war.

the powder used by the Union army during the He died Aug. 8, 1889. DUPONT, SAMUEL FRANCIS, an American naval officer; born in Bergen Point, New Jersey, Sept. 27, 1803; died in Philadelphia, June 23, 1865. He was a brother of Henry Dupont. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1815, and retired in 1863, with the rank of rear-admiral. He served in the Mexican War, and took a prominent part in the first three years of the Civil War. He was in command of the South Atlantic squadron until the time of his retirement in 1863. He was the author of a treatise on the use of floating batteries for coast defenses, which is valued highly.

ADMIRAL DUPONT.

DUPORTAIL, LOUIS LEBEQUE, a French soldier; born in France in 1736. He came to America in 1777, joined the engineer corps, and became major-general. He acted as engineer-in-chief at the siege of Yorktown, and in 1790, having returned to France, became Minister of War. He was forced to resign in 1791, and in 1794 to flee to America, during the Reign of Terror. He died at sea, in 1802, while returning to France.

DUPRÉ, JULES, a French artist; born in Nantes, France, in 1812. Self-taught, he exhibited, at the Salon of 1831, five landscapes which at once called attention to his ability. He rarely afterward sent any of his paintings to the salons. He was classed by critics of his time as the grandest portrayer of field-life in France. He was even more popular at the time of his death than at any time previous. Among his valued works. are The Return of the Flock; The Sluice; and The Landscape. He died in Paris, Oct. 6, 1889.

DUPUY, CHARLES ALEXANDRE, a French statesman; was born at Le Puy, Nov. 5, 1851. He began his career, after his education was finished, by teaching philosophy in various colleges in the provinces, and finally his abilities raised him to the post of school inspector. In 1885, just after he had been appointed head master of the Corsica College, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, which he entered as an advanced Republican. In December, 1892, he took office for the first time in M. Ribot's Ministry, and on the fall of that statesman, in March, 1893, he succeeded him. On the murder of President Carnot in 1894, M. Dupuy was retained in office by President Casimir-Perier, as were all the chief Cabinet officers serving with him, and remained. in the Cabinet until 1895.

DUQUESNE, FORT. See PITTSBURGH, Vol. XIX, p. 150.

DUQUOIN, a city and railroad junction of Perry County, southern Illinois, 71 miles S. E. of St. Louis, on the Illinois Central and St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute railroads. Bituminous coal is mined here by four companies, in

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twelve mines. library, machine-shops and salt-works. Population 1890, 4,052.

The city has a park, a public

DURA DEN, a small glen between Cupar and St. Andrews, in Fife, eastern central Scotland, through which runs a tributary of the Eden. It has become famous on account of the numerous and beautifully preserved fossil fish entombed in its yellow sandstone.

DURA MATER.

864.

See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p.

DURAMEN OR HEART-WOOD. ANY, Vol. IV, p. 101.

See BOT

DURAN, CAROLUS AUGUSTE ÉMILE, a French painter; was born in Lille, July 4, 1837. In 1853 he began to study in Paris; in 1861 he went to Rome and afterward to Spain, where his style was influenced powerfully by Velasquez. For L' Assassiné (1866) he gained his first medal; and in 1878 he exhibited his design, Gloria Maria Medicis, for a ceiling in the Luxembourg. Duran, however, is most widely known by portraiture, which is distinguished by great vigor, force of coloring, and power of direct realism. Among his paintings are The Evening Prayer (1863), and a portrait of Émile Girardin, an equestrian portrait of Mlle. Croizette, and portraits of his own children.

DURANCE, an unnavigable river of southeast France. It rises in the department of the HautesAlps, and joins the Rhone, three miles below Avignon, after a course of 225 miles. An aqueduct from it, 51 miles long, supplies Marseilles with water, and irrigates 25,000 acres of land.

DURAND, a city and the capital of Peppin County, central western Wisconsin, on the Chippewa River, which is navigable at this point, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad, 20 miles W.S. W. of Eau Claire. It has a lumber-mill, six creameries, and manufactories of woodenware, and also a large trade in the products of the neighborhood, mainly wheat and pork. Population 1895, 1,372.

