1040

DIAGONAL SCALE-DIANNE DE POITIERS

A

joining any two angles, not adjacent, of a rectilineal figure. A line drawn between two adjacent angles would coincide with the boundary line. triangle has no diagonal, because any two of its angles are adjacent; a four-sided figure has two diagonals; a five-sided, five; a six-sided, nine; etc. The number of possible diagonals in any figure is found by taking three from the number of sides, multiplying the remainder by the number of sides, and taking half of the product.

DIAMOND, CAPE, the point on which the citadel of Quebec stands, formed by the confluence of the St. Charles and St. Lawrence rivers. It rises 333 feet above the water.

DIAMOND-CUTTING INDUSTRIES IN THE UNITED STATES. For general article on the diamond industry, and optical properties of diamonds, see DIAMOND, Vol. VII, pp. 162-167. Only a very limited number of diamonds have been found in the United States. They are met with in wellDIAGONAL SCALE, a device for measuring defined districts of North Carolina, Georgia, Wisfractions of units. As it is geometrically true that consin and California, and all the discoveries thus the inclosing sides of equal angles in equiangular | far have been accidental. triangles are proportional, a scale is made on which one set of equidistant parallel lines is crossed by another set of parallel lines at the same distance apart, and at an oblique angle to the first set. If the distance on any of the first set of lines between two successive oblique lines represents the unit, the distances on the first set between any oblique line and a line from its foot perpendicular to the first set represent the successive fractions of the unit, the smallest being measured on the first horizontal line above the foot of the oblique line, etc.; thus, seven feet six inches would be measured on the sixth horizontal line between the perpendicular and the eighth oblique line from it.

DIAHELIOTROPISM, a term in physiological botany applied to the phenomenon of an organ placing itself at right angles to the incident rays under the influence of light. Many foliage leaves are diahelitropic.

DIALECT. See PHILOLOGY, Vol. XVIII, pp. 776, 777

DIALECTICS. See LOGIC, Vol. XIV, pp. 786, 787. DIALOGUE, a discourse between two or more persons, implying more formality and greater unity of subject than a mere conversation. As a literary form, it was oftenest used by the ancients, especially by the Greek philosophers in conveying their instructions. (See LUCIAN, Vol. XV, p. 42.) The Socratic dialogue is a conversation in form of question and answer, in which the person questioned is himself led to propound those ideas which the questioner desires to present to him. The dialogues of Plato might be called philosophical dramas in which the Socratic method of investigation is brought to bear on the speculative subjects discussed. Cicero also used the dialogue frequently. Among modern writers, Fénélon, Machiavelli, Lessing and Berkeley have employed this form. Landor's Imaginary Conversations is a happy effort of the kind. However, the state of modern science makes it impracticable to put the dialogue to its ancient use. The drama is dialogue combined with action.

DIALYSIS. See DIFFUSION, Vol. VII, p. 217;

and CHEMISTRY, in these Supplements.

DIAMAGNETIC POLARITY. See MAGNETISM,

Vol. XV, pp. 266, 267.

cut.

The returns of the census in 1890 showed that there were, in New York, sixteen firms engaged in cutting and recutting diamonds, and in Massachusetts, three. Cutting had also been carried on, at times, in Pennsylvania and Illinois, but was discontinued. In 1889 seven of the New York firms ran on full time, but the others were unemployed part of the time, owing to inability to obtain rough material at a price at which it could be advantageously The firms that were fully employed were generally the larger ones, whose business consisted chiefly in repairing chipped or imperfectly cut stones, or in recutting stones previously cut abroad, which, owing to the superior workmanship at command here, could be recut at a profit, or in recutting very valuable diamonds when it was desired, with the certainty that the work could be done under their own supervision, thus guarding against any possible loss by exchange for inferior stones. The persons employed numbered 236, earning, on an average, $3.55 per day when at work.

