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collection of poems, Mon repos. In this she paid tribute to the home of her childhood and gave play to her love of wild woodland song. With a taste for missal-illustration, she adorned the service-books of the Roumanian Church, and rendered the wild and romantic folk-lore of her adopted home into English, exhibiting a dainty and felicitous touch as a translator. In 1874 the death of her only child moved her Muse to an exquisitely pathetic strain. A Life of Carmen Sylva has been written by Stackelberg, of which an English translation by the Baroness Deichmann appeared in 1890.

Among her works are Tales of the Carpathians; Thoughts; Meine Ruhe; and a novel of mediocre merit, Edlem Vaughan (1891). Judged by the standard of literary excellence, Carmen Sylva's work has met with but transitory favor, but her pre-eminence among crowned heads is uncontested, and has given a factitious interest to her work.

EL-KHARGEH OR EL-KHÁRIGEH, the ancient Hibe, capital of the Great Oasis, Upper Egypt, situated in lat. 25° 28' N., long. 30° 40' E. In the vicinity of the town are numerous ruins. ElKhargeh is also the name of the oasis, watered by warm and cold springs and a stream, and full of acacia and doum-palm trees, besides producing rice. Population of the town, 6,000. See EGYPT, Vol. VII, p. 784.

ELKHART, a city of central northern Indiana, situated at the confluence of the St. Joseph and Elkhart rivers, on the Elkhart and Western, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroads, in Elkhart County, 60 miles N.W. of Fort Wayne. The town was settled in 1832, and incorporated as a city in 1875. The streets are well paved, and lighted with gas and electricity. The principal manufactures are musical instruments, flour, starch, paper and carriages; it has iron foundries and planing-mills. The locomotive-shops of the Lake Shore railroad are located here. Population 1880, 6,953; 1890, 11,360. ELKHORN, a railroad junction and the capital of Walworth County, southeastern Wisconsin, on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad, 52 miles S.E. of Madison. It is situated in a rich farming district. It is also active in manufactures, producing butter, cheese, wagons, saws, brick and tile, treadpowers and wind-mills. Population 1890, 1,447.

ELKHORN RIVER rises in Rock County, in northeastern Nebraska, flows east-southeast past several towns of importance, through a fertile undulating plain, and enters the Platte River, 20 miles W. of Omaha. It is about 250 miles long.

ELKIN, WILLIAM LEWIS, an American astronomer; born in New Orleans, Louisiana, April 29, 1855. He was educated at the University of Strasburg, receiving his doctorate of philosophy in 1881. Shortly afterward he went to the Cape of Good Hope, where for some time he was the coadjutor of Dr. David Gill at the Royal Observatory. Returning to the United States, he became astronomer at Yale College Observatory, where his precise work with the heliometer obtained for him much praise. The satellites of Jupiter and Saturn and the Pleiades were objects of his especial study.

ELKINS, STEPHEN BENTON, an American statesman; born in Perry County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1841; educated in the public schools of Missouri and at the State University, in Columbia; admitted to the bar in 1863; removed to New Mexico and practiced law. He was a member of the territorial legislative assembly in 1864 and 1865, and was subsequently and successively territorial district attorney, attorneygeneral and United States district attorney. He was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1873, and re-elected in 1875; was a member of the Republican National Committee, and rendered efficient service during three Presidential campaigns. He removed to West Virginia, and for a time devoted himself to business affairs; was appointed Secretary of War, Dec. 17, 1891, and served until the close of President Harrison's administration. In February, 1894, he was elected a United States Senator to succeed Johnson N. Camden.

ELK, IRISH. See ARCHEOLOGY, Vol. II, p. 336.

ELK POINT, a township and the capital of Union County, southeastern South Dakota, on the Missouri River, 21 miles N.W. of Sioux City, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad. It is in a grain and stock raising district, and mills a great deal of flour. Population 1895, 2,212.

ELK RAPIDS, a town and the capital of Antrim County, in the northwestern part of the southern peninsula of Michigan. It is on a peninsula between Clam Lake and the east arm of Grand Traverse Bay, and on the Chicago and West Michigan railroad. It has a large saw-mill, chemical-works and a blast-furnace. Population 1894, 1,514.