DURAND, ALICE MARY CELESTE (Henry Gréville "), a Frenchwoman of letters; born in Paris, Oct. 12, 1842. She received her education from her father, and went with him to St. Petersburg, Russia, where he was professor of modern languages in the university. She began to contribute to Russian journals under the pseudonym "Henry Gréville." In 1872 she married M. Durand, professor of French in the college at St. Petersburg. She returned to France and wrote a number of novels on Russian life, and also contributed to the French periodicals. Among her works published under the

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name

Henry Gréville," are Dosia (1876); Madame de Dreux (1881); Aurette (1891); and Péril (1891).

DURAND, ASHER BROWN, an American artist; born in Jefferson, New Jersey, Aug. 21, 1796. He was apprenticed to an engraver in 1812. He had attracted local attention by his engraving of Samuel Waldo's painting, A Beggar, but he became known throughout the United States by his reproduction of Trumbull's Declaration of

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Independence. He turned his attention to paint- | ing in 1835, and produced a number of figure and landscape studies that entitle him to a high place among American artists. Among his paintings are Harvey Birch and Washington; The Wrath of Peter Stuyvesant; The Capture of André; The Trysting-Tree; Close of Day; and Franconia Notch. He was one of the organizers of the National Academy of Design, and from 1845 to 1861 was its president. He died in South Orange, New Jersey, Sept. 17, 1887.

a

DURAND - CLAYE, ALFRED AUGUSTIN, French civil engineer; born in Paris, July 18, 1841. He was graduated from the Polytechnic School in 1862, and became connected with the École des Ponts et Chaussées, and at the time of his death was a professor in the latter institution. He made a special study of sewage and sewerage systems, and by his directions the large works for the purification of the Seine were built. died in Paris, April 28, 1888.

He

DURANGO, a town and the capital of La Plata County, southwestern Colorado, on the Rio de las Animas, and the Denver and Rio Grande railroad. It is in a region of extensive coal deposits, and of stock-raising and agricultural industries. It has abundant water-power, iron and steel works, and is a supply-point for miners. Population 1895, nearly 5,000.

DURANT, HENRI, a French physician; famous as the originator of the Red Cross Society. The horror and despair with which he contemplated the terrible scenes that attended or immediately succeeded the battle of Solferino, June 24, 1859, led him to write the book Un Souvenir de Solferino, published in 1862, in which was popularized the idea of such a society as now exists under the name of the Red Cross Society for the care of the wounded and sick in battle. He was long baffled in his endeavors in this direction, but he was at length rewarded by the conclusion, in August, 1863, of the Geneva convention, and the institution of the Red Cross Society. Delegates were present from Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Hanover, Hesse-Darmstadt, Italy, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Saxony, Sweden, Switzerland and Wurtemberg. The work of the society was first brought into operation during the Franco-Prussian war.

DURANT, HENRY TOWLE, an American philanthropist; born in Hanover, New Hampshire, Feb. 20, 1822. His name was originally Henry Welles Smith. He was graduated at Harvard in 1841,read law with General Benjamin F. Butler, and in 1846 was admitted to the bar in Boston, becoming prominent in his profession. He became interested in the New York Belting and Packing Company, and other profitable ventures, and in 1863, on the death of his son, retired from business. He determined to devote his life to the cause of the Christian religion, and, to that end, became a lay preacher in 1864. He became impressed with the necessity of a college for the higher education of women, and founded Wellesley College, at Wellesley, Massachusetts, at a cost of a million dollars

and an annual endowment of fifty thousand dollars. It was opened in September, 1875, and maintains a high educational standard. He died in Wellesley, Oct. 3, 1881.

DURAZZO, a maritime town of Albania, European Turkey, built on the rocky peninsula of Peli, in the Adriatic, lat. 41° 19' N., long. 19° 27' E. It is fortified, and is a place of considerable antiquity. Its situation in a fertile district gives it an export trade in grain, oil, etc. ; but in recent years, owing to partial failures in crops and disease in olives, the exports have been small. Population, 7,000.

