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VIII, pp. 752, 753.

DUAL NUMBER.

p. 40.

.

DUANE, WILLIAM, an American journalist and politician; born near Lake Champlain, New York, in 1760. The son of Irish parents, when a boy was sent by them to Ireland to receive his training. He displayed throughout his life the spirit of the Irish agitator, to which he added a spitefulness which brought him many enemies and few friends. He was a printer by trade, and in 1784 went to India and began the publication of the Calcutta World, but soon made himself obnoxious to the authorities and was sent to England. There he became connected with the London Times. He moved to the United States in 1795, and in 1798 became editor of the Aurora of Philadelphia, a paper, in its time, of great political influence. He made use of his position to attack the Presidential administrations of Adams and Madison. While at first he had considerable influence, it was soon lost by reason of the coarse and vilifying editorials written by him. He left the Aurora in 1822 and went to South America, but returned the next year. He was given a small office as an attaché of the supreme court, and retaining it until his death, which occurred in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Nov. 24, 1835.

DUANE, WILLIAM JOHN, an American statesman; born in Clonmel, Ireland, May 9, 1780. He was a son of the preceding, but was a man of more culture and less spleen. He studied law, and as a lawyer achieved a reputation. He was an active supporter of Andrew Jackson, and was selected by him for the position of Secretary of the Treasury. In 1833, foreseeing the probability of a panic that year, he declined to withdraw the United States funds from the United States Bank, lest he precipitate the panic. On account of his refusal, he was removed from office. He afterward devoted himself to the practice of law and published two works of value, Internal Improvements of Pennsylvania and International Law. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 26, 1855.

DUBBS, JOSEPH HENRY, an American clergyman and writer; born Oct. 5, 1838, in North White

DUBLIN, UNIVERSITY OF, OR TRINITY COLLEGE. See DUBLIN, Vol. VII, p. 498.

DÜBNER, FREDERICK, a German philologist; born in Hörselgau, Germany, Dec. 20, 1802. From 1826 to 1831 he was an instructor in the Gotha Gymnasium, and after that time, until his death, lived in Paris, engaged in various editorial work. He was editor, for Didot, of the Thesaurus and Bibliotheca Græca, and, for Napoleon, of a life of Cæsar (1867), and numerous classical editions for others. In the Bibliotheca Græca. he contributed the notes to the portions on Theocritus, Aristophanes. Theophrastus and Plutarch. He died near Paris, Oct. 13, 1867.

DUBNITZA, a town of southwestern Bulgaria, 33 miles S. of Sofia. It has extensive ironworks. Population, 6,000.

DUBOIS, a village of Clearfield County, western central Pennsylvania, located in the coal region, 129 miles N. E. of Pittsburg, on the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg, and Mahoning Valley railroads. It has a machine-shop, planing and lumber mills, and a sash and blind factory. Population 1890, 6, 149.

DUBOIS, AUGUSTUS JAY, an American civil engineer; born April 25, 1849, in Newton Falls, Ohio. Graduated from the Yale Sheffield Scientific School in 1869, and after several years spent in graduate study at Yale and in Germany, at Freiburg, he was appointed to the chair of engineering in Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, and in 1876 of mechanical engineering at the Sheffield Scientific School, and in 1884 that of civil-engineering in the same institution. He wrote a number of authoritative treatises, among the later ones of which are The Strains in Framed Structures (1883) and Tables for Bridge-Engineers (1885). He also made several valuable translations; among them, Thermodynamics (1880), by Roentgen.

DUBOIS, CLÉMENT FRANÇOIS THÉODORE, a French organist and composer; born in Rosney, Aug. 24, 1837. He early attracted attention in Paris, by his playing, and in 1861 won the prix de Rome. Since 1877 he has occupied Saint-Saëns's position as organist at the Madeleine, Paris. is well known as a composer, chiefly on account of his Les Sept Paroles du Christ (1867). Others of his works are Le Pain Bis (1879); and AbenHamet (1884); and a number of single pieces.

