1220

ally abound in an acrid and poisonous milky juice; although there are species whose juice is bland, or becomes so through the application of heat. Many of them are valued for their medicinal properties. "Cascarilla-bark" is obtained from Croton elateria; "croton-oil" from the seeds of C. tiglium; "castor-oil" from the seeds of Ricinus communis. Certain farinaceous roots yield "cassava-flour,' "tapioca" or "Brazilian arrowroot"; and "caoutchouc " is obtained from Siphonia elastica. Many species of Acalypha, Croton, etc., are used as ornamental plants; and the garden "Poinsettia" is a species of Euphorbia. EUPHRASY, the popular name of Euphrasia, a genus of plants of the family Scrophulariacea, or "figworts." The common species, E. officinalis, or "eyebright," is a low plant, with dense spikes of small flowers, and once was used in diseases of the eye.

EUPHROSYNE, a Greek goddess. See GRACES, Vol. XI, p. 26.

EURASIANS, a name applied to the offspring of European parents on the one side, and Asiatics on the other side, and chiefly used in India of the children whose fathers are Europeans and whose mothers are Hindus, and their descendants. The name is restricted properly to East India, where persons of this class are especially numerous. The girls are sometimes very beautiful, and often marry British officers, while the young men enter the government offices, or serve as clerks with merchants. They are not held in high esteem by the Europeans, who call them "Vepery Brahmins." The natives call them "Cheechee. The term Eurasian is also used, in geography, for facts true of Europe and Asia (Eurasia) taken as one continent.

EUREKA, a city and the capital of Humboldt County, northwestern California, on Humboldt Bay, two miles from the ocean, on the Eel River and Eureka railroad. It has a good harbor, and is a shipping-point for redwood lumber. It has 26 lumber-mills. Population in 1896, 10,000.

EUREKA, a village in Olio township, Woodford County, north-central Illinois, 19 miles E. of Peoria, on the Chicago, Peoria, and St. Louis railroad. It contains Eureka College, with which are connected a normal school and a Biblical school under the direction of the Disciples of Christ. The place has good schools, and manufactures pressed brick and tiles. Population, 1890, 1,481.

EUREKA, a city and the capital of Greenwood County, southeastern Kansas, on the Fall River, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and Missouri Pacific railroads. Grain, live-stock and general produce are shipped from here. Population 1895, 2,138.

EUREKA, a town and the capital of Eureka County, central Nevada, midway between Salt Lake City and San Francisco; a terminus of the Eureka and Palisade railroad. Mining is the chief bu iness, and large quantities of lead and silver or are produced. This place is third in importance in the state. Population, 1,609.

EUREKA, a mining town of Juab County, central Utah, in the East Tintic valley, on the Union Pacific railroad. It is situated in a cañon of Oquirrh Mountains, among a group of valuable silver-mines. Population 1894, 1,908.

EUREKA SPRINGS, a city and the capital of Carroll County, northwestern Arkansas, situated in the White River Mountains, on the White River, and a terminus of Eureka Springs railroad. Its medicinal springs attract thousands of healthseekers. Population, 3,706.

EURHIPIDURA, a group of birds, including those having a small number of tail vertebræ, a number of the last vertebræ fused to form the pygostyle, and the tail feathers arranged in a fanfashion. All existing birds are included. The group is opposed to the fossil birds (Saurura). These possessed a long vertebrated tail, with a pair of feathers attached to each vertebra.

EURIC, a Visigothic king, born about 420. He is said to have gained the throne by assassinating his brother Theodoric. He consolidated the West Gothic empire in Gaul, and continued the work of conquest which his brother had begun in Spain, by defeating the Suevi and bidding defiance to the waning Roman power. He aspired to be a legislator as well as successful warrior, and was the first king to give the West Goths written laws. He died at Arles about 485. EURIPTERIDA. See CRUSTACEA, Vol. VI, pp. 662, 663.

EUROCLYDON, a tempestuous wind which is encountered upon the Mediterranean. The name is thought to be a corruption from Eupaxúkov, the term given in the best Sinaitic, Vatican and Alexandrian manuscripts. In the Revised Version, in the account of the Apostle Paul's shipwreck (Acts xxvii, 14), the more commonly accepted reading, Eurokylon (Lat., Euraquila), is adopted. The storm probably corresponded to the modern "Levanter.'

EURYDICE, in Grecian mythology, the wife of ORPHEUS; q. v., Vol. XVIII, p. 51. EUSTACHIAN TUBE. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 892.

EUSTIS, JAMES BIDDLE, an American soldier and statesman, was born in New Orleans, Aug. 27, 1834. He was given a classical education, and graduated at Harvard Law School in 1854. He practiced law in New Orleans, and at the outbreak of the war he served on the staff of the Confederate general, Magruder, being transferred subsequently to the staff of General Joseph E. Johnston, with whom he served till the close of the

war.

