DERBY, EDWARD HENRY SMITH STANLEY, EARL OF, the fifteenth of the title, a British statesman; born in Knowsley, England, in July, 1826; died there, April 21, 1893. He entered Parliament in 1848; in 1852 was appointed Under-Secretary for the Colonies, during the first premiership of his father. During his father's second premiership he was Colonial Secretary, Secretary of State for India and Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He was opposed to an active war policy. While Secretary for India he brought about the transfer of that empire from the East India Company to the crown. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs for the second time, under Disraeli, in 1874, but resigned in 1878 on account of differences with the Prime Minister. He had been until this time a Conservative, but now joined the Liberals, and became Colonial Secretary under Gladstone in 1886. He could not agree with Gladstone's homerule ideas, and, resigning, joined the LiberalUnionists in the same year, 1886. He took no further leading part in politics. In addition to his political work, Lord Derby took an active interest in educational institutions in London, and was a promoter of many charitable organizations.

DERBY, ELIAS HASKET, an American merchant; born in Salem, Massachusetts, Aug. 16, 1739; died there, Sept. 8, 1799. His father was a ship-owner, and the son continued in the business and greatly extended it. He sent trading-vessels to Russia, the East Indies and China. He contributed $10,000 toward the establishment of the American navy (1798) and loaned supplies and ships to the national government. He was, beyond a doubt, the wealthiest man in the United States during the eighteenth century. He was especially active in equipping privateersmen during the Revolution. In order to do so, he was obliged to construct large shipyards at Salem. He furnished the supplies for the French fleet.

DERBY, ELIAS HASKET, an American merchant and ship-owner, son of the preceding, was born in Salem, Massachusetts, Jan. 10, 1766; died in Londonderry, New Hampshire, Sept. 16, 1826. He was the first importer of merino sheep into this country, and the first manufacturer of broadcloth in Massachusetts. He was in command of that one of his father's vessels which was the first American ship to enter Calcutta and Bombay.

DERBY, ELIAS HASKET, an American lawyer, son of the preceding; born in Salem, Massachusetts, Sept. 24, 1803, died in Boston, Massachusetts, March 30, 1880. He was engaged in the construction of railroads, assisted in the completion of the Hoosac tunnel, and in the building of ironclads during the Civil War. He was a contributor to the Edinburgh Review and the Atlantic Monthly. He was a counselor of high reputation, and on account of his ability was selected by the United States government in 1867 to act as commissioner in the negotiations with Great Britain in regard to the fisheries questions.

DERBY, FREDERICK ARTHUR STANLEY, EARL OF, the sixteenth of the title, an English statesman;

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| born in London in 1841; created Baron Stanley of Preston in 1886, and succeeded his brother as Earl of Derby in 1893. He was educated at Eton, and from 1858 to 1865 served in the army. He entered Parliament from the Preston district of Lancashire in 1865, and has held the following offices as a Conservative: Financial Secretary for War, 1874-77; Secretary of State for War, 1878-80; Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1885-86; president of the Board of Trade, 1886; and Governor-General of Canada, 1888-93. He married the eldest daughter of the Earl of Clarendon in 1864.

DERBY, GEORGE, an American surgeon and hygienist, nephew of the second Elias Hasket Derby; born in Salem, Mass., Feb. 13, 1819; died in Boston, Massachusetts, June 20, 1874. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1838; entered the Union army as surgeon, and gained a high reputation as a sanitarian. He served for four years in the army, attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel of volunteers. In 1872 he was appointed professor of hygiene at the Harvard Medical College.

DERBY, GEORGE HORATIO, an American army officer and humorist; born April 3, 1823, in Dedham, Massachusetts; died May 15, 1861, in New York. He served in the Mexican War (1846-47), and received the brevet of first lieutenant. From 1847 to 1860 he was 1847 to 1860 he was on various surveys and explorations in Minnesota, California, Texas and other states. He was afterward employed in the coast survey, and had charge of the erection of many of the lighthouses of the Atlantic coast, He was the author of many humorous effusions, published under the name of "John Phoenix." Among them are the Squibob Papers (1859).