ELK RIVER, a village and the capital of Sherburne County, Minnesota, situated 38 miles N.W. of St. Paul, on the Elk and Mississippi rivers, and on the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroads. It has several manufactories; its principal business is lumber, stock and grain. Population 1895, 795.

ELK RIVER rises in Rich Mountains, in Randolph County, eastern central West Virginia, flows westward for 150 miles and enters the Great Kanawha River at Charleston.

ELKTON, a town and the capital of Todd County, southwestern Kentucky, 50 miles N.N.W. of Nashville, Tennessee, on the Louisville and Nashville railroad. It is in an agricultural region, producing mainly tobacco. Population 1890, 1,158.

ELKTON, a town and the capital of Cecil County, northeastern Maryland, at the head of navigation on Elk River, 52 miles N.E. of Baltimore, on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore railroad. Flour, iron and papier-maché are manufactured. The town has abundant water-power and a large fertilizer factory. The place was settled by Swedes in 1694. Population 1890, 2,318.

ELLAGIC ACID. See GALLIC ACID, Vol. X, p. 41.

ELLAND, a town of northern England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, on the river Calder, three miles S. E. of Halifax by rail. It has cloth-mills, and there are valuable stone-quarries in the vicinity. Population, 8,278.

ELLENBOROUGH, JANE ELIZABETH, LADY, a

daughter of Admiral Sir John Digby and a noted heroine of the modern Chronique Scandaleuse, was born in 1807, and in 1824 married Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough. She was divorced for cause in 1830, and within two years married Baron Venningen. She afterward married a Greek general, who deserted her. In 1855 she left Athens for the East, and on the road to Palmyra met the Arab chief Midjouel and married him. This peculiar union seemed the most stable for this woman of many marriages. Midjouel spent half the year with his "Ianthe," as she styled herself, and the remainder with his harem in the desert, where she visited him once a month. She lived this curious desert life to the end of her checkered career, and died in September, 1881. Kinglake dealt with her curious life in his Eöthen, and thus preserved her memory from oblivion.

ELLENRIEDER, MARIE, a German painter of excellence; born at Constance, Germany, in 1791; studied in Munich, and in 1820 went to Rome to perfect her knowledge of art. On her return to Germany, she painted a Martyrdom of St. Stephen as an altarpiece for the Roman Catholic Church at Karlsruhe. She afterward was appointed court painter at Munich, but subsequently fixed her residence at Constance, and devoted herself exclusively to her profession. Among her principal pieces are the Transfiguration of St. Bartholemy; Christ Blessing Little Children; Mary and the Infant Jesus; Josesph and the Infant Jesus; St. Cecilia; Faith, Hope and Charity; and a Madonna. She died in June, 1863.

ELLET, CHARLES, an American civil engineer; born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Jan. 1, 1810. As a rodman in the survey of the Ohio and Chesapeake canal, he studied mathematics and mechanics, completing his technical education in Paris. On his return to America, he was connected for a time with various railroads, and became the chief engineer of the James River and Kanawha canal. His first original contribution of importance was the substitution of wire cables for chains in the construction of suspension bridges. In 1842 he built the first wire suspension bridge in America, placing it across the Schuylkill River at Philadelphia. Six years later he threw a span of 960 feet clear across the Ohio at Wheeling, and was the first to plan the suspension bridge across the gorge of the Niagara River. He afterward engaged in numerous important engineering works, and in 1861 was commissioned colonel of engineers in the army. In the Crimean War he had submitted proposals to the Russian government to raise the blockade of Sebastopol by means of a fleet of steam-rams; and when the Monitor-Merrimac combat in Hampton Roads had demonstrated the accuracy of his conclusions, he was sent to Cairo, to build a fleet of steam-rams to protect the Mississippi gunboat flotilla. He converted nine river steamers into rams in less than three months, and on the 6th of June was at Memphis in command of four of them. Here his vessels inflicted a crushing defeat on the Confederate flotilla, destroying all but one of their eight steamrams. Next day Memphis capitulated, but Colonel Ellet was wounded in the knee by a musket-ball.

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His health being impaired by his arduous labors, he was removed to Cairo, and died there, June 21, 1862. His professional writings were more valuable than numerous. Coast and Harbor Defenses (1855) was a prophetic forecast of a pressing need of recent years.

ELLICE ISLANDS. See POLYNESIA, Vol. XIX, pp. 420, 422, 427.