JAMES B. EUSTIS.

He was elected a member of the state legislature before the Reconstruction acts, and was one of the committee sent to confer with President Johnson upon Louisiana

affairs. In 1872 he was elected a member of the state assembly, and in 1874 was put into the state senate for a term of four years, but was called to serve in the United States Senate from 1877 to 1879. After that he became professor of civil law in the University of Louisiana, and held that position when he was again elected Senator by the Democrats in 1884. His term expired in March, 1891. In March, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland as minister to France, and a few weeks later was made ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the same country, thus being the first American sent to France with that rank.

EUTAW, a town and the capital of Greene County, central western Alabama, 32 miles S. W. of Birmingham, on the Alabama Great Southern railroad. It has a women's college, and products of lumber, gin and flour. Population 1890, 1, 115. EUTAW SPRINGS, a small stream in the northwestern corner of Berkeley County, South Carolina, 60 miles from Charleston; the scene of a hotly contested battle, the last Revolutionary engagement in the Carolinas. The British retreated by night to Charleston, having lost 1,000 men; American loss, 554. See UNITED STATES, Vol. XXIII, p. 743. EUTERPE, a genus of American palms, having staminate and pistillate flowers intermingled on the same spadix, the spadices springing from beneath the leaves; the spathe entire, membranaceous and deciduous. They are very elegant, with lofty, slender, smooth, faintly fringed stems and pinnate leaves, forming a graceful feathery plume, the base of the leaf-stalk sheathing far down the stem, and so forming a thick column, several feet in length at its summit. The young buds are used as cabbage.

1221

age, dealers in liquor being excluded from all church fellowship. Annual conferences are held, and delegates from these meet every fourth year in general conference, which is the highest ecclesiastical court in the denomination. The presiding elders and bishops are elected for a term of four years, but may be re-elected, their authority ceasing unless so re-elected. In January, 1891, there were 26 conferences, 2,062 churches, 1,227 itinerant preachers, 619 local pastors and a total membership of 150,234. In 1890 a serious dispute arose, which resulted in a disruption of the body and the formation of a separate organization, under the name of United Evangelical Church. The cause of the trouble was an unfavorable report by Bishop Escher in regard to the superintendent of the mission in Japan. This resulted in a quarrel, during which formal charges were brought against Bishops Bowman and Escher, who secured trial by a court of three elders, and were by them exonerated. Their opponents, not satisfied, secured a second, fuller trial, and Bishop Bowman was declared suspended by a court sitting in Chicago, March 7, 1890, and Bishop Escher was similarly sentenced by a court at Reading, Pennsylvania, March 21st. The bishops, however, claiming that their case was closed at the first trial, refused to acknowledge the finding of the later courts, and continued to exercise episcopal authority. In this they were sustained by the majority and by the general conference which met at Indianapolis in 1891. The same general conference also declared Bishop Rudolph Dubs, who had opposed the other bishops in the Japan mission matter, deposed from his office and expelled from the church. The minority, which upheld Bishop Dubs, met in general conference in October at Philadel

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION, a body of Christians in the United States, commonly, though erroneously, known as German Methodists, and sometimes as Albrights. It was founded by Jacob Albright or Albrecht (1759-1808), a native of Pottstown, Pennsylvania, a tile-burner who, dissatisfied with the lax morality of the neighboring German churches, began to preach in 1790, and in 1800 established a church, and was elected pastor or bishop of the various stations where he had made converts. The name Evangelical was adopted, and in 1816 the first annual conference was held. They accept the Bible as their only rule of faith, interpret it according to the teachings of Arminius, but deny the doctrine of original sin. Their church polity is similar to that of the Methodists, including itinerant preachers. They were from the beginning unalterably opposed to slavery, and forbade the use of liquor as a bever

deposed and expelled. The general conference was split. Difficulties soon arose over the ownership of church property, which culminated in an appeal to the civil courts in the case of Immanuel Church at Reading, Pennsylvania, claimed by both factions. The supreme court of the state finally decided in favor of the majority, declaring the general conference at Indianapolis to be the only regular successor of former conferences, and the minority to be in rebellion. The minority met in general conference at Naperville, Illinois, in November, 1894, six conferences being represented, and completed their organization as the UNITED EVANGELICAL CHURCH.

