Norwegian poet and critic; born at Bergen, Jan. 1, 1834; passed a portion of his youth in traveling; settled in Sweden in 1859; became docent at the University of Upsala in 1861; amanuensis at the National Museum in 1866; art teacher at Stockholm in 1868; and teacher in the Manual Training School in 1870. In 1875 he was made professor of the history of the fine arts at Christiania. His works, chiefly on art-history, are written, some in the Swedish language, some in the Norwegian, the best known being Outlines of the History of Norsk Poetry (1866).

DIEULAFOY, MARCEL AUGUSTE, a French archæologist; born Aug. 3, 1844; distinguished for his learned and fruitful researches in the antiquities of Persia. His magnificent works, Ancient Art of Persia (1884-89) and Acropolis of Susa (1890), are well known. His wife, also an enthusiastic archæologist, published Persia, Susiana and Chaldæa (1866) and At Susa (1887).

DIFFERENCE-ENGINE. See CALCULATINGMACHINES, Vol. IV, pp. 654, 655.

DIFFERENTIAL THERMOMETER, an instrument for determining very minute differences of temperature. Leslie's differential thermometer consists of two glass bulbs containing air, connected by a bent tube containing some sulphuric acid, the movement of which, as the air expands and contracts, serves to indicate any slight difference of temperature between the two bulbs.

DIFFERENTIATION, of molecules. See ATOMS, Vol. III, pp. 44, 45. In biology. See BIOLOGY, Vol. III, pp. 682, 683. DIFFRACTION. See WAVE THEORY, Vol. XXIV,

DIGAMMA, an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet, resembling the English F, and equivalent in sound to the English w.

DIGBY, a seaport town, county seat of Digby County, western Nova Scotia, situated on an inlet of the Bay of Fundy. Shipbuilding is carried on, and large quantities of herring and mackerel are exported. Population 1891, 1,381.

DIGBY, GEORGE, EARL OF BRISTOL, an English politician and author; born in Madrid, Spain, where his father was English ambassader, in 1612; died, in 1676. He was a turncoat in politics, alternately siding with the Commonwealth and with the Royalists, and while in exile in France and Spain he became a Catholic. Upon succeeding to the title he sat in the House of Lords after the restoration of Charles II. He published Speeches (1640, 1641 and 1674); was the author of Elvira: A Comedy (1642); and also published Letters Between Lord George Digby and Sir Kenelm Digby Concerning Religion (1651).

DIGBY, KENELM HENRY, an English author, born in 1800, was the youngest son of the dean of Clonfert. Having entered Trinity College, Cambridge, he took his B.A. in 1819, and three years later published the Broad Stone of Honor, "that noble manual for gentlemen," as Julius Hare called it; "that

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volume which, had I a son, I would place in his hands, charging him, though such admonition would be needless, to love it next to his Bible." It was much altered and enlarged in the 1828 and subsequent editions (the latest 1877), its author having in the mean time turned Catholic. He died in London, where most of his long life was spent, March 22, 1880. Of 14 other works (32 vols., 1831-74) the last eight were poetry.

DIGEST. See JUSTINIAN, Vol. XIII, pp. 793-795. DIGESTER, PAPIN'S STEAM. See PAPIN, Vol. XVIII, p. 228.