He

DUBOIS, JOHN, a Franco-American churchman, bishop of New York; born in Paris, Aug. 24, 1764. Educated at the college of Louis le Grand, among his fellow-students were Desmou

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lins and Robespierre. He afterward studied at the seminary of St. Magloire. In 1787 he was ordained assistant priest of St. Sulpice. At the time of the French revolution he sailed from France, and arrived in Norfolk, Virginia, bringing letters from Lafayette. He was first received by Bishop Carroll of Maryland; stationed at Norfolk and afterward in Richmond. After serving in Frederick, Maryland, where his mission included Emmittsburg, Maryland, and Winchester and Martinsburg, Virginia, in 1806 he erected a church in Frederick; and in 1809 he founded Mount St. Mary's College, which has sent forth thousands of priests. Dr. Dubois was the first superior of the Sisters of Charity in the United States, who were established at Emmittsburg under his protection. In 1826 he was appointed bishop of New York, being the second to hold this see. He was consecrated at Baltimore, Oct. 29, 1826, and installed in the following month at St. Peter's Cathedral, New York, where he served until 1838. He died in New York, Dec. 20, 1842.

DUBOIS, PAUL, a French sculptor; born in Nogent-sur-Seine, July 18, 1829. He studied under Toussaint, in Paris. His first exhibited work was Saint-Jean, a Child, in 1860, done at Florence. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor and a member of the Institute. Among the more famous of his works are A Florentine Singer of the Fifteenth Century; Charity: and Narcissus at the Bath. A portrait-painter of some reputation, an example of his work is My Children.

DU BOIS, WILLIAM EWING, an American writer and authority on numismatics; born in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, Dec. 15, 1810; became assistant assayer of the United States mint at Philadelphia in 1836 and assayer in 1872. He wrote A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations (1842-51) and A Description of Ancient and Modern Coins (1860), besides making the extensive numismatic collection of the mint. He died in Philadelphia, July 14, 1881.

DUBOIS-REYMOND, EMIL, a German physiologist; born in Berlin, Nov. 7, 1818. In 1841 he began the researches in animal electricity with which his name is .chiefly identified. In 1858 he succeeded Johannes Müller in the chair of physiology at Berlin, and in 1867 he was elected permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences. He wrote a number of articles descriptive of his experiments. Among them are A Description of the Apparatus and Experiments of Electro-Physiology (1863); Leibnitz and Modern Science (1871); and The Limits of Our Knowledge of Nature (1872).

DUBUFE, ÉDOUARD, a French painter; born in Paris, March 30, 1820. He studied under his father, Claude Dubufe and Delaroche. He made a specialty of portrait-work, although he has done much on religious subjects. Among his portraits are those of the Princess Mathilde, Empress Eugénie, Rosa Bonheur and Alexandre Dumas, the younger. He was an officer of the Legion of Honor. He died in Versailles, Aug. 11, 1883. DUBUFE, ÉDOUARD MARIE GUILLAUME, a

French painter, son of the preceding; born in Paris, May 16, 1853. He studied under Mazerolle, and was taught by his father. Among his works are The Death of Adonis and A Study (1877) and April and Saint Cecilia (1878). The first year he received a medal of the third class, and the second year one of the second class.

DUBUQUE, a city of eastern Iowa and capital of Dubuque County (see Vol. VII, p. 504). It has extensive manufactories of carriages, wagons and plows, and its lumber and pork-packing interests are large. It has also manufactories of wooden-ware, brick, leather, white lead, shot, engines, machinery, farming implements, beer, flour, soap, candles, artificial stone, boots and shoes, etc. In addition to an excellent system of public schools, its educational interests include a German Presbyterian Theological Seminary, St. Joseph College and Academy (Catholic), St. Mary's Academy, the Iowa Institute of Science and Arts, several convents, a business college, and an Episcopalian school. Population 1890, 30, 147; 1895, 40,576.