DERBY, ORVILLE ADELBERT, an American geologist; born in Kellogsville, New York, July 23, 1851. He was graduated at Cornell University in 1874. He was a member of several collecting parties in Brazil in 1870–71, and after spending a few years as instructor at Cornell, entered the service of Brazil in 1875 as a member of the geological commission of that country. He became curator for the Brazilian National Museum, and in 1885 chief of the São Paulo geological survey. He is recognized as an authority on Brazilian geology. DERCYLLIDAS, a Spartan general in the employ of the Asiatic Greeks, 399 B. C. He succeeded Thimbron, and was superseded by Agesilaus in 396 B. C. He was given command of an army to protect the Asiatic Greeks from the Persians. He was successful, and during his term of office captured Atarneus and conquered nine cities of Æolia.

DERELICT, a term, in law, signifying anything forsaken or left unoccupied, or willfully cast away. Where the sea has receded from the shore, the land thus left uncovered is styled derelict. The most common use of the term is its application to a ship which has been wrecked, and has been abandoned by the master and crew without hope of recovery. The mere quitting of a ship for the purpose of procuring assistance from the shore, or other temporary cause, with

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the intention of returning to her again, does not make her derelict.

DERENBOURG, HARTWIG, a French Arabist, son of the following; born in Paris, June 17, 1844. He received the degree of doctor of philosophy from Göttingen University in 1864. He was employed in the French National Library, in the department of manuscripts, from 1866 to 1870. In 1870 he was placed in charge of the courses in Arabic at the College of Oriental Languages, and in 1879 was made professor there. Since 1887 he has been in charge of the department of religious knowledge. Among his writings are Notes on Arabic Grammar (1873); The Science of Religions and Islamism (1886); and Literary History of the Old Testament, a translation (1873).

URG,

DERENBOURG, JOSEPH, a French Hebrew scholar, father of the preceding; born in Mayence, Aug. 21, 1811; studied at the universities of Giessen and Bonn, taking his degree at the former. He studied at Paris under Quatremere, Reinaud and Perceval. In 1856 he became reader of Oriental texts for the National Bureau of Printing. In 1871 he was elected a member of the Academy of Belles-Lettres. In 1877 he became director of Semitic languages in the College for Practical Higher Studies. Among his published works are Two Hebrew Versions of the Lives of Kalilah and Dimnah (1881); A History of Palestine (1867); and a number of other works on kindred subjects.

DE RESZKE, JEAN, a Polish tenor singer; born in Warsaw, Poland, Jan. 14, 1852. He made his

début in 1874 at Venice. He began as a baritone, but in 1879 came out as a tenor, and as such made a reputation that entitles him to rank foremost among the tenors of his time. He sang at Drury Lane in 1874, and afterward throughout Europe, and in 1891-92 and again in 1896 in United States with the Metropolitan Opera Company. His brother, EDOUARD DE RESZKE, was born in Warsaw, Poland, Dec. 23, 1856. He began his operatic career under the auspices of his brother, Jean, in Paris, in 1876, at the Théâtre Italien; then in Italy with the Royal Italian Opera Company, and with the French Opera. In 1896 made a successful visit to the United States with the Metropolitan Opera Company. In many of the French, Italian and German operas he sustained leading parts, and established a reputation in the minds of many critics as being the best lyric actor and bass singer on the stage.

JEAN DE RESZKE.

DERG, LOUGH. See DONEGAL, Vol. VII, p. 362.

DERMATOLOGY. See MEDICINE, Vol. XV, p.

797.

DE ROSNY, LEON LOUIS LUCIEN, a French ethnologist and Orientalist; born in Loos, Aug. 5, 1837. He has been a constant and active student of the Oriental languages, especially the Japanese. He has been, to a large extent, instrumental in the organization of the society for the study of American ethnology. He was an attaché of the French Department of Foreign Affairs, in the capacity of interpreter. Since 1886 he has been one of the directors of the College for Higher Study. Among his numerous publications are An Introduction to the Study of the Japanese Language (1856); A Japanese-French-English Dictionary (1858); and The Religion of Japan (1881).