ELLENSBURG, a city and the capital of Kittitas County, central Washington, on the Yakima River, and on the Northern Pacific railroad. It has the state normal school, and is in a mining, stockraising and agricultural district. Population 1890, 2,768.

ELLENVILLE, a village of Ulster County, southeastern New York, 30 miles W. of the Hudson River, situated at the foot of Shawangunk Mountains, on the Delaware and Hudson canal and on the New York, Ontario and Western railroad. It has fine public and private buildings, is a favorite summer resort, and is the seat of Ulster Seminary. Glass, cutlery, leather, stoneware, pottery and boats are. manufactured. Near the village are valuable quarries of bluestone; it is also the center of the huckleberry region. Population 1890, 2,881.

ELLERY, WILLIAM, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Newport, Rhode Island, Dec. 22, 1727. He began the practice of law in 1770; became a member of the Continental Congress in 1776, continuing in office till 1786, with the exception of the years 1780 and 1782; was commissioner of the Continental Loan Office for Rhode Island in 1786; for a time was chief justice of the Rhode Island superior court, and collector of Newport from 1790 till his death, which occurred Feb. 15, 1820.-FRANK ELLERY, his son (17941871), entered the navy and rose to the rank of commodore.

ELLICOTT, ANDREW, an American civil engineer; born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Jan. 24, 1754. He early exhibited remarkable mathematical proficiency, secured scientific notice, and was employed in the demarcation of state boundary lines. He mapped the topographical features of the Niagara River, took part in the laying out of Washington City, fortified Presque Isle, and laid out the towns of Erie and Franklin, Pennsylvania. chief work was the running of the boundary line between Spanish Florida and the United States, a work of four years, the expenses of which he detailed in a quarto volume. In 1812 he became professor of mathematics at West Point Military Academy, where he died, Aug. 28, 1820.

His

ELLICOTT, CHARLES JOHN, an English divine, bishop of Gloucester and Bristol; born at Whitwell, near Stamford, April 25, 1819. He graduated from Cambridge University in 1841, and was elected fellow of St. John's College. In 1848 he became rector of Pilton, Rutlandshire, and professor of divinity at King's College, London, in 1858; Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge in 1859, and Hulsean professor of divinity the year after. He was nominated dean of Exeter in 1861, and raised to the episcopal bench in 1863. Dr. Ellicott was chairman for 11 years of the New Testament Revision Committee, and well

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known as a commentator on the epistles of the New Testament.

ELLICOTT CITY, the county seat of Howard County, central Maryland, on the Patapsco River, 10 miles S. W. of Baltimore, deriving its name from its founders, the Quaker father and uncle of Andrew Ellicott (q.v., in these Supplements). It has two cotton factories, a large flouring-mill, a barrel factory, machine-shop, a foundry and valuable granitequarries. It is the seat of Rock Hill and of St. Charles colleges. Population, 1,488.

ELLICOTTVILLE, a village of Cattaraugus County, western New York, on Great Valley Creek, 44 miles S.S. E. of Buffalo, on the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg railroad. It is in an agricultural region. Population, 852.

In 1865

ELLINWOOD, FRANK FIELDS, an American clergyman; born in Kirkland, Oneida County, New York, June 20, 1826; educated at Hamilton College, at Auburn, and at Princeton. He was pastor in Belvidere, New Jersey, from 1853 to 1854, and pastor in Rochester, New York, for 11 years. he was chosen secretary of the Church Erection Committee of the Presbyterian Church, was secretary of the Memorial Committee for a year from 1870, and afterward elected secretary for foreign missions. His works include The Great Conquest (1876) and Oriental Religions and Christianity (1892). ELLIOT, JEAN (1727-1805). MRS. ALISON, Vol. VI, p. 98.

See COCKBURN,

ELLIOTT, CHARLES, an American Methodist Episcopal clergyman and author; born in Glenconway, County Donegal, Ireland, May 16, 1792. He entered the ministry, emigrated to the United States in 1814 and settled in Ohio in 1818. Here he edited the Western Christian Advocate and other publications. He was successively professor of languages at Madison College, Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and president of Iowa Wesleyan University. His many religious works include The Sinfulness of American Slavery (1851); A History of the Great Methodist Secession (1855); and several other works. He died in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, Jan. 3, 1869.