DU CAMP, MAXIME, a French miscellaneous writer; born at Paris, Feb. 8, 1822. He made repeated journeys in the East, and ultimately settled in Paris. He wrote of his Eastern travels, and poems, romances, a history of the Commune, and a great work on Paris and its institutions. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1853. He was elected a member of the French Academy, Feb. 26, 1880. Among his writings are Paris: Its Organs, Its Functions, Its Life (1867), and History of the Paris Commune, the work which secured for him his election to the Academy, and for which he is best known. He died in Paris, Feb. 10, 1894.

DUCAT. See NUMISMATICS, Vol XVII, p. 655. DUCATO CAPE, an abrupt headland, in lat. 38° 33' N., long. 20° 23' E., at the southwest extremity of Leukas or Santa Maura, one of the Ionian islands, dreaded by sailors for the fierce currents around it. From its summit criminals were anciently cast into the sea.

DUCCIO DI BUONINSEGNA. See SCHOOLS OF PAINTING, Vol. XXI, p. 433.

DU CHAILLU, PAUL BELLONI, a French traveler and author; born in Paris, July 31, 1835. His father was a trader on the west coast of Africa. At an early age the son went thither, and acquired a knowledge of the languages and character of the native tribes. In 1852 he removed to the United States with a cargo of ebony-wood, and there published a series of papers on the Gaboon country. In 1855 he returned to the "Dark Continent," and spent four years exploring the then unknown region lying within two degrees on each side of the equator. During this time he shot and stuffed many birds and

PAUL B. DU CHAILLU.

animals, among which were several gorillas and a monstrous ape until then unknown to scientists. In 1859 he returned to New York City with his specimens and a collection of African weapons and implements, which were exhibited publicly, and eventually sold to various purchasers. An account of this enterprise was published under the title of Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (1861; rev. ed. 1871). This book's extraordinary statements provoked doubt among scientists as to the author's exact truthfulness. To vindicate himself from severe aspersions, Du Chaillu visited Africa again in 1863, and returned in 1865. On this voyage he discovered the pigmies, a race of beings which has been the occasion of much discussion and speculation. He published an account of this second expedition under the title, A Journey to Ashango Land (1867). He then lived in the United States, where he lectured and published a series of books of adventure, among which works are Stories of the Gorilla Country (1868); Lost in the Jungle (1869); and The Country of the Dwarfs (1871). Subsequently he traveled in Sweden, Norway, Lapland and Finland, and published The Land of the Midnight Sun (1881); The Viking Age (1889); and Ivar, the Viking (1893).

DUCHOBORTZI, a sect of Russian mystics, one of the numerous schools of spiritualists which flourish in Russia, traceable to the eighteenth century, who depend upon an inward light, like the Quakers; attach little importance to the sacraments, priesthood and services of the church; and reject the doctrine of the Trinity and of the divinity of Christ. The Emperor Alexander I allowed them to settle in Taurida, in south Russia; Nicholas I, in 1841, transferred them to Transcaucasia and Siberia, where they have become quite a powerful sect.

DUCK RIVER rises in Coffee County, a river of central Tennessee, follows a westward course, and enters the Tennessee River, 16 miles S. W. of Waverly. Its length is about two hundred miles, and it is navigable for about fifty miles for small crafts.

DUCKWEEDS, the common name of species of the family Lemnacea, small, free-swimming water-plants, including the smallest of flowering plants. The plant is a small, floating, leaf-like body, from which roots hang downward. The extremely reduced flowers arise from a pocketlike hollow of the thallus-like body. Duckweeds multiply rapidly by branching, each branch repeating the form of the parent body, and thus speedily cover the surface of stagnant water. The genera are Lemna, Speirodela and Wolffia. The species are regarded as very much reduced arums.