DIGGES FAMILY, THE, an English family which for several generations was honorably represented by scholars and authors. (See TELESCOPE, Vol. XXIII, p. 135.)-LEONARD DIGGES, a gentleman of good family and some means; born at Barham, Kent; educated at Oxford; devoted himself to geometry and its practical applications during a life of retirement at his ancestral home; died in 1574. He was author of Tectonicum (1556), a work relating to the measurement of lands, stone, timber, etc., and of A Prognostication Everlasting of Right Good Effect; or, Choice Rules to Judge of the Weather by Sun, Moon, Stars, etc. (1555-56, 1564).—THOMAS DIGGES, Son of Leonard, educated at Oxford, seems to have had a military career, and became eminent as a mathematician. He died in 1595. Among his works were Alæ sive Scala Mathematica (1573), "an arithmetical military treatise, containing so much of arithmetic as is necessary towards military discipline," and Stratioticos, an arithmetical, warlike treatise-teaching the science of numbers-with so much of the rules of equations algebraical and equations Cossical as are requisite for the profession of a soldier.-SIR DUDLEY DIGGES, eldest son of Thomas; born 1583; died 1639; educated at Oxford; an accomplished politician and elegant writer; is chiefly remembered for The Compleat Ambassador, a collection of letters between the ministers of Queen Elizabeth respecting her projected marriage with the Duc d'Anjou, published in 1655, after his death. In 1610 he appears as a friend of the navigator Hendrik Hudson, contributing money to equip his fleet. In 1618 he was ambassador at Rome; 1621, member of Parliament; 1630, Master of the Rolls; and in 1631, one of a committee appointed to consider Virginian affairs.--EDWARD DIGGES, Son of Sir Dudley; born in England, 1620; died in Virginia, March 15, 1675; a resident of Virginia; employed Armenians to introduce the culture of the silk-worm in the valley of the James River, and was governor of Virginia during a portion of the year 1655. He then went to England to adjust a controversy between that colony and Lord Baltimore.-DUDLEY DIGGES, another son of Sir Dudley; born 1612; died 1643; was author of a treatise on the Illegality of Subjects Taking Arms Against Their Sovereign.

DIGHTON ROCK, a mass of granite weighing nearly ten tons, with dimensions about six by eleven feet, and rising four feet above the ground, lying just above the water on the east bank of Taunton River, in the town of Berkeley, Bristol County, Massachusetts. Its front is deeply cut with mysterious characters, which have apparently undergone no change

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since first observed from the deck of a passing vessel by the early colonists. The rock is mentioned, with drawings of the inscription, in a letter from Cambridge to Sir Hans Sloane, dated Dec. 18, 1730, which is now in the British Museum; and it is also described by Edward A. Kendall in his Travels Through the Northern Parts of the United States in 1807-08. Many antiquarians believe that it is a runic inscription left by the Norsemen under Thorfinn, to record their visit to America, A.D. 1008. It was purchased, with the surrounding land, in 1857, for Ole Bull, the Norwegian violionist, and after his death was presented to the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Copenhagen, by whom it was, in 1890, ceded to the Old Colony Historical Society of Taunton, Massachusetts. J. J. Worsae, the eminent antiquarian of Stockholm, denies that the inscriptions are Runic or Norsk, and seems to favor the Indian tradition that it commemorates the massacre of some white men who arrived in a ship many years ago, and who, after seizing some of the natives as hostages, incautiously went ashore to a spring for water, and were overpowered. DIGITIGRADA.

359, 434.

See MAMMALIA, Vol. XV, pp.

DIHONG OR LANPO, a river of Tibet, which forms the upper part of the Brahmaputra. It rises on the northern side of the Himalayas, in western Tibet, flows for one thousand miles east, then bursts through the great mountain chain into India, where it receives the other name. See TIBET, Vol. XXIII,

P. 341.

DIJON MUSTARD.

Its

The celebrated Dijon mustard is worthy of note as a manufacture. peculiar quality is a certain piquancy not found in any other mustard. The seed is always sown on cleared charcoal-beds in forests, and the soil gives one peculiar flavor to the mustard; another flavor is differently accounted for. The mustard, when in powder, is mixed with the juice of new wine, lending that pleasant acidity with which we are familiar. But to obtain precisely the degree of acidity, it is necessary that the grape be always in precisely the same state of unripeness, a degree more or less making all the difference.

DIKE, SAMUEL WARREN, an American clergyman devoted to the study of sociology; born at Thompson, Connecticut, Feb. 13, 1839; graduated at Williams College in 1863 and at Andover Theological Seminary a few years later. After devoting some fifteen years to the ministry, he became prominent as an advocate of reform in the laws relating to marriage and divorce in his own and other countries, and compiled a mass of information with reference thereto at the request of Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of the Bureau of Statistics, besides contributing many articles on the same subject to magazines and reviews. See DIVORCE and MARRIAGE, in these Supplements.