DURBAN, the seaport of the colony of Natal, situated on a railroad, and on the northern shore of a nearly land-locked tidal bay. The 30th degree of south latitude passes about six miles to the south of the town, and the 31st degree of east longitude about two miles to the west. The population at the census taken in 1888 was 18,433, composed of 9,044 Europeans, 5,057 natives, and 4,332 Indians. The climate, though hot in one or two summer months, is healthy and suitable for Europeans, the death rate for 1887 being 17 per 1,000. The town was laid out by the Dutch, who formed a republic in Natal before the British, under Sir Benjamin D'Urban, took the colony in 1842.

DURBIN, JOHN PRICE, an American Methodist Episcopal minister; born in Kentucky in 1800. He became a traveling preacher in 1819; graduated from Cincinnati College in 1825; chaplain of the United States Senate in 1831; became editor of the Christian Advocate in 1833; for many years president of Dickinson College; and became secretary of the Missionary Society in 1850. He continued in this office until 1872. During his term, missions were established in India and Bulgaria. He published Observations in Europe (1844), and Observations in Egypt, Syria and Asia Minor (1845). He died in New York City, Oct. 17, 1876.

DURESS, personal restraint or force, or the fear of injury to the person, or of imprisonment. When any contract has been entered into, or any transaction made, or act done, under duress, the consequences thereof may be avoided by the party thus compelled, or unduly influenced, to act. The acts which will constitute duress, and give the injured party the right to redress, have been considerably extended in recent times, and it is now generally the law that the restraint of property, or a threat of destroying or carrying away property, when accompanied with apparent power to carry the threat into execution, will constitute such duress as to avoid a contract entered into for the purpose of protecting the property threatened. Duress of person or property is generally sufficient ground for the recov ery of a payment of money to avoid the threat, where the payment might otherwise be considered a voluntary payment. Thus the payment money levied as a license under a void city ordinance may be recovered from the city, if the payment was made under threat of arrest or impris onment. Excessive charges paid to a railroad company refusing to carry or deliver goods, under

of

such circumstances that the goods would otherwise perish or be greatly injured, have been recovered upon the ground of duress.

DURET, FRANCISQUE JOSEPH, a French sculptor; born in Paris, Oct. 19, 1804. He first attracted public attention by his statue of Mercury, finished in 1831. He afterward did a large amount of statue-work. Among his best executions are statues of Molière, Richelieu, and Chateaubriand the Fisher-Boy Dancing (1833); Neapolitan Dancer (1838); and Vintager (1839). He was awarded many prizes, and was made a member of the Institute. He died in Paris, May 25, 1865. DURFEE, JOв, an American jurist; born in Tiverton, Rhode Island, Sept. 20, 1790. He was He was a member of the Rhode Island legislature from 1814 to 1819 and from 1827 to 1839; a member of Congress from 1821 to 1825; and in 1835 became chief justice of the supreme court of Rhode Island, which office he held until his death, July 26, 1847. He published Roger Williams in Exile (1832), and several volumes of poetry.

DURHAM, a city and the capital of Durham County, 25 miles N. W. of Raleigh, on the Norfolk and Western, the Southern and the Seabord Air Line railroads. It contains a college for women and extensive manufactories of tobacco, including smoking-tobacco of several varieties, snuff and cigarettes. Bags and boxes are manufactured here specially for the great tobacco trade. Population 1890, 5,485.

DURHAM BREED OF CATTLE. See AGRICULTURE, Vol. I, p. 387.

DURIVAGE, FRANCIS ALEXANDER, an American author; born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1814. He was author of numerous popular tales, poems and plays. He wrote under the pseudonym "Old Un." In connection with W. S. Chase he translated Lamartine's History of the Revolution of 1848, and was for a time co-editor of Ballou's Pictorial. He also published A Cyclopædia of History (1836) and Life-Scenes from the World Around Us (1853). He died in 1881.

DURKEE, CHARLES, an American statesman; born in Royalton, Vermont, Dec. 5, 1807. He was educated in his native town, and in the Burlington Academy, subsequently emigrating to the territory of Wisconsin. Here he was elected a member of the first territorial legislature; was again a member of the legislature in 1847, and in 1848 was elected to the first state legislature. A member of Congress in 1849-53, he was, in 1855, chosen United States Senator from Wisconsin; was a member of the Peace Congress in 1861, and was appointed governor of Utah in 1865. He died in Omaha, Nebraska, Jan. 14, 1870.