DUCLERC, CHARLES THÉODORE EUGÈNE, a French journalist and statesman; born in Bagneres-de-Bigorre, Nov. 9, 1812; became a journalist in Paris, and in 1848 a member of the constituent assembly and Minister of Finance. lived in retirement during the empire, and in 1871

He

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was elected to the National Assembly, where he acted with the Republican Left. In 1875 he became vice-president of the Assembly, and on December 10th of that year was elected a life senator. In August, 1882, he became Premier, but his administration only lasted until February, 1883. He died in Paris, July 21, 1888.

DUCROT, AUGUSTE ALEXANDRE, a French soldier; born in Nevers, Feb. 24, 1817, He entered the army in 1840 as a lieutenant, and at the time of the battle of Sedan, was a general in command of a division. At that battle he was taken prisoner and imprisoned. He escaped, however, and, reached Paris in time to take an active part in the last battles of the FrancoPrussian war, and to help suppress the Commune. He afterward was elected to the Assembly, and used his influence against the Empire. He published The Day of Sedan (1871); The Defense of Paris (1878), and works of minor importance. He died in Paris, Aug. 17, 1882.

DUCTILITY. See WIRE, Vol. XXIV, p. 615. DUDLEY, BENJAMIN WINSLOW, an American surgeon; born April 12, 1785, in Spottsylvania County, Virginia. After his graduation from the University of Pennsylvania's medical department he spent four years in Europe, studying under the best physicians of the day, such as Sir Astley Cooper of London, and Paul A. Dubois of Paris. Upon his return to the United States in 1814, he entered into active practice of his profession at Lexington, Kentucky. He was so successful that, not only in the United States, but also in England, he was judged to be the peer of any physician, and was especially noted as a lithotomist. He was active in the organization of the Transylvania University medical department, and was one of its professors for a number of years. He died Jan. 20, 1870, in Lexington, Kentucky.

DUDLEY, CHARLES EDWARD, an American merchant and public man; born May 23, 1780, in Staffordshire, England. He moved to the United States in 1794, and engaged in trade with the West Indies. He acquired a large amount of property, and became one of the most prominent merchants of Albany. He was elected to the United States Senate to fill the seat vacated by Martin Van Buren and served from 1829 to 1833. He was also mayor of Albany from 1821 to 1828, and a state senator from 1820 to 1825. He died in Albany, New York, Jan. 23, 1841.

DUDLEY, EDMUND, an English lawyer and statesman; born about 1462, and died in 1510; Empson's partner in carrying out the obnoxious policy of Henry VII, whose son and successor sent him to the block in 1510. the Earl of Northumberland. Vol. XIV, p. 425.

He was father of See LEICESTER,

DUDLEY, HENRY BATE, a British journalist and clergyman; born in 1745, in Fenny Compton, England. A man of great ability, he distinguished himself in several lines. He was a writer of no mean talent; his Rival Candidates (1775) and Travelers in Switzerland (1793), both comic

operas, established him among the dramatists of his time. His services as a magistrate were such as to bring him a baronetcy. As a clergyman, he became prebendary of Ely. He established the Morning Post in 1775 and the Morning Herald in 1780. He was the author of several pamphlets on political economy. He died in London, Feb.

1, 1824.

DUDLEY, JOSEPH, a colonial governor of Massachusetts; born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, Sept. 23, 1647. In 1675 he helped to negotiate a treaty with the Narragansett Indians. In 1682 he visited England on behalf of the colonists; in 1685 was appointed president of New England, and in 1687 chief justice of the supreme court. From 1690 to 1693 he was chief justice of New York, and governor of Massachusetts from 1702 to 1715. He died in Roxbury, April 2, 1720.

DUDLEY, PAUL, an American jurist and naturalist; born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, Sept. 3, 1675. He was the son of the preceding, and received his education at Harvard College, and the Temple in London. When he was but 27 he was appointed attorney-general of the province of Massachusetts. He was appointed chief justice in 1745. He was a man of broad scholarship and took an active interest in natural science, publishing several papers on various topics. He was an anti-Catholic, and a strong supporter of the New England churches and colleges. He died in Roxbury, Jan. 25, 1751.

