D'ESTREES DETROIT

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DETROIT RIVER-DEVIL'S LAKE

County, western Minnesota, on Detroit Lake, and on the Northern Pacific railroad. It is in a farming district, and is chiefly engaged in handling produce. Population 1895, 1,801.

DETROIT RIVER. See ST. LAWRENCE, Vol. XXI, p. 179.

DETROYAT, PIERRE LEONCE, a French naval officer and journalist, born in Bayonne, Sept. 7, 1829. After his graduation from the Naval College in 1845, he took part in the Crimean and Chinese wars, and was decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honor for his services. He afterward took part in the Mexican campaign; was detailed to the staff of Maximilian and to accompany the Empress Charlotte to France. Trouble with the government caused him to resign his commission. He served during the He served during the Franco-Prussian war. Devoting his time mainly to journalism, he edited successively La Liberté, Le Bon Sens, and L'Estafette, and published a number of works; among them, The Court of Rome and Emperor Maximilian (1868) and French Intervention in Mexico (1868).

lished two dramatic poems, The Duke of Mercia and Julian the Apostate, and subsequently produced several songs; among them, The Song of Faith.

DE VERE, SIR AUBREY THOMAS, Irish poet, born Jan. 10, 1814, at Curra Castle, Ireland. He began to write poetry at an early age, his productions attaining considerable popularity. In 1854 he became honorary professor of political and social science in the Roman Catholic University of Dublin. Among his writings are Waldenses (1842), a lyrical tale; The Search After Proserpine, a metrical description of his travels in Greece; Legends of St. Patrick (1872); and a number of critical essays under the titles Essays on Poetry (1887); and later, Essays Ethical and Literary. His latter works were a volume of Poems (1890) and Religious Poems of the Nineteenth Century (1893).

DE VERE, MAXIMILIAN SCHELE, an American philologist; born in Vexiö, Sweden, Nov. 1, 1820. He was educated in Prussia and studied law in Rome. He moved to the United States in 1842, and in 1844 was made professor of modern languages in the University of Virginia. He published many important works on philology and historical subjects; among them may be mentioned Outlines of Comparative Philology (1851); Romance of American History (1872); The English of the New World (1873); and Myths of the Rhine (1874), which was illustrated by Gustave Doré. He edited many language textbooks and became a prominent member of the American Philological Society.

DETTINGEN, a town of western Bavaria, 18 miles E. of Frankfort. Here, on the 27th of June, 1743, the "Pragmatic army," consisting of Austrians, Hanoverians and English, under George II, defeated a force of French under Marshal Noailles, which was their superior in numbers. This was the last battle in which an English king took personal command. See FRANCE, Vol. IX, p. 586. DEVEREUX, JOHN HENRY, an American railDEUTZIA, a genus of Asiatic shrubs, belong-road president; born in Boston, Massachusetts, ing to the family Saxafragaceae. They bear numerous panicles of white flowers, and the under surface of the leaves, branchlets and calyx are covered with stellate hairs or scurf. D. gracilis, D. crenata and D. scabra are common species in cultivation.

April 5, 1832; died in Cleveland, Ohio, March 17, 1886. He was engaged in railroad engineering in Ohio and Tennessee until the beginning of the Civil War, when he was appointed superintendent of the military railroads of the Union army. This position he held until 1864, when he resigned to DEVA. See ZOROASTER, Vol. XXIV, p. 821. return to Ohio. In 1873 he was chosen president DEVENS, CHARLES, an American jurist; born. of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Inin Charlestown, Massachusetts, April 4, 1820; dianapolis railroad; in 1874, of the Atlantic and died Jan. 7, 1891. He was graduated at Harvard Great Western; in 1880, of the Indianapolis and in 1838, and studied law at Cambridge. He was St. Louis. His name is especially remembered United States marshal for the district of Massa- in railroad circles on account of the determined chusetts when the fugitive slave, Thomas Sims, stand he took in the "strike" of 1877, when he prewas demanded by his master, and, notwithstand-vented over eight hundred of his men from joining public sentiment, delivered the slave to the owner. Failing in an attempt to purchase the negro's freedom, he assisted him pecuniarily after his emancipation. Mr. Devens served during the Civil War, was wounded at Ball's Bluff, Fair Oaks and Chancellorsville, and at the end of the war was brevetted major-general for gallant conduct at Richmond. He resumed legal practice in 1866, and was appointed justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts in 1873, but resigned this office to act as Attorney-General under President Hayes, resuming it at the end of that administration, and continuing to fill the position until his death.