The importation of rough and uncut diamonds in 1880 amounted to $129,207, in 1889 to $250,187, and the total for the decade was $3,133,529, while in 1883 there were imported $443,996 worth, showing that there was 94 per cent more cutting done in 1889 than in 1880, but markedly more in 1882 and 1883. This large increase of importation is due to the fact that in the years 1882 to 1885 a number of our jewelers opened diamond-cutting establishments, but the cutting has not been profitably carried on in this country on a scale large enough to justify branch houses in London, the great market for rough diamonds, where advantage can be taken of every fluctuation in the market, and large parcels purchased, which can be cut immediately and converted into cash; for nothing is bought and sold on a closer margin than rough diamonds. DIAMOND-FIELDS OF SOUTH AFRICA. See CAPE COLONY, Vol. V, p. 42.

DIAMOND NECKLACE, INTRIGUE OF THE.
See ROHAN, Vol. XX, pp. 622, 623.
DIAMONDS, ARTIFICIAL.

these Supplements.

See CHEMISTRY, in

DIANA MONKEY (Cercopithecus diana), an African monkey with a white crescent mark on the

DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES. See ELEC- forehead, which bears some fancied resemblance to TRICITY, 60, in these Supplements.

the silver crescent of the goddess Diana.

DIANA, TEMPLE OF. See EPHESUS, Vol. VIII, PP. 466-469.

DIANNE DE POITIERS, mistress of Henry II of France; born Sept. 3, 1499; died April 22, 1566. She

DIAPASON REGULATOR-DIAZ DEL CASTILLO

DIAPHRAGM. See MAMMALIA, Vol. XV, p. 365; 1877, to Nov. 30, 1880. During his term the tariff was and RESPIRATION, Vol. XX, p. 476.

revised, the financial condition of the country improved, and important railroad lines established. He was succeeded by his Secretary of State, Manuel Gonzalez, who owed his election to Diaz's influence. Four years later, Diaz was elected again, and when his term expired in 1892, he was re-elected, the constitution being changed, at his dictation, to permit this. In 1896 he was chosen for the office for the fifth time. Although Diaz has been severely criticised by some for assuming dictatorial powers,

DIATHERMANCY. See ATMOSPHERE, Vol. III, Mexico needed a strong ruler to govern her, and he

1042

DIAZ DE SOLÍS-DICKENS

vated "bleeding heart," with showy pink-red flowers. The common wild species of the United States, with white flowers and delicate compound leaves, are D. Cucullaria, or "Dutchman's breeches," with two squared corolla, and D. Canadensis, or “squirrelcorn," with heart-shaped corolla. The genus has also been called Diclytra and Dielytra.

DICEY, ALBERT VENN, an English author; born in 1835; Vinerian professor of law at Oxford University from 1882; a frequent contributor to periodical literature, and a brilliant writer; but known from a remarkable exposition of the law of the British constitution, accorded the highest praise by competent critics. His style is clear, his argument cogent and dispassionate, and his contribution to the literature of his time must be reckoned as important in its bearing upon political questions of moment.

Grijalva during his explorations of the Mexican | D. spectabilis, of eastern Asia is the common culticoast in 1518. In the following year he enlisted under Cortés, and served in subordinate positions during the campaigns which led to the conquest of the Aztec empire. In 1568 he began to write Corónica de la Conquista de Nueva España, a simple, rough soldier's narrative of the events in which he had taken part. The book was first published in 1632 at Madrid, some time after its author's death. There are later editions, the best being that in the Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 25. Diaz died in Nicaragua in 1593, DIAZ DE SOLÍS, JUAN, a Spanish navigator; born at Lebrija, Asturias, in 1470; died in 1516. Little is known of his earlier voyages, but it is probable that he was with Gonçalo Coelho in his explorations of the Brazilian coast in 1503. Three years after, he accompanied Pinzon in an exploration of the coasts of Central America, and in 1508, again with Pinzon, he coasted along South America and entered the bay of Rio Janeiro. In 1512, after the death of Vespucci, he was appointed chief pilot of Spain, and sent upon an expedition to seek a southwestern passage to the Indies. He entered the Plata River, but, landing on an island, was killed by the Charruas Indians. The Plata was for some time called Rio de Solís, though it is probable that he was not its first discoverer.

