FACTORY LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES board of factory inspectors or other officers appointed for that purpose, and establish more or less rigid rules under which such enterprises shall be conducted. The object of this class of legislation is to protect the health of the workmen, and also to prevent the extension, among the public, of infectious diseases and vermin, through the medium of the manufactured articles. Legislation has been attempted in most of the states, with somewhat varied success, to regulate the number of hours which shall constitute a day's labor in factories and workshops, and to make it unlawful to require employees to work for a great number of hours per day. This class of legislation has been enacted most frequently with respect to the labor of women and minors, and in some states minors are not permitted to receive employment except upon complying with certain educational requirements. The substance of the present condition of the statutory factory regulations in the various states is as follows: California. No male or female under the age of 18 years shall be employed in a factory or workshop for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week. Children under 10 shall not be so employed. Any violation is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine. Colorado. Statutes prohibit employment of children under 14 years of age in factories and workshops. Connecticut. Males under the age of 16, and all females, shall not be employed in factories more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week. No child under 14 years of age shall be so employed. Any violation is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine. Georgia. The statute prohibits the employment of any one under 21 years of age in a factory or workshop, or any one, without respect to age, in a cotton or woolen factory, for more than 11 hours per day, or 66 hours per week. Illinois. No minor under the age of 14 years shall be employed in a factory or workshop. The law restricting the right of employment of females in factories to 8 hours per day has recently been declared unconstitutional. Indiana. Minors between the ages of 14 and 18 years are restricted to 10 hours' employment per day in factories or workshops, and those under 14 years of age to 8 hours. A violation is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine. Louisiana. Males under 18 years of age, and all females, are prohibited from working in factories or workshops for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, out of which time they shall have 1 hour daily for dinner. Boys under 12 or girls under 14 years of age are excluded from such employment. It is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine, to violate this statute. Maine. Males under 16 years of age, and all feniales, are exempted from more than 10 hours' labor per day, or 60 hours per week, in factories or workshops, but females above the age of 18 years may contract to work a greater number of hours. This class of employment is prohibited to minors under 12 years of age. Violation amounts to a misdemeanor, punishable by fine. Maryland. The statute forbids the employment of any one under the age of 16 years in a factory or workshop for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, and makes any violation a misdemeanor, punishable by fine. Massachusetts. All males under 18 years of age, and all females, are prohibited from working in factories or workshops for more than 10 hours per day, or 58 hours per week, from which time they shall be allowed one halfhour for dinner, or one half-hour after any six hours' work. No one under 21 years of age may work between the hours of 10 o'clock p.m. and 6 o'clock a.m. No children under 13 years of age shall be employed at work of this class, nor under 14 years of age, unless they can read and write and have attended school for 30 weeks during the previous year. Violation of the law is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine. Michigan. 1235 Females under 21 and males under 18 years of age are prohibited from working in a factory or workshop for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, and shall have 1 hour daily of this time for dinner. The factory inspector may issue a permit to allow a shorter time for dinner. Those above those ages may contract to work a greater number of hours per day. No minor under the age of 14 years may be so employed. A violation is made a misdemeanor, and punishable by fine. Minnesota. The statute prohibits work in factories or workshops by males under 18 years of age, and all females, for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, and by females under the age of 18 years for more than 8 hours per day. But all persons above 14 years of age may