per cent; while the rural population has increased

from 1,453,281 in 1880 to 1,509,084 in 1890, or at the rate of 3.77 per cent. The population is almost entirely Scandinavian. Out of every 1,000 persons 469 live exclusively by agriculture, 229 by manufacturing industries, 68 by trade and 27 by seafaring and fishing.

The revenue for 1894 was $18,182,557 and the expenditure $16,576,740. The financial budget of 1896-97 provided for a total revenue of $18,204,467 and a total expenditure of $18,203,144. An important feature in the administration of the finances of the kingdom is the maintenance of a reserve fund of a comparatively large amount. On March 31, 1895, the fund stood at $4,905,767. The object of the reserve fund is to place means at the disposal of the government in the event of sudden emergencies. The public debt of Denmark, which was incurred in part by large annual deficits in former years, before the establishment of parliamentary government, and in part by railway undertakings and the construction of harbors, lighthouses and other works of public importance, amounted at the close of the fiscal year, March 31, 1895, to $56,275,556. The investments of the state, including the state railways, amount to about $67,071, 194.

The army consists of all the able-bodied young men of the kingdom who have reached the age of 22 years. They are liable to service for eight years in the regular army and its reserve, and for eight years subsequent in the extra reserve. The total peace strength of the army in 1894 was 778 officers and 13, 152 men; the total war strength, about 75,000 men.

About eighty per cent of the total area of Denmark is productive. According to latest returns, the total area under corn crops was 3,029,404 acres; potatoes, 128,849 acres; clover, 456,585 acres; bare fallow, 638, 116 acres; grass, meads, etc., 2,625,865 acres. The leading crops in 1894 were: Oats, 28,900,000 bushels; barley, 21,760,ooo bushels; rye, 15,670,000 bushels; wheat, 4,035,000 bushels; potatoes, 15,900,000 bushels; other roots, 85,453,952 bushels; besides vegetables, hay and clover. The total value of the produce in 1894 reached $70,971,925. The total imports for the year 1894 amounted to $104,227,665, and the exports to $71, 189,424.. On July 16, 1893, there were in Denmark proper 410,639 horses, 1,696, 190 head of cattle, 1,246,552 sheep, 25,266 goats, and 829, 131 swine.

In 1894 there were in Denmark a total length of 1,332 English miles of railway open for traffic, of which 1,067 miles belonged to the state.

The Lutheran remains the established religion. There is complete religious toleration. In 1890 four fifths of the population belonged to the Lutheran Church. Of the remainder, 4,080 were Jews, 3,647 Roman Catholics, 4,556 Anabaptists, 2,301 Methodists, etc. Education, which is compulsory, has progressed rapidly. In 1892 an agricultural and veterinary college was established at Copenhagen. There are also 22 other agricultural schools, 67 high schools, 31 Latin schools, a college of pharmacy, 99 commercial schools,

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various art colleges, and the University of Copenhagen, which has about 1,300 students. The colonial possessions, Iceland, Greenland and islands in the West Indies, have a population (1890) of 114,229 and an area of 86,614 sq. miles. DENNERY OR D'ENNERY, ADOLPHE PHILIPPE, a French dramatic writer of Jewish extraction; born in Paris, June 17, 1811. He was decorated with the Legion of Honor, Dec. 10, 1849, and promoted to the rank of officer, Aug. 16, 1859. He produced about two hundred pieces from 1831 to 1881, and was the creator of Cabourg, a watering-place in Normandy. Among his dramas are Marie Jeanne (1845), perhaps the most successful; The Two Orphans (1875); Don Casar de Bazan (1849); and the Bohemia of Paris (1842). DENNEWITZ, a village of Brandenburg, central Prussia, 41 miles S. W. of Berlin, where, in 1813, a battle was fought. See AUSTRIA, Vol. III, p. 135.

DENNIE, JOSEPH, an American journalist; born in Boston, Massachusetts, Aug. 30, 1768; died in Philadelphia, Jan. 7, 1812. He graduated at Harvard, and studied law, but made literature his profession. He edited The Farmer's Museum of Walpole, New Hampshire; the United States Gazette, and founded and edited The Portfolio in Philadelphia. Collections of his essays, entitled The Lay Preacher; or, Short Sermons for Idle Moments, were published in book-form. Mr. Dennie wrote under the pen-name of "Oliver Old School." He founded the "Tuesday Club," many of whose members were on the staff of The Portfolio, and among whom were Charles Brockden Brown and John Quincy Adams.