DIBBLE, SHELDON, an American missionary to Hawaii; born in 1809; died in 1845. He studied theology and was ordained in 1830, sailing for the Hawaiian islands the same year. He visited the United States in 1837, but returned in 1839 to end his days in missionary labors. He wrote valuable works on historical and other subjects.

DIBRANCHIATA. See MOLLUSCA, Vol. XVI,

p. 669.

DICÆUM, a genus of birds closely related to the sun-birds (Nectarinide), living principally in India and Australia. They are very beautiful birds and sweet singers.

DICE (plural of die), small cubes of bone or ivory marked on each side with black dots, from one up to six in number, the dots being arranged so that the sum of all on two opposite faces of the die is seven. They are employed in certain games of chance, such as backgammon; also in settling some dispute in which the decision is referred to the highest number thrown. The throwing of dice is effected by means of a small tubular box, which, held in the hand, is shaken at will by the player. When the dice are true cubes, there is no plan by which any kind of shaking can bring out a desired number. The invention of dice is very ancient, being attributed both to the Greeks and the Egyptians. The game was very popular among the later Romans, and is frequently mentioned in the literature of the time. Two cubes, supposed to be Etruscan dice, which were marked with words instead of dots, have furnished evidence of Taylor's theory that the Etruscan language was of Turanian origin, the words being supposed to stand for numerals.

DICENTRA, a genus of herbs of the family Fu mariaceæ, characterized by its corolla being heartshaped, or two-spurred at base, and its crested seeds.

DICEY, EDWARD, an English author; born in Leicestershire in 1832, and educated at Cambridge. He served for a time as reporter and special correspondent for the Daily Telegraph, and for three months was editor of the London Daily News. In 1870 he accepted the editorship of the Observer, a position which he held until 1889. He is the author of A Memoir of Cavour; Rome in 1860; The Schleswig-Holstein War (1864); and other works of like character. He was an authority on Egypt, and a strong advocate of a British annexation of that country. He was made a C.B. in 1885. He took much interest in South African affairs, and paid a long visit to the Transvaal.

DICHLAMDEOUS. See BOTANY, Vol. IV, p.

126.

DICHOGAMY, a term expressing the fact that stigmas and stamens of the same flower become functional at different times, thus preventing close-pollination and necessitating cross-pollination. In cases of dichogamy the flowers are either protandrous, in which case the stamens mature and shed their pollen before the stigma is receptive; or protogynous, in which case the stigma matures and is receptive before the stamens have fully developed. In these cases it is necessary for pollen to be exchanged between flowers in different stages of development. Examples of protandrous flowers are found among Umbellifera, Composite, Campanulacea, etc.; of protogynous flowers, among species of Aristolochia, Arum, Plantago, in Scrophularia nodosa, etc. DICHOTOMY, LAW OF. XX, p. 79. DICHROISM. DICHROITE. See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p.

375.

418.

See PSYCHOLOGY, Vol.

See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p.

DICKENS, CHARLES, an English editor and publisher, son of Charles Dickens, the English novelist, was born in 1837. He was carefully educated, and it being thought that his talents lay more in business than in literature, he was given excellent opportunities for developing his tastes in that direction. He was a protégé of Miss Coutts, afterward Baroness Burdett-Coutts, under whose auspices he was sent to China, and who afterward found an

DICKERSON-DICKINSON

opening for him in London. He became interested in an extensive printing establishment having its headquarters at the Crystal Palace, connection with which he retained after his father's death. His father, without endeavoring to influence his inclinations toward literature, constantly sought to train him in the business management of All the Year Round, the journal which he had himself founded, and which he made such a success. The son became proprietor of this popular journal, which suspended publication in 1895. As a public reader of his father's well-known works, and especially in the characterization of the leading parts, he was almost❘ as great a success as was the father. He possessed all the copious notes of the father's "business," and by constant study, and under the latter's careful inspection, he was exceptionally well equipped. He had also the natural gift of oratory and an easy flow of speech. He published a number of handbooks of an informing character-Dictionaries of London, Paris, The Thames, The University of Cambridge, and The University of Oxford, the series having been commenced in 1879. He edited the Life of Charles Mathews, which was chiefly autobiographical (1879). He died at Kensington, July 20, 1896.