DÉROULEDE, PAUL, a French writer and politician; born in Paris, Sept. 2, 1846. He first attracted public attention as a writer of patriotic songs. He took part against the Commune in 1870. He next attempted dramatic writing and produced several popular plays. But it is on account of his political actions that he is best known in France. He joined the Boulanger movement, and as chairman of the Patriotic League took a prominent part in all the events which led up to the exile of Boulanger. He had by that time succeeded in being elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and in 1890 attempted to impeach the member who took the seat of Boulanger, and was himself temporarily suspended from the Chamber. He returned to literature, traveled in Italy, and wrote a romance before he again resumed his seat in the Chamber. Among his writings are Songs of the Soldiers; National Education (1882); and his romance, History of Love (1890).

DERRICK, a form of hoisting-machine often confused with the crane, which it very much resembles. Its peculiar feature, which distinguishes it from other similar machines, is that it has a boom stayed from a central post, which is usually stayed by guys. In its capstan, or winch, it resembles the crane, but in its double set of tackles, one for the load and the other for the boom, it differs from that machine. See CRANE, Vol. VI, p. 547.

DERVISH PASHA, a Turkish statesman and soldier; born at Eyaub, near Constantinople, in 1817, and is considered the first of living Turkish statesmen. He was sent to England and France to study engineering, and when he returned to Turkey in 1842, became chief of the Keban mines and professor of physics and director of the Constantinople Military School. He was for several years employed in the diplomatic service in Persia and the neighboring principalities. He was appointed general of division, and as such served in the war against

Russia in 1878, taking an active part in the defense of Batoum. The siege was effectually resisted, but it was stipulated by the treaty of peace that Batoum should be ceded to Russia. The civil governor of Batoum, however, incited by the Lazis, refused to surrender it to the enemy, and it became the task of Dervish Pasha to put down the Lazis and to deliver Batoum over to the Russians. Two years later he was called upon to perform a very similar act in the case of Dulcigno and the Albanians. He was the sultan's special commissioner to Egypt in 1882.

DERWENTWATER. See CUMBERLAND, Vol. VI, p. 699.

DERWENTWATER, JAMES RADCLIFFE, EARL OF; born June 28, 1689, in Northumberland; grandson of Charles II of England; was one of the leaders of the rebellion of 1715. He was taken prisoner at Preston, and conveyed to the Tower of London; at his trial in Westminster Hall he pleaded guilty and threw himself upon the mercy of the king, but his appeal was rejected and he was beheaded on Tower Hill, Feb. 24, 1716. He was the last earl of Derwentwater.

DERZAVIN, GABRIEL ROMANOWICZ, a popular Russian lyric poet; born July 14, 1743, in Kazan, Russia; died July 21, 1816, at Svanka, Russia, near Novgorod. See RUSSIA, Vol. XXI, p. 106. DESAGUADERO, the name applied to that part of the largest tributary of the Colorado River, in the Argentine Republic, which lies between Lake Silvero and the mouth of the Tunuyon River. It flows southward, separating the states of San Luis and Mendoza. This section of the river is about eighty miles in length.

DESAGUADERO, the name given to the great valley formed by the dividing of the Andes into two great chains, extending from lat. 13° S. to lat. 23° S., in Peru and Bolivia. It is drained by the lakes Titicaca and Andamarca and their tributaries. It is over 12,000 feet above the sea, the most elevated plateau in the world excepting Tibet. The land is rich in grains and grasses, and has considerable silver, copper and tin ore. The river connecting the two great lakes of the plain is 200 miles in length, and takes its name from the plain.