DE VERE, SIR AUBREY, an Irish poet, the son of the first baronet De Vere; born at Curra Castle, Ireland, in 1788; died there, in 1846. He wrote little until he was 30 years of age, when he pub

ing the strikers.

DEVIATION OF THE PLUMB-LINE, a physical phenomenon, the explanation of which is, to a large extent, a matter of conjecture. The phenomenon is, that the plumb-line at some points on the earth's surface is drawn out of the perpendicular. It is thought by some to be due to the attraction of mountains, or large masses of earth, in the vicinity of which the deviation has been noted to occur, but a similar deviation has been noticed on level prairies. The conclusion reached by authorities in geodesy is, that wherever a deviation is noticed, near that point are located large masses of the earth which are of greater density than the earth surrounding them.

DEVIL'S COACH-HORSE. See Coleoptera, Vol. VI, p. 131.

DEVIL'S LAKE, the name of a body of water

DEVIL-WORSHIPERS-DEWEY

and of a small village in the northeastern part of North Dakota. The village is on the Great Northern railroad, 90 miles N.W. of Grand Forks, and is the capital of Ramsey County. The lake, formerly known as Minne-Wakan, forms the boundary between Benson and Ramsey counties. It is 40 miles long, about 10 miles wide, and its surface is 1,467 feet above sea-level. It has no visible outlet, and its waters are saline. Population 1890, 846.

DEVIL-WORSHIPERS OR YEZEEDEES, a tribe of the Kurds in Mesapotamia, who believe that while God is supreme, the Devil is a mighty angel, ultimately to be restored to heaven, and hence deserving of reverence. They accept the Old Testament and revere the New Testament and the Koran. It is thought by some that their religion is evolved from Zoroastrianism. They are nomadic, and are said to number over 200,000. They practice infant baptism, allow circumcision, adopt monogamy, permitting divorce only in cases of adultery. The ministry consists of four orders: Pirs, or saints; Sheikhs, or chief officers, Cawals, or ordinary priests; and Fakirs, or deacons, engaged in inferior ministrations. They reverence the sun and fire, and say of themselves, "We are Yezeedees"; i.e., worshipers of God.

DEVINNE, THEODORE LOW, an American printer; born in Stamford, Connecticut, Dec. 25, 1828. He took up his residence

in New York City in 1849, and ten years later became partner of his employer, Francis Hart, whom he succeeded in business. St. Nicholas from its first issue, in 1873, and the Century since 1874, were printed at the De Vinne Press, and among other works might be mentioned the Century Dictionary. He has done much for the improvement of typography, and is noted for the excellence of his presswork and woodcuts. He is a member of the Typothetæ, the Authors' Club, the Grolier Club; is a contributor to current literature, and has published Printer's Price List (1871); Invention of Printing (1876), and Historic Types(1886). DEVONIAN AGE. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X,

P. 340.

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Rector of the University of Edinburgh in 1877; Secretary of State for India in 1880-82; and Secretary of War from 1882 to 1885. Late in 1891, he succeeded his father as Duke of Devonshire. In 1892 he was installed Chancellor of Cambridge University. In June, 1895, he entered Lord Salisbury's Cabinet as Lord President of the Council.