contract to work a greater number of hours per day. Nebraska. Minors under 12 years of age shall not be employed in factories or workshops for more than 5 months in a year. New Hampshire. The statute provides that males under the age of 18 years, and all females, shall not work in factories or workshops for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, and that no minors under 10 years of age shall be so employed. A violation is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine. New Jersey. All under the age of 21 years are excluded from work in factories or workshops for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, and no boy under 12 or girl under 14 years of age may be so employed. Violations are misdemeanors, punishable by fine. New York. Males under 18 and females under 21 years of age are not permitted to work in factories or workshops for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, and shall have 1 hour of such time for dinner. Factory inspector may issue permit to allow shorter time for dinner. Minors under the age of 14 years shall not be so employed. No male under 18 years of age, and no woman, shall work between the hours of 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. Violations are punishable by fine. North Dakota. Males under 18, and women, are prohibited from working in factories or workshops for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, but any one above 14 years of age may contract to work a greater number of hours per day. Boys under 12 and girls under 14 years of age are prohibited from such employment by the state constitution. Violations are misdemeanors, and punishable by fine. Ohio. No person under 18 years of age may work in a workshop or factory for more than 10 hours per day, and no minor under 12 years of age shall be so employed. Oklahoma. Males under 18 years of age, and females, shall not work in a factory or workshop for more than 10 hours per day, but any one over 18 years of age may contract to work a greater number of hours per day. A violation is a misdemeanor, and punishable by fine. Pennsylvania. No one under 21 years of age may be employed in a factory or workshop for more than 12 hours per day, from which time I hour shall be allowed for dinThe factory inspector may issue a permit to allow a shorter time for dinner. No one under 13 years of age shall be so employed. A violation is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine. ner. Rhode Island. Males under 16 years of age, and females, are limited to 10 hours' employment per day in factories or workshops, and no minors under the age of 12 years shall be so employed. Violations are misdemeanors, punishable by fine. South Carolina. No one may work in a cotton or woolen factory for more than 11 hours per day. South Dakota. Ten hours per day, or 60 hours per week, is the limit of employment in factories or workshops permitted to males under 18 years of age, or women, but any one over 14 years of age may contract to work a greater number of hours. Tennessee. Minors under 12 years of age are not permitted to work in factories or workshops. Vermont. Children under 15 years old shall not work in factories or workshops for more than 10 hours per day. Those under 10 years of age shall not be so employed. Virginia. Males under 14 years of age, and women, are excluded from employment in factories or workshops 1236 FAED-FAIENCE, FAENZA for more than 10 hours per day, or 60 hours per week, and a violation is punishable by fine. in factories or workshops. West Virginia. No minors under 12 years old may work Wisconsin. Males under 18, and women, shall not be required to work in a factory or workshop for more than 8 hours per day, but any one over 18 may contract to work overtime. No minor under 14 years of age may be so employed. Violations are punishable by fine. The states of Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Washington and Wyoming, with Arizona and New Mexico, have no legislation of this character. In many states, children under certain specified ages, ranging from 13 to 16 years, are prohibited from working in factories unless they can read and write, and also, in many states, unless they have attended school for a certain period of the previous year. Frequently, also, children of tender years are not permitted to work in places which would tend to injure their morals, or where the work is dangerous. Legislation has been enacted in many states requiring that factory employees shall be paid weekly, and also that the payment shall be in money. These provisions have been declared unconstitutional in several states. The supreme courts of the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Missouri and Illinois have declared laws requiring payment in money to be unconstitutional and void. The supreme