DE SANCTIS, FRANCESCO, an Italian author, educator and statesman; born March 28, 1817, in Morra Iripino; died Dec. 29, 1883, in Naples. He began his active life as a teacher in Naples, but soon incurred the censure of the government, on account of his political utterances, and was imprisoned for three years, and afterward banished. He turned to Naples in 1860 and engaged in teaching again, but continued his political work more actively than before. He was appointed Minister of Public Instruction. He was a ready writer and speaker. Chief among his published writings is History of Italian Literature.

re

DE SANCTIS, LUIGI, an Italian religious reformer; born Dec. 31, 1808, in Italy; died in Florence, Dec. 31, 1869. He became a Catholic priest, and as such held a professorship in the Theological School at Rome. He renounced the Catholic

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religion and joined the Protestants in 1847. He became a leader in the Protestant movement at Florence, established there the Protestant periodical Eco Della Verita, and was chosen professor of theology at the Florence Waldensian Seminary. DESCARTES'S RULE OF SIGNS. See ALGEBRA, Vol. I, p. 545.

DESCENT, the hereditary succession to the title to property. Title by descent is the title which one takes, by operation of law, in the estate of a deceased person as the heir of such person. According to the principles of the ancient feudal system of England, under which much of the common law was developed, the right to the use of land upon the death of a tenant always descended to his issue; hence the term descent is applied to any title by inheri tance, although, by statute, in many states of this country, the title is sometimes made to ascend. The English rule of primogeniture, whereby the eldest son inherits all the real estate, has been universally abolished in this country, and by statutory provisions of the various states the estate of the parent descends to his issue, both male and female, in equal shares. The rules of descent do not apply to personal property, and this class of property passes to the executor or administrator, by whom the residue, after payment of the debts of the deceased, the costs of administration, and the dower interest, if any, is distributed in equal shares among the heirs. The rules governing descent in the various states are provided by statute, and follow much the same general principles, but differ widely in detail. See INHERITANCE, Vol. XIII, p. 77.

DESCHAMPS, EMILE, a French poet; born at Bourges, France, Feb. 20, 1791; died in April, 1871, at Versailles. He, with Victor Hugo and others, organized the Muse Française in 1827. He was a constant writer and contributor to the journals of his time. His first works of merit were two comedies, Selmours et Floriau and Le Tour de Faveur, in 1818. He afterward published French and Foreign Studies (1828) and Poems (1840).

DESCHANEL, ÉMILE AUGUSTIN ÉTIENNE, a French educator and writer, member of the Senate; born in Paris, Nov. 14, 1819. He became professor of rhetoric at the Normal College. He afterward edited, successively, La Revue Indépendante, La Revue des Deux Mondes and Le National. He became interested in the socialism of the time, and for a work on Catholicism and Socialism, in 1850, was deprived of his office in the college, and the next year exiled. He lived in Brussels until 1859, when he returned to France and devoted himself to literature, in connection with Victor Hugo. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 and to the Senate in 1881, and became professor of modern literature in the College of France. Among his collected writings are a number of papers on conversation and society, and in a more serious vein, The Works of Aristophanes (1867); Benjamin Franklin (1882); The Romanticism of the Classics; and the Theater of Voltaire (1886).

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D'ESCLOT, BERNAT, a Spanish prose writer of the thirteenth century. The date of his birth is a matter of conjecture, as well as the time of his death. The one work which causes him to be remembered was written in 1285, and under the title Cronica del Rey en Pere is an account of the reign of Pedro III. It is the oldest example of Catalan literature, and for that reason, if for no other, is of great value.

DESERT. See SAHARA, Vol. XXI, p. 149; GOBI, Vol. X, p. 712.

DESERTION, in criminal law, is the offense of abandoning public service in the army or navy. In the United States, any soldier who is guilty of desertion in time of peace is liable to serve for such unexpired period of the term of his enlistment as still remained at the time of his desertion, and may be tried by court-martial and punished in any manner except by death. In time of war, any soldier who has been duly enlisted or has received pay in the army of the United States, and who deserts the service, is subject to the penalty of death, or such other penalty as the courtmartial shall direct. The rules as to desertion in the United States navy are much the same. Desertion, in the law of domestic relations, generally refers to the act of a man in abandoning his wife or children. In case of desertion the courts have power to grant alimony to the wife or children, and compel the payment thereof by the husband. Desertion is also ground for divorce, but usually only when continued for such time as the statute may fix. In some states desertion is an offense for which the courts may inflict punishment. See DIVORCE AND MARRIAGE, in these Supplements.