DICKERSON, MAHLON, an American statesman; born at Hanover, New Jersey, April 17, 1770; graduated at Princeton in 1789, and was admitted to the practice of law in 1793, and settled in Philadelphia. He held various political offices in Pennsylvania, and then removed to New Jersey, where he became judge of the supreme court and chancellor. In 1811 he became a member of the legislature, and four years later was elected governor of the state. From 1817 to 1833 he was a member of the United States Senate, and from 1834 to 1838 was Secretary of the Navy. Subsequently he was on the bench of the United States district court of New Jersey, and in 1846-48 was president of the American Institute. He published Speeches in Congress. He died at Succasunna, New Jersey, Oct. 5, 1853. DICKINS, JOHN, an American divine; born in London, England, Aug. 24, 1747; died in Philadelphia, Sept. 27, 1798. He was one of the leading American Methodist preachers of his day. He aided in founding Cokesbury College, near Abingdon, Maryland, the first academic institution of the Methodist denomination in the United States, and the Methodist Episcopal Book Concern. He published the Methodist Magazine from 1797 until his death.

DICKINSON, ANNA ELIZABETH, an American orator and authoress; born of Quaker parents in Philadelphia, Oct. 28, 1842. She made her first public speech in 1857, and from that time continued as a speaker on temperance, slavery and politics. She taught school from 1859 to 1860, and for the year succeeding was employed in the United States mint. She appeared as an orator in many states of the Union until 1876, when she left the lecture platform for the stage. She both wrote and acted, but with no great success, and in 1888 resumed lecturing. She published several books.

DICKINSON, DANIEL STEVENS, an American statesman; born in Goshen, Connecticut, Sept. 11,

1043

| 1800; died April 12, 1866. He began the practice of law in Guilford, New York, in 1828, but in 1831 settled in Binghamton. In 1836 he was elected state senator, and in 1842 became lieutenant-governor. In 1844 he was made United States Senator, and in 1852 he declined the office of collector of the port of New York. In 1861 he was elected attorney-general of the state, and subsequently became district attorney for the southern district of New York. This position he held till his death. He was distinguished as a debater and the leader of the Hunkers, or Conservative Democrats, of New York.

DICKINSON, DON M., an American lawyer and politician; born at Port Ontario, New York, Jan. 17, 1846, of New England parents, who removed to Michigan when the boy was two years old. He was educated in the public schools of Detroit and at the University of Michigan, and was admitted to the bar in 1867. In 1872 he entered the political field as secretary of the Democratic State Central Committee of Michigan, and in the Tilden campaign he acted as chairman of that body. Subsequently he represented his state on the National Democratic Committee, and in 1886 he was appointed Postmaster-General by President Cleveland. On the expiration of his term he resumed the practice of law in Detroit.

DON M. DICKINSON.

He

DICKINSON, JOHN, an American statesman; born in Talbot County, Maryland, Nov. 13, 1732. studied law in Philadelphia and London, and began practice in Philadelphia. In 1798 he published his famous Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, by a Pennsylvania Farmer, which sought to prove that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies. In them the phrase was first used, "No taxation without representation." In 1776 he spoke against the Declaration of Independence in Congress, arguing that the act was premature; he was one of the few members of that body who did not sign the Declaration. When the war broke out he enlisted as a private, but was soon raised to a brigadier-general. In 1779 he was elected to Congress from Delaware, in the following year to the Delaware assembly, and in 1781 became president of the state. From 1782 to 1785 he was president of Pennsylvania. Dickinson College was founded and endowed by him in 1783. He wrote numerous political essays, which have a high reputation for learning.

DICKINSON COLLEGE-DICTIONARY