court of Indiana alone, thus far, has sustained a law of this character. It is likely that these laws, as well as many other laws designed to benefit factory employees, will yet be declared void in many other states, as being a limitation of the right of contract, and therefore contrary to the constitution of the state and of the United States. In Massachusetts similar laws have been held valid, on account of the peculiar provision of the constitution of that state; and in Rhode Island laws affecting corporations alone were declared valid It has thus far been difficult to devise laws that will stand all the tests to which they may be subjected, to regulate the mode of conducting factories so that full protection may be given to employees. As this class of laws is statutory and constantly being changed, it will be necessary to refer to the state statutes for detailed information concerning them, to insure accuracy. See FACTORY ACTS, Vol. VIII, pp. 844-846; and LABOR LAWS, in these Supplements. FAED, JOHN, a Scottish painter; born at Burley Mill, near Gatehouse-of-Fleet, Kirkcudbrightshire, in 1820. His love of art was early manifested, and when hardly in his teens he made tours through the villages of Galloway, painting miniatures. In 1841 he went to Edinburgh, and in 1851 became a member of the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1861 he went to London, where his talents won recognition. In 1880 he returned to Gatehouse-of-Fleet, and his later pictures were chiefly landscapes. Among his paintings are The Cottar's Saturday Night (1854); Job and His Friends (1858); Catherine Seyton (1864); John Anderson, My Jo (1870); and The Leisure Hour (1878). FAED, THOMAS, a Scottish painter, brother of John Faed, was born at Burley Mill, June 8, 1826, and in 1842 began his regular art studies in Edin | burgh. At the Trustees Academy he took several Royal Scottish Academy; in 1861, an A.R.A., in prizes. In 1849 he was made an associate of the 1864 an R.A., and was elected an honorary member of the Vienna Royal Academy in 1875. Some of his well-known works, most of which deal with domestic and pathetic subjects, are Highland Mary (1856); From Dawn to Sunset (1861); The Last of the Clan (1865); God's Acre (1872); Little Cold Tooties (1877). FAGGING, a usage in the great public schools. of England, in virtue of which the senior boys are authorized to exact a variety of services from the junior boys. A lower-form boy has certain duties to perform to all the upper-form boys, as in stopping the balls for them when practicing cricket, and others which he owes to a special master, such as stoking his fire, and carrying his messages of a more or less private kind. Thomas Hughes's wellknown Tom Brown's Schooldays presents a vivid, and at the same time accurate, account of this usage. FAGNANI, JOSEPH, an Italian artist; born in Naples, Italy, Dec. 24, 1819; studied art in Naples and Vienna. In 1851 he came to the United States and settled in New York City. He painted the Nine Muses for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and produced portraits of many celebrities, among them being Queen Christina of Spain, Victor Emmanuel, Eugénie, Duke of Aumale, Garibaldi, Peel, John Bright, Daniel Webster and General Sheridan. He died in New York City, May 22, 1873. FAGOTTO AND FAGOTTINO. See OBOE, Vol. XVII, p. 707. FAHLUN. See FALUN, Vol. IX, p. 17. FAIDHERBE, LOUIS LÉON CÉSAR, a French soldier, statesman and archæologist; born at Lille, June 3, 1818. He studied at the Ecole Polytechnique and at Metz, afterward serving as a military engineer in Algeria and the West Indies. Made governor of Senegal in 1854, he rendered the French dominion in Africa great service by his accurate knowledge of the country and its population. At the commencement of the war with Germany he had command of Bona, in Algeria, and when the armies were reorganized in 1870 he was appointed general of division and commander-in-chief of the North. He commanded in the battle of Pont-Noyelles, relieving Hallue from siege, and also in that of Bapaume. Although his little-practiced forces were afterward defeated by the Germans, he proved himself a very able commander. Joining the party of Gambetta, he was elected to the National Assembly in 1871. He retired from public life when the government of Thiers came into power. He was sent on a scientific expedition to Egypt, and subsequently published several works on archæological topics. He also published a book on the war, Campagne de l'Armée du Nord. He was grand chancellor of the Legion of Honor at the time of his death, which occurred Sept. 28, 1889. FAIENCE, FAENZA OR FAYENCE, a general term for all sorts of glazed earthenware and porce lain. The origin of the name is disputed. Some derive it from Fayence, a small town of Provence; others