DIKE OR DYKE, in engineering. See HOLLAND, Vol. XII, pp. 59, 60. In geology, see GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 312.

DILATOMETER, an instrument for determining the expansion of liquids. The ordinary form consists of a globe bearing a graduated tube. If

petroleum is to be tested, several dilatometers may be filled and immersed at once in an oil bath, the oil being heated and maintained at a certain temperature for at least fifteen minutes. At the end of this time the lid of the bath is raised and the increase in the volume of the oil in the tube is read like the mercury in a thermometer. The tube of the dilatometer is quite small, and in order to fill it, an air-pump has to be used to exhaust the oil, a very fine flexible tube being inserted for that purpose. All bubbles have to be carefully removed, and the tube must be cleaned by careful wiping. After use, the dilatometer may be emptied by a reverse process, air being blown in, followed by ether, to completely cleanse the apparatus.

C. H. COCHRANE.

DILETTANTE, an Italian expression for a lover of the arts and sciences, who devotes his leisure to them as a means of amusement and gratification. In 1734 a number of gentlemen formed in London a "Dilettanti Society," which published a splendid work on Ionian Antiquities (1769-1840); and Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, Egyptian, Etruscan, Greek and Roman (1809-35), The Temples of Egina and Bassa (1860); etc.

SIR CHARLES DILKE.

DILKE, SIR CHARLES WENTWORTH, an English politician and author, was born at Chelsea, London, Sept. 4, 1843; a grandson of Charles Wentworth Dilke, proprietor and editor of The Athenaum, whose Papers of a Critic Sir Charles edited in 1875, and son of Sir C. W. Dilke, one of the active originators of the great exhibition of 1851, and British commissioner to the New York Industrial Exhibition of 1853. Sir Charles was educated at Cambridge, where he graduated as "senior legalist" in 1866, and in the same year was called to the bar. During 1866-67 he made a tour of English-speaking and Englishgoverning countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and India, the results of which appeared in a cleverly written record of travel, under the title of Greater Britain. This work, which met with instant and signal success, treated the new subject of the influence of race on government, and of climatic conditions upon race, and won praise for its author as an acute and highly intelligent observer on imperial and colonial questions. In 1868 he entered Parliament as member for Chelsea. A doctrinaire Radical in politics, in 1871 he was attacked for holding republican opinions when he avowed his preference for a republican form of government to a constitutional monarchy. Despite this fact, he held office under the crown, being Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and president of the Local Government Board, with a seat in Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet.

In

In 1881-82 he was chairman of the royal commission for the negotiation of a commercial treaty with France. In 1885 he carried the Diseases Prevention Act through Parliament. He was also concerned with legislation creating the metropolitan school boards, directly elected by the rate-payers, and for conferring the municipal franchise on women. 1885, in consequence of the disgraceful exposure of the Crawford divorce case, in which he was named as a co-respondent, he was defeated in a contest for a Parliamentary seat in Chelsea, and began to devote himself more to literary work and travel, and to the study of questions bearing upon the European and colonial policy of Britain, her military strength, the imperial defenses, etc. His chief publications, besides Greater Britain, already noted, are an anonymously published satire, entitled The Fall of Prince Florestan of Monaco (1874); Two Recess Speeches (1876); The Eastern Question (1878); Parliamentary Reform (1879); The Present Position of European Politics (1878); The British Army (1888); The Problems of Greater Britain (1890); and, conjointly with Spencer Wilkinson, a volume entitled, Imperial Defence (1891). In 1892 he was returned to the House of Commons as member for the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. In 1885 he married Mrs. Mark Pattison, widow of the late rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, herself a writer and author of several clever stories.