ELLIOTT, CHARLES LORING, an American portrait-painter; born in Scipio, New York, in December, 1812. He was a pupil of Trumbull, and painted | many portraits of American celebrities. He became an associate of the National Academy in 1845, and academician the following year. He was considered the best portrait-painter of his time, excelling in color. One of his principal works is a portrait of Matthew Vassar, now in Vassar College. He died in Albany, New York, Aug. 25, 1868.

ELLIOTT, ROBERT WOODWARD BARNWELL, an American Protestant Episcopal bishop; born in Beaufort, South Carolina, Aug. 16, 1840. He entered the Confederate army at the beginning of the Civil War, and attained the rank of major. In 1868 he took deacon's orders; was ordained priest in 1871, and the same year became pastor of St. Philip's Church, in Savannah, Georgia. In 1874 he was consecrated missionary bishop of western Texas. died Aug. 26, 1887.

He

ELLIOTT, STEPHEN, an American naturalist; born at Beaufort, South Carolina, Nov. 11, 1771;

educated at Yale; in 1793 he became a member of the legislature of South Carolina, and continued in office until 1812, when he became president of the bank of the state. He was one of the founders of the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina; in 1825 was instrumental in the establishment of the State Medical College, and was its professor of natural history and botany. He published a work on The Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. He died at Charleston, South Carolina, March 28, 1830.

ELLIOTT, STEPHEN, JR., an American Protestant Episcopal bishop, son of the naturalist; born at Beaufort, South Carolina, Aug. 31, 1806; graduated at Harvard College in 1824. He practiced law from 1827 to 1833; was ordained deacon in 1835; was professor of sacred literature in South Carolina College; took priest's orders in 1836; became first bishop of the diocese of Georgia in 1840; in 1841 was made rector of St. John's Church, Savannah, and in 1844 became provisional bishop of Florida. Subsequently he was rector of Christ's Church, Savannah, until his lamented death there, Dec. 21, 1866.

ELLIOTT, WILLIAM, an American lawyer; born in Beaufort, South Carolina, Sept. 3, 1838; educated at Beaufort College, Harvard University and the University of Virginia; entered the profession of law in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1861, and served as an officer in the Confederate army during the war of the Rebellion; elected a member of the state legislature and intendant of Beaufort in 1866; was a delegate to the Democratic national convention in 1876 and 1888, and a Democratic Presidential elector for the state at large in 1880. He was elected a Representative from the seventh Congressional district of South Carolina to the Fif tieth Congress; was declared elected to the Fiftyfirst Congress, but was unseated by the House of Representatives. He was elected from the same district to the Fifty-second Congress in 1890.

ELLIPSE. See CONIC SECTIONS, Vol. VI, p. 273. ELLIS, ALEXANDER JOHN (formerly Sharpe, the name having been changed by royal license in 1825), an English philologist; born at Hoxton, near London, June 14, 1814; studied at Shrewsbury and Eton; graduated with high honors at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1837; and studied law in the Middle Temple. He published The Alphabet of Nature (1845); Essentials of Phonetics (1848); Early English Pronunciation (1869); Speech in Song (1878), Basis of Music; and translated Ohm's Spirit of Mathematical Analysis and Helmholtz's Sensations of Tone. He died Oct. 28, 1890.

ELLIS, GEORGE EDWARD, an American Unitarian clergyman and author; born in Boston, Massachusetts, Aug. 8, 1814. He graduated at Harvard, and became, in 1840, pastor of the Harvard Unitarian Church, Charlestown, Massachusetts, remaining there until 1869; was professor of systematic theology in Harvard Divinity School in 1857-63; was at one time editor of the Christian Register, and later of the Christian Examiner. In 1887 he became president of the Massachusetts Historical Society. He was the author of many works, principally of a bio

ELLIS, ROBINSON, an English classical scholar; born at Barming, Kent, Sept. 5, 1834; educated at Walthamstow, at Rugby, and at Oxford. He was elected a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and there remained till 1870, when he became professor of Latin in University College, London. Six years later he returned to Oxford. He contributed philological articles to English and American periodicals, and published critical editions of the Ibis of Ovid and of the text of Catullus.