from Faenza, a city of Italy; while certain FAIENCE WARE-FAIRBANKS writers consider the isle of Majorca the place where it was originally manufactured, as the Italians still call faience majolica or mayolina. See POTTERY, Vol. XIX, pp. 626-628. FAIENCE WARE, AMERICAN. ART, in these Supplements. See CERAMIC FAILLON, MICHEL ETIENNE, a French priest and historian; born at Tarascon in 1799. He became a priest of the Sulpician order, and in 1854 was sent as a visitor to the Sulpician houses in Canada. He completed three volumes of an elaborate history of the French in Canada, besides writing a number of biographies. He died in Paris, Oct. 25, 1870. FAILLY, CHARLES ACHILLE DE, a French soldier; born at Rozoy-sur-Serre, Aisne, Jan. 21, 1810; saw early service in Algeria; was brigade commander in the Crimean War; commanded a division in the war with Austria in 1859, and on the day of the battle of Solferino received the grand cross of the Legion of Honor. He was at the head of the expedition sent, in 1867, to protect the pope against Garibaldi, at which time he introduced the chassepot-gun into the French army. At the opening of the FrancoPrussian war he was placed in command of the Fifth Army Corps, but was removed from this position for failing to support MacMahon at Wörth. taken prisoner at Sedan, and after his release retired to Brussels, where he published a work in his vindication, entitled Opérations et Marches du Cinquième Corps (1871). After the Franco-Prussian war he had no public employment. He died at Compiègne, Nov. 15, 1892. FAINEANTS ("do-naught "), kings of France, the last of the Merovingian dynasty. See FRANCE, Vol. IX, pp. 529, 530; and GERMANY, Vol. X, p. 408. FAINTING OR SYNCOPE. See HEART, Vol. XI, p. 554. FAIRBAIRN, ANDREW MARTIN, a Scottish theologian; born near Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 4, 1838; educated at the universities of that place, of Glasgow and of Berlin. His first pastorate (in 1861) His first pastorate (in 1861) was at Bathgate, Linlithgow, Scotland. In 1877 he was principal of Airedale (Congregational) College at Bradford, England, and from 1878 to 1883 Muir lecturer in the University of Edinburgh. In 1883 he was chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, and in 1886 became principal of Mansfield College, Oxford. He visited America in 1890, and in 1892 delivered the lectures on the Lyman Beecher foundation at the Yale Divinity School. He has published Studies in the Philosophy of Religion and of History (1876); Studies in the Life of Christ (1880); Religion in History and in Life of Today (1884); The Place of Christ in Theology (1893). He made important contributions to the Contemporary Review, and edited the Hibbert Lectures for 1888 by Dr. Hatch. FAIRBAIRN, PATRICK, a Scottish theologian; born at Greenlaw, Berwickshire, Jan. 28, 1805; graduated from the University of Edinburgh; from 1830 to 1840 had charge of various churches. In 1843 he joined the Free Church movement, and in 1853 became professor of theology at Free Church College, in Aberdeen, where he remained until 1856, when he was made principal and professor of systematic | 1237 theology and New Testament exegesis in Free Church Theological College at Glasgow. In 1871 he visited the United States. Among his writings, which are especially valued by Presbyterian scholars, are Typology of Scripture (1847); Commentary on Ezekiel (1851); Prophecy: Its Nature, Functions and Interpretation (1856); Revelation of Law in Scripture (1868); Pastoral Theology (posthumous, 1875). He died at Glasgow, Aug. 6, 1874. FAIRBAIRN, SIR ANDREW, a British railway. magnate; born March 7, 1828, in Glasgow, Scotland. He was the son of SIR PETER (1800-61), a large manufacturer of engineering-tools, whom the Queen knighted on the occasion of her visit to Leeds in 1858, during his mayoralty, and also nephew of Sir William, the famous engineer. The younger man was educated at Leeds, Glasgow, and Cambridge University, graduating at Peterhouse College in 1850. He was called to the bar, but in 1856 became a partner with his father; was twice mayor of Leeds (1866-68), when he was knighted; became director of the Great Northern Railway in 1878, and commissioner, the same year, to the Paris Exposition; sat in the House of Commons for a West Riding division for 12 years from 1880; vice-president of the Brussels Railway Congress in 1885, and president of first section of the International Railway Congress, in Paris, 1889, when he was made an officer of the Legion of Honor; knighted by the King of Belgium; high sheriff of Yorkshire, 1892-93 FAIRBAIRN, ROBERT BRINKERHOFF, an American Episcopal clergyman; born May 27, 1818, in New York City; educated at Trinity College, Hartford, and at the General Theological Seminary; held rectorships in Hudson River towns; professor