The Evangelical Association publishes six periodicals, three in German and three in English, issued from the publishing house of the denomination at Cleveland, Ohio. The educational institutions include Union Seminary at New Berlin, Pennsylvania; a seminary at Blairstown, Iowa; and Northwestern College at Naperville, Illinois, which in 1895 had 15 instructors, 335 students and a library of 3, 200 volumes. The foreign missions supported by the denomination included, in 1895, 84 stations, 119 missionaries and 11,829 members. The home missions included 497 stations, with 39,609 members. In connection with

manufacturing establishments, employing, on an average, 7,435 hands, and producing annually nearly $13,000,000 worth of manufactured articles. The hardwood lumber trade is enormous, and is said to be the largest in the country, amounting annually to $1,600,000. The production of flour reaches 630,000 barrels annually, and 15,000,000 brick are yearly manufactured within the city limits. Evansville has grown rapidly during the last decade. Population 1880, 29, 280; 1890, 50,756. EVANSVILLE, a village of Rock County, southeastern Wisconsin, on the Chicago and North-Western railroad, 21 miles S. E. of Madison. It contains a seminary, a steam cabinet-factory and a machine-shop, an iron foundry, a wind-mill factory, and two large tobacco warehouses. Population 1895, 1,716.

EVART, a lumbering town of Osceola County, northwestern Michigan, on the Muskegon River, and on the Flint and Pere Marquette railroad, 64 miles N. N. E. of Grand Rapids. It has good water-power, saw and shingle mills, a machineshop and a foundry. Population 1895, 1,317.

EVARTS, JEREMIAH, an American philanthropist; born at Sunderland, Vermont, Feb. 3, 1781. He graduated at Yale, and, after teaching for a time, studied law and was admitted to the bar. From 1806 to 1810 he practiced law in New Haven, Connecticut; was editor of the Panoplist from 1810 to 1820, at the latter date becoming editor of the Missionary Herald; and in 1812 he became treasurer of the American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions. In 1821 he was chosen corresponding secretary of the board, and retained the position until his death. He published several essays, including many on the rights of the Indians, under the signature of "William Penn." While traveling for his health, he died at Charleston, South Carolina, May 10, 1831. EVARTS, WILLIAM, MAXWELL, an American lawyer and statesman; born at Boston, Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1818. He graduated at Yale, where he was one of the founders of the Yale Literary Magazine; studied in the Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1840; was chairman of the New York delegation in the national Republican convention of 1860; was Attorney-General of the United States from July 15, 1868, to March 3, 1869; received the degree of LL.D. from Union College in 1857; from Yale in 1865, and from Harvard in 1870, was counsel for President Johnson on his trial upon his impeachment in 1868; was counsel for the United States before the tribunal of arbitration on the Alabama claims, at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1872; was counsel for Rev. Henry Ward Beecher in the famous trial which took place in 1874; was counsel for President Hayes, in behalf of the Republican party,

WILLIAM M. EVARTS.

1223

before the Electoral Commission; was Secretary of State of the United States from 1877 to 1881; was elected to the United States Senate from New York, and took his seat March 4, 1885. His term of service expired March 3, 1891, when he was succeeded by David B. Hill. Although an accomplished and able speaker, Mr. Evarts has published only a few occasional discourses and addresses, among them a eulogy on Chief Justice Chase, centennial oration at Philadelphia, and addresses at the unveiling of the statues of Webster and Seward, and the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty.

He

ÉVE, PAUL FITZSIMONS, an American physician; born near Augusta, Georgia, June 27, 1806. graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1828; studied in London and Paris; served as an ambulance surgeon during the revolution of 1830, and as a regimental surgeon in the Polish War. In 1831 he returned to the United States, and in 1832 became professor of surgery in the Medical College of Georgia. In 1849 he was elected surgical professor in the University of Louisville; in 1850 in the University of Nashville; in 1868 in the University of Missouri, and later returned to Nashville as professor of operative and clinical surgery. In 1870 he became professor of the principles of surgery in the medical college at Nashville, and in 1876 took a prominent part in the International Medical Congress at Philadelphia. During the Civil War he served with the Confederate army in Mississippi and Georgia. He published several works on surgery, besides contributing extensively to various medical journals. He died at Nashville, Tennessee, Nov. 3, 1877.

EVECTION LUNAR. See ASTRONOMY, Vol. II, pp. 750, 799.

EVELYN COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for young women, established at Princeton, New Jersey, in 1887, and authorized to confer degrees in 1889. The board of trustees consists principally of professors and trustees of Princeton College and Theological Seminary. The classes are mainly in charge of the professors in Princeton, and any course given in Princeton is available for the students in Evelyn, who also have all necessary use of the Princeton libraries and museums.

EVENER SYSTEM. See RAILROADS, in these Supplements.