DUDLEY, THOMAS UNDERWOOD, an American Protestant Episcopal bishop; born in Richmond, Virginia, Sept. 26, 1837. He was ordained a priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1868. Previous to that time he had been a professor in the University of Virginia, from which institution he had been graduated in 1858. During the Civil War he was in the Confederate army. In 1869 he became rector of Christ's Church, Baltimore, and in 1875 was appointed assistant bishop of the diocese of Kentucky. He was elected bishop in 1884. He is the author of A Sunday-School Question Book (1872) and A Nice Discrimination the Church's Need (1881).

BISHOP DUDLEY.

DUER, JOHN, an American jurist; born in Albany, New York, Oct. 7, 1782. He studied law, and acquired a reputation in New York City as an insurance lawyer. He was delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1821; appointed one of the commissioners to revise the statute law of the state in 1825, and was elected an associate judge of the superior court, becoming chief justice in 1857. He published a number of works, one of which, A Treatise on the Law and Practice of Marine Insurance, has become a standard authority in the United States. He died on Staten Island, Aug. 8, 1858.

DUER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, an American jurist and educator, brother of the preceding; born in Rhinebeck, New York, Sept. 8, 1780; died in New York, May 30, 1858. After practicing law in Philadelphia, New Orleans, New York and Rhinebeck, he enlisted in the navy for a brief period during the trouble with France in 1708, and contributed to several papers of the day, and then settled down to active practice in Rhinebeck. There he was elected to the legislature. He was the author of school laws upon which the present New York laws are based, and was a promoter of river and canal navigation. He served as judge of the supreme court of New York from 1822 to 1829. In 1829 he was elected president of Columbia College, a position he retained until 1842. He was an active worker in the literary and historical societies of the city. He published Life of William Alexander, Earl of Stirling (1847), and numerous articles descriptive of early United States history, which are highly valued to-day.

DUEZ, ERNEST ANGE, a French painter; born in Paris, March 8, 1843; studied in the atelier of Pills, and made his appearance in the Salon of 1868. He was a figure-painter of unusual talent. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1889. Among his paintings are Combat Between Roland and Oliver (1869); The End of October (1877); Saint Cuthbert (1879), and a number of scenes from Parisian life. He died in Paris, April 5, 1896.

DUFF, ALEXANDER, a Scottish Presbyterian missionary; born in Moulin, April 25, 1806. He went to India in 1829, the first missionary sent out by the Church of Scotland to that country. He was the first missionary to combine educational with religious teaching. He founded a school at Calcutta which grew into large proportions. He joined the Free Church party of the Church of Scotland after the rupture of 1843. He continued in missionary work until 1863, when his health compelled him to remain in Scotland. He was a professor in New College, Edinburgh, at the time of his death. He was perhaps the most influential member of the Free Church. He died in Edinburgh, Feb. 12, 1878.

as member for the Elgin burghs, continuing to represent that constituency in the Liberal interest till 1881. He was appointed Under-Secretary of State for India in 1868, and held that office till 1874. On the formation of Mr. Gladstone's second administration in May, 1880, he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. This office he resigned in July, 1881, on being appointed governor of Madras. During his successful administration of this great province, he made several tours from end to end of the presidency, in order to see with his own eyes what was requisite to be done. In 1886 he resigned the governorship. He was lord rector of the University of Aberdeen from 1866 to 1872. He is the author of Studies in European Politics, and other works.

MARQUIS OF DUFFERIN.