DESGENETTES, NICOLAS RENÉ DUFRICHE, a French military surgeon; born in Alençon, May 23, 1762; died Feb. 3, 1837. He was chief of the medical corps of the army of Italy in 1795-96, and of the Grand Army of the Empire until the battle of Waterloo. He was dismissed from his position in the army at the Restoration, and shortly afterward was obliged to give up a professorship in the College of France. He was, however, restored, in part, by his election in 1832 to the position of physician of the Invalides. He wrote a number of medical treatises, one of which, The Medical History of the Army of the East (1802), is valued to-day.

DESIMA, ISLAND. See NAGASAKI, Vol. XVII, p. 164.

DESMAN, the common name for the two muskshrews of the genus Myogale, found in Europe. They resemble a small muskrat. See MAMMALIA, Vol. XV, p. 403.

DESMIDIACEÆ OR DESMIDS, a family of one-celled green Algæ, abundant everywhere in fresh waters. The cells are mostly divided into symmetrical halves by a constriction in the middle, or there is at least a symmetrical division of the protoplasmic contents. They multiply by division, sometimes remaining in long filaments, or, by conjugation, they form zygospores. They are of many beautiful forms and markings.

DES MOINES, a city of Iowa, capital of the state and of Polk County (see Vol. VII, p. 130). Having four trunk lines of railway, besides other shorter lines, its traffic facilities are unsurpassed by any other city in the state. For local transportation there are fifty miles of electric-railway trackage and eighty miles of motor-railway trackage. Among the principal public buildings are the United States Federal Court and Post-Office Building, a marble edifice costing $385,000, and the State Capitol, an imposing and commodious structure costing nearly three million dollars. The Young Men's Christian Association has erected a building at a cost of $75,000. The State Agricultural Society has purchased 260 acres of land within the city limits for a permanent location of the Iowa State Fair, upon which it has expended, for the improvement of the ground and the erection of permanent exhibition buildings, $135,000. There are forty public schools, and numerous private schools of high order. The Catholics and Hebrews have each parochial schools, and the Des Moines College (Baptist), the Drake University, Callanan College and the Highland Park Industrial College are located here, and two excellent business colleges. The state library contains 40,000 volumes, and the public library 10,000 volumes. The city is the center of one of the most productive coal areas of the state, there being 29 mines within or near the city limits, from which the output in 1889 was 659 tons. The principal industrial enterprises are mining, porkpacking and the manufacture of glucose and alcohol. In 1890 there were 297 manufacturing establishments, with an invested capital aggregating about $2,800,000, and employing over 3,000 workmen. The city enjoys an extensive wholesale trade. Population 1890, 50,067; 1895, 56,369. DESMONCUS, a tropical American genus of climbing palms, like the rattans of the East Indies. They have alternate pinnate leaves, with long, hooked spines.

DESMOND, EARLS OF. See IRELAND, Vol. XIII, pp. 260, 264, 265.

DE SOTO, a city of Jefferson County, central eastern Missouri, 45 miles S.S. W. of St. Louis, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroad. Lead and zinc are mined here, and the city exports these products and grain in large quantities. Population 1890, 3,960.

DE SPENSER, HUGH. See EDWARD II, Vol. VII, p. 683.

DESSALINES, JEAN JACQUES, a Haitian emperor; born in Guinea, Africa, 1758; died in Haiti, Oct. 17, 1806. He was the slave of a French planter, whose name he afterward assumed. He fought in the revolutionary wars of Haiti, becoming adjutant-general under the negro commander, Jean François, and afterward joining Toussaint L'Ouverture, when the latter united with the French. He became lieutenant-general, fought the mulatto chief Rigaud, winning a name for energy, dissoluteness and brutality. When peace was declared he was appointed governor of the south part of Haiti. His administration