DUROC, GÉRARD CHRISTOPHER MICHEL, Duke of Friuli, favorite officer and aide-de-camp of Napoleon; born in Pont-à-Mousson, France, Oct. 25, 1772. He began his military life as aid to General Lespinasse in 1792. In 1796 he became aid to Napoleon, and during the remainder of his life was the firm friend and faithful follower of the great general. He was intrusted by Napoleon with many important diplomatic missions, and

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was with Napoleon in the campaigns of 1805-06 and 1807. He was made marshal of the Tuileries and Duke of Friuli. He was killed in the battle of Wurschen, near Markersdorf, Saxony, May 23, 1813..

DÜRRENSTEIN, a village of Lower Austria, on the left bank of the Danube, 45 miles W. N. W. of Vienna, 31⁄2 miles above Krems. In a ruined castle which stands here, Richard Cœur de Lion was confined for three months by Leopold of Austria. Population, 650.

DURSLEY, a town of Gloucestershire, southwestern central England, near the Cotswold Hills, 15 miles S. W. of Gloucester by rail. Near it are quarries of Bath stone. Population of parish, 2,344.

In

DURUY, VICTOR, a French historian and educator; born in Paris, Sept. 11, 1811. Destined for a designer in the Gobelins tapestry-works, he showed singular aptitude for learned studies. 1833 he became professor of history in the Collége Henri IV, and in 1862 in the École Polytechnique. From 1863 to 1869 he was Minister of Public Instruction. He published numerous and important works, principally on Greek and Roman history. Among his publications are The History of the Romans (1844); History of France (1852); History of Ancient Greece (1862); and History of Greece (1889). In 1867 he became a grand officer of the Legion of Honor, and in 1884 a member of the Academy. He died Nov. 25, 1894.

DURYEA, JOSEPH TUTHILL, an American Congregational clergyman; born Dec. 9, 1832, in Jamaica, Long Island, New York. After graduating from Princeton College in 1856, he instructed there in Greek until 1859, at which time he finished the theological studies at Princeton Seminary. He entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church, and until 1862 was stationed at Troy, New York. He went over to the Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church in 1862, but returned to the Presbyterian in 1867. He joined the Congregational denomination in 1879, and after a term of service in Boston, Massachusetts, became pastor of the First Congregational Church of Omaha, Nebraska, in 1889.

DUSE, ELEONORA, an Italian actress; born about 1860, in Venice. The child of poor parents, she began to earn her living as a strolling player. Going on the stage in 1874, she achieved no great degree of success until 1893, when she scored a hit in New York and Boston. This recognition of her abilities at once assured her success, and her subsequent display of talent established her popularity and gave her place among the foremost of actresses. DUSSIEUX, LOUIS ÉTIENNE, a French historian and geographer; born in Lyons, April 5, 1815. In 1850 he became professor of history at the Saint

ELEONORA DUSE.

of Curaçao (see Vol. VI, p. 709). These colonies were founded through the agency of the Dutch West India Company, which was organized in 1621, and for over fifty years planted and maintained its colonies in North and South America and the West Indies. This company began to lose power about 1674, and ceased to exist in 1794. The area of Surinam is 46,060 square miles, and the population at the end of 1893 was 62,469, exclusive of the negroes living in the forest. The capital is Paramaribo, with a population of 29,276. There were, in 1893, 46 schools, with 6,612 pupils. The productions for 1893 were: sugar, about 12,413,000 pounds; cacao, about 6,397,000 pounds; bananas, 591,128 bundles; coffee, about 72,110 pounds; rice, about 51,712 pounds; rum, about 70,000 gallons; and molasses, about 400,000 gallons. Gold was discovered in 1876, and the value of the product to the end of 1893 was about $7,188,000. The imports in 1893 amounted to about $2,292,000, and the exports, about $2,187,000.

Dutch Curaçao consists of the islands of Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Martin (as far as it belongs to Holland), St. Eustache and Saba. It has an area of 403 square miles, and a population of 46,987 in 1893. At the end of 1893 there were 28 schools, with 5,081 pupils. The imports for 1893 were about $1,650,000, and the exports (excluding Curaçao island), about $123,600.