DENNISON, a village of Tuscarawas County, central eastern New York, 27 miles S. of Canton, on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroad. It has machine-shops, carshops and pipe foundries. Population 1890, 2,925.

DENNISON, WILLIAM, an American public man; born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1815; died in Columbus, June 15, 1882. He graduated at Miami College in 1835; adopted the legal profession; was elected to the legislature in 1848; was chosen delegate to the first Republican national convention, and in 1860 was elected on the Republican ticket as governor of Ohio, and from 1864 to 1866 was Postmaster-General. As governor he was very active in aiding the Union, and in response to the first call for troops, raised 30,000 men. He was president of the Columbus and Xenia railroad. He was a generous benefactor of Denison College, at Granville, Ohio. His last public appearance was as delegate to the Republican convention of 1880.

WILLIAM DENNISON.

DENS, PETER, a Roman Catholic theologian;

Twelfth Infantry, he served throughout the Mexican War, and in 1850 settled in California, where he was chosen a state senator two years later. His term in the senate was signalized by a duel with ex-Congressman E. Gilbert, fought with Winchester rifles, in which Gilbert was shot dead. Denver became secretary of state for California in 1853, and also Congressman, and under President Buchanan (in 1857) was Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The same year he became governor of Kansas, but resigned in 1858, while holding the governorship, which included the present state of Colorado in its jurisdiction. He was instrumental in founding the city of Denver, named in his honor. In the Civil War he was made brigadier-general, and served until 1863 in the Western states.

DEODATUS. See ST. DIE, Vol. XXI, p. 161. DE PAUW, WASHINGTON CHARLES, an American manufacturer and philanthropist; born in Salem, Indiana, Jan. 4, 1822; died in Chicago, Illinois, May 5, 1887. He was a grandson of a Frenchman who accompanied Lafayette to America, to take part in the war for independence. Mr. De Pauw engaged in legal work, milling, the grain business, and in the manufacture of plate glass. He endowed the De Pauw University, at Greencastle, Indiana, to which he gave, at his death, $1,500,000, and he was one of the founders of De Pauw Female College, at Albany, Indiana.

DE PAUW UNIVERSITY, a co-educational institution, at Greencastle, Indiana. It was organized in 1837 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, under the name of Indiana Asbury University. At that time the generous gifts of W. C. De Pauw caused the trustees to change the name to De Pauw University. The school is largely endowed by Mr. De Pauw, who bequeathed it $1,500,000. Its campus comprises about 150 acres. It had, in 1895, 48 persons in the faculty, 783 students and a library of 12,900 volumes. From its organization until 1895, 1,789 had been graduated. The university has an annual income of $55,000. In addition to the regular school of liberal arts, two professional schools, law and theology, are maintained. A considerable amount of post-graduate work is done. Elective studies and courses are permitted.

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of New York for Abraham Lincoln for President, and in 1863 was elected Secretary of State. Later he held other offices, but resigned them to engage in his profession. In 1866 Mr. Depew became attorney for the Harlem Railroad Company, and in 1869 became counsel for the consolidated New York Central and Hudson River Rail

CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW.

road Company. In 1872 he was defeated as a candidate for lieutenant governor of New York state; in 1874 the legislature appointed him regent of the State University. In 1882 Mr. Depew became second vice-president of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, and in June, 1885, was elected president of this road and of the West Shore Railroad Company. Famous as an orator and after-dinner speaker, he became president of the Union League Club and the Yale Alumni Association of New York City. Volumes of his speeches have been published, and in 1895 he published One Hundred Years of American Commerce.

DE PEYSTER, ABRAHAM, an American colonial jurist, son of Johannes de Peyster; born July 8, 1658, in New York City; died there, Aug. 10, 1728. Like his father, he early in life became a merchant and accumulated wealth. From 1691 to 1695 he was mayor of New York; then chief justice and president of the provincial council, acting for a time as governor. The bell which now hangs in the Fifth Avenue Collegiate Church was presented by him to the Nassau Street Middle Dutch Church. He was at one time treasurer of the provinces of New York and New Jersey.

DE PEYSTER, JOHANNES, an American colonial merchant; born in Haarlem, Holland, in 1600; died in New York City, about 1685. He was of Huguenot descent, from a family driven from France at the time of the St. Bartholomew massacre. Early in the history of New York he emigrated there and engaged in trading. He took an active part in provincial politics until the province passed under the control of the English.