in St. Stephen's College, Annandale, New York, in 1862; warden thereof in 1863; aided in securing a large endowment and new buildings for the college; published a treatise on the relation of morals to redemption. FAIRBANKS, ERASTUS, an American manufacturer; born at Brimfield, Massachusetts, Oct. 28, 1792. He was educated for the law, but gave it up on account of weak eyes. In 1824, with his brother Thaddeus, he began the manufacture of cast-iron plows and stove-castings, in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, and in 1831 they gave their entire attention to making platform-scales, invented by Thaddeus in 1830. From 1836 to 1838 Erastus was a member of the legislature, and in 1849 was president of the Passumpsic Railroad Company; in 1851 and again in 1860 he was elected governor of Vermont. religious and charitable enterprises he was a liberal giver. He died Nov. 24, 1864.-THADDEUS, brother of Erastus, was born Jan. 17, 1796. While a boy he aided his father in a saw and grist mill and in making carriages. He invented the platform-scale, THADDEUS FAIRBANKS. To 1238 FAIRBURY-FAIRFIELD in 1866. He traveled in Europe, Asia and Africa in 1870-71, and in the Hawaiian Islands in 1884. His works include Moral Philosophy (1869) and The Elements of Theology, Natural and Revealed (1892). He edited Finney's Systematic Theology (1878) and Memoirs of Charles Grandison Finney (1886). receiving a patent therefor in 1831; improvements, in 1858; and was elected president of that institution covered by over fifty patents, were afterward made, and these scales are now in use in all parts of the world. In 1873 he received from the emperor of Austria the cross of the Order of Francis Joseph. He died in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, April 12, 1886. FAIRBURY, a town of Livingston County, northeastern Illinois, on the Toledo, Peoria and Western and Wabash railroads, 10 miles S.E. of Pontiac. It is rich in natural resources, receiving from the neighborhood coal, limestone, sandstone, other building-stones, particularly a micaceous quartz, which affords a fine fire-proof building material, and various kinds of clay. The working of these materials, and agriculture, form the chief employment of Fairbury and its thickly settled neighborhood. Population 1890, 2,324. FAIRBURY, a city and the capital of Jefferson County, southwestern Nebraska, on the Little Blue River, and on the Burlington and Missouri River, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the St. Joseph and Grand Island railroads. It is 55 miles S.W. of Lincoln. It has good water-power, a flouringmill, a foundry and one of the largest nurseries in the United States; is supplied with electricity, has water-works and has a good telephone system. Population 1890, 2,630. FAIRCHILD, CASSIUS, an American soldier; born at Kent, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1828. His father removed to Wisconsin in 1846. He was elected to the state legislature in 1860, and next year was commissioned major of the Sixteenth Wisconsin Volunteers. He was disabled at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862; rejoined his regiment a year later, and was engaged at the battles of Big Shanty and Kenesaw Mountain; commanded a brigade of the Third Division. of the Seventeenth Army Corps during the first quarter of 1865; and was mustered out in July with the brevet rank of brigadier-general. From 1865 until his death, which occurred in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Oct. 26, 1868, he was United States marshal for Wisconsin. FAIRCHILD, CHARLES STEBBINS, an American lawyer and statesman; born in Cazenovia, New York, April 30, 1842; graduated at Harvard in 1863, and practiced law in New York City. In 1874 he was deputy attorney-general of New York, and from 1876 to 1878 was attorney-general. In 1885 he was appointed assistant secretary of the Treasury, and on April 1, 1887, on the resignation of Daniel Manning, became Secretary of the Treasury in Mr. Cleveland's Cabinet, which office CHARLES S. FAIRCHILD. he held until March 5, 1889. FAIRCHILD, JAMES HARRIS, an American theologian; born at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, Nov. 25, 1817; graduated (in 1838) at Oberlin College, where he became professor of languages in 1842; of mathematics in 1847; of moral philosophy and theology FAIRCHILD, LUCIUS, an American soldier and public man; born at Kent, Ohio, Dec. 27, 1831; removed to Wisconsin when a boy. He spent several years mining in California, and on his return to Wisconsin was admitted to the bar. At the beginning of the Civil War he raised a regiment and became its captain, refusing an offer of the colonelcy. He commanded the consolidated Second and Seventh Wisconsin regiments, which formed part of the "Iron Brigade" at the second