DEVONSHIRE, WILLIAM CAVENDISH, DUKE OF, born April 27, 1808; died in Milnethorpe, Dec. 21, 1891. He was the seventh Duke of Devonshire, succeeding to the title in 1858. Although a member of the House of Commons, and, later by accession to the title, of the House of Lords, he never took a prominent part in politics, devoting himself to business and the manufacture of iron. Possessed of one of the largest estates in England, he was able to carry out large plans, and thereby greatly benefit the industries of the country. The towns of Eastbourne and Barrow-in-Furness are mainly of his building. His son, LORD FREDERICK CHARLES CAVENDISH, an English statesman, was born at Eastbourne, Sussex, Nov. 30, 1836. He was private secretary to Lord Granville from 1859 to 1864; sat in Parliament for several years; was private secretary to W. E. Gladstone from 1872 to 1873; and financial secretary of the Treasury from 1880 to 1882. Then, as Gladstone's olive branch to Ireland, he was appointed chief secretary to the Lord Lieutenant, but was assassinated, with Under-Secretary Burke, in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, within a few days of his landing, May 6, 1882. His brutal murder excited the indignation of the civilized world, for his qualities had endeared him to many people.

DEW. See METEOROLOGY, Vol. XVI, pp. 120, 121. DEWDNEY, EDGAR, a Canadian statesman; born in Devonshire, England, in 1835. He entered the service of Canada in 1859 as a civil engineer, and was assigned to duty in British Columbia. He entered politics and was elected to the local parliament in 1868, and to that of the Dominion in 1872. He was appointed Indian commissioner in 1879; lieutenant-governor of the Northwest in 1881; Minister of the Interior and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs in 1888; and in 1892, governor of British Columbia.

DEWEES, WILLIAM POTTS, an American physician; born in Pottsgrove, Pennsylvania, May 5, 1768; died in Philadelphia, May 18, 1841. He studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and began to practice at Abington. The yellow fever depleted the ranks of Philadelphia physicians in 1793 and Dr. Dewees removed to that city. won distinction in the department of obstetrics, and in 1826 was appointed to a professorship of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in his alma He mater. He has written medical books on these two specialties and on the Practice of Medicine (1830).

DEVONSHIRE, SPENCER COMPTON CAVENDISH, DUKE OF, and Marquis of Hartington, a British statesman, son of William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire; born July 23, 1833. He was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1854, and almost immediately entered the diplomatic service. was elected to the House of Commons in 1857, since which time he has occupied a prominent place among British politicians. He was appointed Lord of the Admiralty in 1863; Under-Secretary of War the same year; in 1866, Secretary of War, in Lord Russell's administration; Postmaster-General under Mr. Gladstone in 1868; in 1871, Chief Secretary for Ireland until 1874, under Mr. Gladstone; chosen leader of the Opposition in 1875; elected Lord

He

DEWEY, CHESTER, an American author and educator; born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, Oct. 25, 1784; died in Rochester, New York, Dec. 5, 1867. He was graduated at Williams College, and entered the ministry in 1808. He was influenced to abandon this profession by the offer of a tutorship in Williams the same year. Two years later he was offered the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy, which posi

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American Artists' Exhibition of 1878. He is noted for his delicacy in painting female figures, and for the refinement of his work. Among his later pieces are The South Wind (1878); The Garden (1884); and The Days (1887).

tion he held for 17 years. In 1836 he was called to the presidency of the Collegiate Institute in Rochester, New York, where he remained 14 years, and was then appointed to the professorship of chemistry and natural philosophy in the University of Rochester. As a botanist he was an authority on the subject DE WITT, a railroad junction and manufacturof grasses. One of his works, the History of the Her-ing town of Clinton County, eastern Iowa, situated baceous Plants of Massachusetts, was published at state 25 miles N. of Davenport. It has a convent, a expense. Others of his works are The True Place of Catholic academy, and manufactures flour, carMan in Zoology and Families and Natural Orders of riages and farming implements. It is the trade center of an agricultural region. Population 1895, 1,344.

Plants.