DUFFERIN AND AVA, FREDERICK TEMPLE HAMILTON BLACKWOOD, MARQUIS OF (created 1888), a British diplomat and statesman, and lineal descendant of Sheridan, was born at Florence, Italy, June 24, 1826. He was the son of the Hon. Price Blackwood, fourth baron of Dufferin and Clandeboye, and Helen Selina Sheridan, Lady Dufferin, authoress of The Irish Emigrant's Lament, and of many familiar Irish ballads. The latter was a sister of the Duchess of Somerset, renowned, when Lady Seymour, as the queen of beauty at the famous Eglinton tournament, and of Lady Stirling-Maxwell, better known as the Hon. Mrs. Norton, poet and novelist-all three being the granddaughters of the wit, orator and dramatist, Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Lord Dufferin was educated at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford, and succeeded in 1841 to the title while still in his minority. In 1850 he was created an English baron, and for some years was one of the lords-in-waiting to her Majesty, Queen Victoria. In 1846-47 he visited the south of Ireland during the famine, and wrote a work entitled Irish Emigration, and the Tenure of Land in Ireland. In 1855 he accompanied Lord John Russell to Vienna as an attaché of the British plenipotentiary, and in the following year made a yacht voyage to Iceland, an acconnt of which he published in his Letters from High Latitudes. In 1860 he was appointed, by Lord Palmerston, British commissioner to Syria, for the purpose of prosecuting inquiries into the massacre of the Christians in that country. On his return, he was created a K. C. B. On the death of the Prince Consort, Dec. 15, 1861, his was the duty of moving an address of condolence to her Majesty in the the House of Lords. In 1864-66 he served as Under-Secretary of State for India, and for a short time was Under-Secretary of War. From 1868 to 1872 he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, was sworn a privy councilor, and in 1871 was made an earl

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of the United Kingdom. From 1872 to 1878 he was Governor-General of Canada. In 1879 he was appointed British ambassador at St. Petersburg, and in 1881 was translated to the embassy at Constantinople, where he remained until he was appointed Viceroy of India, whither he went in 1884. The previous year he was created a G. C. B., and in 1888, on his appointment as British ambassador at Rome, he was created Marquis of Dufferin and Ava. His Indian viceroyship gained him the honors of a G.C.S.I. and G. C.I. E. In 1891 he became ambassador at Paris, a post from which he retired in 1896, at the same time, as understood, ending his career of diplomatic service. In 1878 he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Harvard University, and in 1879 was paid a like honor by Oxford University. A general collection of his Speeches and Addresses was published in London in 1882, and his Speeches in India appeared in 1890. In 1894 he edited an edition de luxe of his mother's Irish ballads and poems, and in 1896 contributed an instructive preface to the biography of his ancestor, Richard Brinsley Sheridan. In 1862 he married Harriet, eldest daughter of Captain Archibald Rowan Hamilton of Killyleagh Castle, County Down.

DUFFERIN, LADY HARRIET, an English authoress, and wife of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, was born in 1843 at Killyleagh Castle, County Down, Ireland, her father being Captain Archibald Rowan Hamilton. She married Lord Dufferin in 1862, and contributed largely to her husband's popularity while he filled the posts of Governor-General of Canada and India, and served the crown on his various embassies at St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Rome and | Paris. In Canada, during his administration, in the years 1872-78, Lady Dufferin took a hearty interest in woman's educational work, and by her social graces and inimitable tact she endeared herself to all. In India she devoted herself with rare enthusiasm to philanthropic work among the native women, an account of which she published in 1889 in A Record of Three Years' Work, and in Our Viceregal Life in India, which appeared in the following year. In 1891 she published My Canadian Journal, an interesting narrative of viceregal journeys through various portions of the Canadian Dominion, with some acute chapters on the social life as well as the physical beauties of the country.

DUFFIELD, GEORGE, an American clergyman; born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Oct. 7, 1732. He was ordained a minister of the Presbyterian Church in 1761; was pastor of several churches in different parts of Pennsylvania, and finally was placed in charge of the Third Church of Philadelphia, where he was a recognized leader in the "New Lights" faction. He was a chaplain during the Revolution, and was the first stated clerk of the American General Assembly. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Feb. 2, 1790.-His grandson, GEORGE DUFFIELD, also a Presbyterian clergyman, was born in