DUTIES, in the broadest sense of the term, means taxes, but in the limited sense in which it is generally used, the term refers to a tax levied upon imported or exported goods, and in this sense has much the same meaning as imports or customs. See CUSTOMS DUTIES, Vol. VI, p. 729.

DUTTON, CLARENCE EDWARD, an American soldier; born in Wallingford, Connecticut, May 15, 1841. After his graduation at Yale in 1860, and two years of post-graduate study, he entered the Union army and took part with the army of the Potomac as a captain. After the war he entered the ordnance department. He became in terested in the study of geology, and was detailed for work in connection with the geological survey of the Rocky Mountains in 1876-86. has published High Plateaus of Utah (1880); Physical Geology of the Grand Cañon (1882); and Hawaiian Volcanoes (1884).

He

DUUMVIR, in ancient Rome, one of two officers united in the performance of the duties of an office, and appointed usually for some special magistracy or command. The duumvir usually was chosen for ability, and was treated with great respect. Municipal towns had judges, who were their chief magistrates, and were known as duumviri. Superintendents of the erection of buildings and equipment of navies were duumviri.

DUVAL, CLAUDE, an English highwayman who lived from 1643 to 1670. He was born in Domfront, Normandy, and went to England at the Restoration. He soon engaged in highway robbery, and, after robbing and killing many persons, was captured and hanged at Tyburn.

DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, PROSPER, a

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French statesman and writer; born in Rouen, Aug. 3, 1798. He was, at the beginning of his career, a correspondent of the London Globe, in company with Guizot. He entered French politics and took part with Casimir-Perier, against Moléa, with Thiers, and against Guizot. He was banished in 1851 on account of his royalist tendencies, and upon his return within a few years, engaged in political writing. He was elected to the Senate in 1876, and was a member of the Academy. Among his writings are The Principles of Representative Government (1838) and History of Parliamentary Government in France (1873). He died in Paris, May 22, 1881.

to

DUVEYRIER, HENRI, a French explorer; born in Paris, Feb. 28, 1840. In 1860 he went Africa, visited Algiers, and thence south into the Soudan. He spent seven years in African exploration, and upon his return was rewarded with great honors. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor and was elected president of the Geographical Society of France. He made several trips of lesser import, and published a number of valuable treatises. Among his works are Exploration of the Sahara (1864); Livingstone and His Explorations in the Lake Regions of Africa (1873); and Tunis (1881). He killed himself near Sèvres, April 26, 1892.

DUYCKINCK, EVERT AUGUSTUS, an American author; born in New York City, Nov. 23, 1816. He graduated at Columbia in 1835, studied law and was admitted to the bar, but subsequently devoted himself to literature. In conjunction with Cornelius Mathews he edited the Arcturus in 1840-42, and in 1847 he became editor of the Literary World, which was carried on by himself and brother George to the close of 1853. In 1854 the brothers engaged in the preparation of The Cyclopedia of American Literature. Mr. Duyckinck published a History of the War for the Union (3 vols., 1861–65;) National Gallery of Eminent Americans (2 vols., 1866); History of the World (4 vols., 1870); and Biographies of Eminent Men and Women of Europe and America (1873-74). He died in New York, Aug. 13, 1878.-DUYCKINCK, GEORGE LONG, an American writer, brother of EVERT, as above; born in New York City, Oct. 17, 1823. He graduated from the University of New York in 1843, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was associated with his brother Evert in the editorship of the Literary World, and in the preparation of the Cyclopedia of American Literature, subsequently devoting himself to the biographical literature of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was author of Life of George Herbert (1858), followed by lives of Bishop Thomas Ken (1859); Jeremy Taylor (1860); and Hugh Latimer (1861). He died in New York, March 30, 1863.

DUYSE, PRUDENS VAN, a Belgian poet; born in Dendermonde, in Belgium, Sept. 28, 1804. After completing his academical career, he was appointed archivist of his native town, from which he was removed to the same office in Ghent. He soon afterward received the office of professor of national history in the Athenæum.