DEWEY, MELVIL, an American writer and librarian; born in Adams Center, New York, Sept. 10, 1851. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1874, and during the latter portion of his studentlife there, and for two years after graduation, was librarian. He then went to Boston, where he was active in the organization of the American Library Association and its branch, the Library Bureau. He founded the Library Journal, the Spelling Reform Association, and the society for introducing the metric system of weights and measures. The president of the American Library Association, and was for 15 years its secretary, and secretary of the spelling reform and metric system societies, he devised a system of classification of books on a decimal basis, which is used generally throughout the United States. In 1883, in recognition of his ability, he was appointed chief librarian of Columbia College; director of the Columbia College School of Library Economy in 1884; secretary and treasurer of the University of the State of New York; and director of the New York State Library at Albany in 1889. He retained his connection with the Columbia College Library School and organized that school at Albany, where it now is in active operation. In addition to his numerous contributions to various journals, and his editorial work on the Library Journal for the first five years of that journal's existence, he published a revision of the educational laws of New York in 1892, a work of inestimable value; Decimal Classification and Index (1876); and Library School Rules.

DEWEY, ORVILLE, an American Unitarian minister; born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, March 28, 1794; died there, March 29, 1882. He graduated from Williams College in 1814, and from the Andover Theological Seminary in 1819. He became a Unitarian, and for two years was the assistant of Dr. Channing in Boston. He was successively pastor at New Bedford, in New York City at the Church of the Messiah, in Albany, in Washington, and in 1858 he was settled at Boston at the Church of the "New South Society." Here he remained four years, and then retired to his farm, where his last years were spent, visiting Europe twice on account of his health. He delivered two courses of lectures, entitled The Problem of Human Life and Destiny and Education of the Human Race, and wrote controversial sermons and addresses.

DEWING, THOMAS WILMER, an American artist; born in Boston, May 4, 1851. He studied in Paris under Lefebvre and Boulanger, but almost all his work was executed in the United States. His first painting to attract attention was A Musician, exhibited in the

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DE WITT, JOHN, an American Presbyterian clergyman; born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Oct. 10, 1842. He was graduated at Princeton College, Princeton Seminary and Union Theological School. He was ordained in 1865, and entered upon his pastoral duties at Irvington-on-Hudson, where he remained until 1869. From 1869 till 1876 he was stationed in Boston, Massachusetts; from 1876 till 1882, in Philadelphia. At the last-named date he was chosen professor of ecclesiastical history in Lane Seminary, Cincinnati; in 1888 of apologetics in McCormick Seminary, Chicago; and in 1892 of church history in Princeton Seminary. In addition to numerous contributions to periodicals, he published Sermons on the Christian Life (1885).

DEW-POINT. See EVAPORATION, Vol. VIII, p. 727; HYGROMETRY, Vol. XII, p. 570.

DEXIPPUS, PUBLIUS HERENNIUS, a Greek historian and general. He was one of the highest officers of Athens at the time of the invasion of Greece by the Goths in A.D. 262. He took command of the Greek forces at that time, and succeeded in driving the Goths out of the country. He afterward wrote an account of this war, and wrote two histories, one of Macedonia from the time of Alexander, and the other a general history from the mythical ages to Claudius Gothicus, A.D. 268. He was highly esteemed by his countrymen, who erected a statue in his honor.

DEXTER, an important business center of Penobscot County, central Maine, 52 miles N.N.W. of Augusta, on the Maine Central railroad. It manufactures machinery, and has five woolen mills. Population 1880, 2,732.

DEXTER, a manufacturing village of Washte naw County, southeastern Michigan, on the Huron River, 47 miles W. of Detroit, and on the Michigan Central railroad. It has flour, woolen and planing mills and car-works. Population 1895, 871.

DEXTER, HENRY, an American sculptor; born in Nelson, Madison County, New York, Oct. 11, 1806; died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 23, 1876. In early life he worked on a farm, and then took up the blacksmithing trade, which he followed | until after he was married. He determined to become an artist, and took up portrait-painting, but in 1840 turned his attention to sculpture. He became particularly successful in making portrait busts. His first was that of Samuel Eliot, mayor of Boston. He modeled, in 1860, 31 busts of the governors in the United States then holding office. This included all the governors, save those of Oregon and California. Agassiz, Charles Dickens, Longfellow and other fa

DEXTER-DIAGONAL

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