EVEREST, HARVEY W., an American preacher and educator; born at North Hudson, New York, May 10, 1831; educated at Geauga Seminary, Ohio, the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, Bethany College and Oberlin. After successively filling the positions of president of Eureka College, professor in Kentucky University, president of Butler University, and chancellor of Garfield University at Wichita, Kansas, he became pastor of the Christian Church at Hutchinson, Kansas. He wrote The Divine Demonstration: A Text-Book of Christian Evidence.

EVEREST, MOUNT. See HIMALAYA, Vol. XI, p. 825.

1224

Popu

EVERETT, CHARLES CARROLL, an American philosopher; born at Brunswick, Maine, June 19, 1829. He was educated at Bowdoin College, Harvard Divinity School and the University of Berlin. After holding the position of librarian, tutor, and professor of modern languages at Bowdoin, he took charge of a Unitarian church in Bangor, Maine, and in 1869 became professor of theology at Harvard; in 1878 he was chosen dean of the Divinity School. His philosophy is deeply tinged with that of Hegel. He published The Science of Thought (1869); Ethics for Young People (1891); The Gospel of St. Paul (1892).

EVERETT, JOSEPH DAVID, a British physicist; born at Rushmere, near Ipswich, Sept. 11, 1831. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, and in 1867 became professor of natural philosophy in Queen's College, Belfast. As secretary to various scientific associations, he contributed papers on Underground Temperature and on Atmospheric Electricity. He was the author of an Elementary Text-Book of Physics (1877), and the inventor of a system of short-hand which has attracted wide attention.

EVERETT, ROBERT W., an American public man and Confederate soldier, born near Hayneville, Georgia, March 3, 1839. He was educated at Mercer University, Georgia, graduating in 1859, and became a teacher. He entered the confederate army as a sergeant under Gen. N. B. Forrest, and was in service till the close of the war. He served two years as a commissioner of revenues and twelve years as a member of the board of education, being its chairman four years. He was elected a member of the state house of representatives in 1882, and served four years, being chairman of the committee on agriculture in 1884 and 1885. In 1890 he was elected a Representative from the seventh Congressional district of Georgia to the Fifty-second Congress. EVERETT, WILLIAM, an American author and teacher, a son of Edward Everett, the orator; born at Watertown, Massachusetts, Oct. 10, 1839; educated at Harvard and at Trinity College, Cambridge, England. He was assistant professor of Latin at Harvard from 1873 to 1877, and in 1878 became master of Adams Academy, Quincy, Massachusetts. He took great interest in poli

|

EVERGLADES. See FLORIDA, Vol. IX, p. 338. EVERGREEN, a town and the capital of Conecuh County, central southern Alabama, on the Louisville and Nashville railroad, 80 miles S. W. of Montgomery. It is a well-watered region, and one where truck-farming is extensively carried on. It also has medicinal springs, and is visited by many tourists as a place of winter resort. Permanent population in 1896, 2,000. See ARBORICULTURE, Vol.

EVERGREENS. II, pp. 315, 319. EVERLASTING FLOWERS. See IMMORTELLE, Vol. XII, p. 716.

EVERSLEY, a village of northeast Hampshire, southern England, 13 miles N. E. of Basingstoke. Charles Kingsley was rector of the parish from 1842 until his death, in January, 1875, and is buried in the churchyard.

EVICTION, in the sense in which it is used generally, is the act of depriving a person of the posses sion of land. Technically, the term denotes only the act of dispossessing another under process of law, and an expulsion without legal process is an ouster. An eviction may be total or partial. Constructive eviction may arise from acts of a landlord tending to diminish the tenant's enjoy. ment of the premises, as by preventing an undertenant from paying rent, or in any other manner interfering with the tenant's quiet enjoyment of the premises. Constructive eviction will not excuse the tenant from paying rent while he continues in possession, but gives him the right to abandon the premises and treat his lease as at an end. See IRELAND, Vol. XIII, p. 228; also RENT, Vol. XX, p. 403, and HOME RULE in these Sup plements.

EVIDENCES OF CHRISTIANITY. In America it is usual to consider apologetics and the evidences of Christianity as two distinct but closely related subjects.

Apologetics is a discussion of the presupposi tions on which the evidences of Christianity must rest. Is there a God? If so, is he a person? Is it to be expected that a personal God will reveal himself to man in some special way? Does man need such a revelation? By what evidences could it be attested, if given? Are miracles possible? Can any evidence prove the miraculous? Such are some of the chief questions discussed by writers on apologetics.

The evidences of Christianity are, then, presented in the light of this discussion.

The field of apologetics and Christian evidences was cultivated but little for twelve hundred years after Constantine, who made Christianity the religion of the Roman Empire, defended it with the sword, and thus relieved its professors from the necessity of providing a literary defense for it. Not until the Protestant revolt from the papacy, and the general establishment of freedom of opinion, do we find the writ