DILKE, EMILIA F., an English authoress; born at Oxford in 1842; married the Rev. Mark Pattison, rector of Lincoln College there, in 1862, and after his death 1884, married, in 1885, Sir Charles W. Dilke. During many years she wrote the art criticisms in the Athenæum, and the articles on Italy and France in the Annual Register. She also wrote on trades unions for women, in the Fortnightly Review and in the New Review. Her Life and Works of Claude Lorraine (1879) shows a judicious and appreciative critical talent; and in The Renaissance of Art in France (1879) she treats with thoroughness a most difficult period of French art. Among her other works are The Shrine of Death (1866); and Art in the Modern State (1888).

DILLMANN, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH AUGUST, a German theologian and Orientalist; born at Illingen, Würtemberg, April 25, 1823; died July 4, 1894; educated at Stuttgart, Schönthal and Tübingen; became a parish vicar at Tersheim in 1845; made researches among the libraries of Paris, London and Oxford in 1846-48; filled various posts of honor at the universities of Tübingen, Giessen and Kiel; edited a number of catalogues of Oriental and Ethiopic manuscripts; translated and explained the Book of Enoch (1853); published a Grammar of the Ethiopic Language (1857), and a lexicon of the same (1865); and undertook an edition of the Old Testament in that language. In 1869 he resigned his chair at Giessen to become the successor of Hengstenberg, at Berlin. The author of numerous works on Ethiopic themes, he was unquestionably the first authority in Europe on those languages. He possessed a magnificent Oriental library of 5,000 volumes, which has been acquired by the Johns Hopkins University, at

Baltimore.

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DILLON, a city and the capital of Beaver Head County, southwestern Montana, 100 miles S.S.W. of Helena, on the Beaverhead River, and on the Union Pacific railroad. It is a shipping-point for the country for 15 miles about, exporting ore, wool, cattle, sheep and farm products. Population 1892, 1,500. DILLON, JOHN, an Irish politician, son of John Blake Dillon; born in Blackrock, County Dublin, in 1851; educated at the Catholic University of Dublin; entered Parliament for Tipperary, 1880; became an active supporter of Mr. Parnell, and was the first on the list when, Feb. 2, 1881, the entire Parnell party was suspended. He resigned in 1883; was elected for East Mayo in 1885, and again in 1886. He was twice imprisoned under the Coercion Act of 1881, and in 1886, while executing the "plan of campaign," was arrested at Loughrea and bound over to keep the peace. In 1888 he was sentenced to six months' imprisonment in Tullamore jail. He afterward traveled in Australia; returned in 1890, and was arrested on a political charge, forfeited his bail, escaped with William O'Brien to Cherbourg and thence went to the United States, where he was received by the friends of Mr. Parnell. He surrendered himself in 1891, and, after being released from a brief imprisonment, declared himself in favor of Mr. Parnell's retirement from the Parliamentary leadership of the Irish party. Later he re-entered Parliament, and has been conspicuous among Ireland's representatives.

JOHN DILLON.

DILLON, JOHN BLAKE, an Irish politician; born in Mayo in 1814; died in 1866. He studied theology at Maynooth, and law at Dublin, and was called to the bar in 1842. He helped to found the Nation newspaper, was member of Parliament for Tipperary, a prominent member of the Young Ireland party and one of the rebels of 1848, after the failure of which movement he escaped to the Arran Islands; thence to France, and later to the United States, where he practiced law in New York City. He returned to Ireland, and was elected to Parliament in 1865. DILUVIUM, distinguished from alluvium. ALLUVIUM, Vol. I, p. 589.

See

DIMINUTIVES, in grammar, words having a special affix expressive of littleness, or of the ideas. of tenderness, affection, contempt, etc., commonly associated therewith. In English, the terminations -kin, -ling, and -et, as in napkin, gosling, and pocket, are examples of common diminutives.

DIMITY, a heavy, fine, white cotton fabric with a crimped or ridged surface; plain, striped, or crossbarred. The term is derived from the Greek dimitos (made with a double thread). The Greek cloth is believed to have been a kind of twilled goods. Modern dimity is used for women's dresses and in fancy draperies.

DIMORPHISM, in botany, is a term expr ssing