ELLSKWATAWA, an American Indian prophet; born near Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1775; the son of a Shawnee chief, and brother of Tecumseh. In 1809 the government purchased of the Indians a large tract of country on both sides of the Wabash River, which included the section then held by him and his followers. Two years after this transaction Ellskwatawa appeared at the battle of Tippecanoe, where he directed the Indian attack. After peace was declared between the United States and Great Britain, the prophet received an English pension, and dwelt in Canada until 1826. Later, with Tecumseh's surviving son he settled beyond the Mississippi. The date of his death is unknown.

ELLSWORTH, a town and the capital of Ellsworth County, central Kansas, on the Smoky Hill River, and on the Union Pacific railroad. It has good water-works, parks, schools, churches and mills. The immense bed of rock-salt of central Kansas was first discovered here at a depth of 730 feet. It is in the center of an extensive wheat section, and it has a large grain elevator. Valuable clays, gypsum and mineral paint are found in the vicinity. Population 1895, 1,415.

ELLSWORTH, a city of southeastern Maine, capital of Hancock County, on the Maine Central railroad. The Union River is spanned here by several bridges. Its important industries are lumber, shoemaking and ship-building. It has a public library. Population 1880, 5,052; 1890, 4,804. (See ELLSWORTH, Vol. VIII, p. 151.)

ELLSWORTH, a town and the capital of Pierce County, central western Wisconsin, 40 miles S. E. of St. Paul, Minnesota, on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha railroad. It has a stave-mill, steam saw-mill and a trade in farm produce. Population 1890, 670. ELLSWORTH, EPHRAIM ELMER, an American soldier; born in Mechanicsville, New York, April 23, 1837; studied law and became a solicitor of patents in Chicago. In 1860 he was colonel of a regiment of zouaves renowned for the perfection of its discipline. In 1861 he went to New York, where, in April, he organized a zouave regi

EPHRAIM E. ELLSWORTH.

Alexandria, Virginia. Here, in taking possession of the place, he tore down a Confederate flag floating above a hotel. On his way from the roof he was shot by the proprietor and instantly killed, May 24, 1861.

ELLSWORTH, OLIVER, an American jurist; was born in Windsor, Connecticut, April 29, 1745. Studied for years at Yale College, but graduated from Princeton College at the age of 21. Was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1771; settled in Hartford, and was sent to the state legislature in 1775. In 1778 he was a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he served on committees for the marine service, for appeals and for the amendment of the Articles of Confederation. From 1780 to 1784 he was a member of the state council, and then was appointed on the bench of the superior court of Connecticut. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention at Philadelphia which framed the Constitution of the United States, and took a leading part in its proceedings. Though a strong nationalist, he brought forward, with Roger Sherman, and succeeded in carrying, a compromise which gave the smaller states an equal representation in the Senate. When the new constitution was before the convention of his own state he resolutely urged its adoption, and in 1789 was sent to the United States Senate, where he became distinguished as a debater, as the chairman of the committee for organizing the judiciary of the United States, as a stanch supporter of Washington's administration and as the leader of the Federal party in the Senate. Through his efforts, John Jay was sent to England in 1794, and it was mainly through his support that the treaty thereupon negotiated was confirmed by the Senate. In 1796 the President appointed him chief justice of the supreme court, to succeed John Jay. His decisions were noted for their force and brevity, and long were regarded as precedents. In 1799 President Adams sent him, with William R. Davie and William V. Murray, as envoy extraordinary to Paris. to settle, with Napoleon's government, the French spoliation claims, which arose from the Jay treaty, and a consequent quasi-war with that country. The treaty of March 2, 1800, terminated the strained relations between France and the United States. Soon after reaching home in 1800, Judge Ellsworth resigned, on account of ill health. In 1802 he became a member of the governor's council, to which appellate judicial functions were attached. In 1807 he declined the office of chief justice of his state, and on the 26th of November in the same year, died in Windsor, his native town, respected for the strength of his religious convictions, his unimpeachable honesty and the vigor of his intellect. He received the degree of doctor of laws from Yale, Dartmouth and the College of New Jersey.

ELLWANGEN, a town of eastern Würtemberg, on the Jagst River, 55 miles N. of Ulm by rail. It has a cathedral, a hospital and a gymnasium; also a bleaching establishment and tanneries. The old castle of Hohen-Ellwangen has been used as an agricultural school since 1843. Population, 4,793. ELM, a village of Switzerland, at the head of a