battle of Bull Run. He fought at Antietam; lost an arm at Gettysburg; was commissioned brigadier-general, Oct. 19, 1863, and was soon afterward elected secretary of state of Wisconsin, serving two years. For the next six years he served as governor by successive elections. In 1872 he hecame United States consul at Liverpool, where he remained six years. He was consulgeneral at Paris in 1878-80; United States minister to Spain in 1880-82; and resigned to return home to Madison, Wisconsin. In 1886 he was elected commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic. He died in Madison, Wisconsin, May 23, 1896. FAIRFAX, a village of Franklin County, northwestern Vermont, on a branch of the Lamoille River. It has the New Hampton Theological and Literary Institution (Baptist), and manufactories of woolens, lumber and leather. Population 1890, 1,523. FAIRFAX, JOHN CONTEE, an American physician; born at Vaucluse, Virginia, Sept. 13, 1830. He received a medical education, and practiced at Woodburne and Northampton, in Maryland. He was entitled to the title of Baron Fairfax of Cameron, in the peerage of Scotland, and was the only American citizen who possessed a title of nobility. The heir to the peerage in 1896 was A. K. Fairfax, his son, born in Northampton, Maryland, in 1870. The Fairfax estates in Virginia were the scene of George Washington's first labors as a surveyor. FAIRFIELD, a town of Fairfield County, southwestern Connecticut, five miles S.W. of Bridgeport, on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad, and on Long Island Sound. It is a spot of some historic note. The last fight with the Pequot Indians took place here in 1637, and in 1779 the town was burned by the British troops under Tryon. It is now a beautiful town, a port of entry, and is a favorite summer resort. It has some manufactures and considerable trade in woolen goods, and is also a farming center. The population of the township in 1890 was 3,868. FAIRFIELD, a town and the capital of Wayne County, southeastern Illinois, 108 miles E. of St. Louis, on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern and Louisville, Evansville and St. Louis railroads. It is the seat of Hayward Collegiate Institute. It contains a woolen factory and flour and saw mills. Population 1890, 1,881. FAIRFIELD-FAIR OAKS FAIRFIELD, a city and the capital of Jefferson County, southeastern Iowa, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads, 48 miles W.N.W. of Burlington. It has canning factories, and wagons, furniture, tiles and farming tools are also manufactured. It is the seat of Parsons College, a seminary for women, a business college and a large library. Population 1895, 4,026. FAIRFIELD, a village of Somerset County, western central Maine, on the Kennebec River, 21 miles N. of Augusta, and on the Maine Central railroad. It has canning factories, furniture factories, a tannery, foundry and a framing-mill, where buildings are manufactured entire. Population 1890, 3,510. FAIRFIELD, a city of Clay County, southeastern Nebraska, 80 miles W.S. W. of Lincoln, on the St. Joseph and Grand Island railroad. Fairfield College is located here. It is in a farming and grazing district, and has a creamery, three grain-elevators and a syrup manufactory. Population 1890, 1,233. FAIRFIELD, a town and the capital of Freestone County, eastern central Texas. It has two colleges. Its industries are tanning and flour and cotton-making. Population 1890, 500. FAIRFORD, a village of Gloucestershire, southeastern central England, 9 miles E. of Cirencester, and 26 miles W.S.W. of Oxford. Its fine church, built in the fifteenth century, is famous for its 28 stained-glass windows. The village is famed as the birthplace of JOHN KEBLE; q.v., Vol. XIV, p. 24. Population, about 1,500. FAIRHAVEN, a village of Bristol County, southeastern Massachusetts, on the east side of New Bedford harbor, 60 miles S. of Boston; a terminus of the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad. It has good schools, and among its public buildings is a large library; it manufactures tacks, nails, castings and shoes. It is a favorite summer resort. Population 1890, 2,919; 1895, 3,338. FAIRHAVEN, a manufacturing town of Rutland County, western Vermont, about 9 miles N.E. of Whitehall, New York, on the Delaware and Hudson railroad and on the Castleton River. It contains extensive quarries and manufactories of marble and slate. Population 1890, 2,791. FAIRHAVEN, a city of Whatcom County, northwestern Washington, on Bellingham Bay, just south of New Whatcom and adjacent to it, on the Great Northern railroad. It is in a fertile agricultural district, and the coal and lumber produced constitute the principal industries of the city. Population 1890, 4,076. FAIR HEAD OR BENMORE HEAD, a precipitous promontory off the north coast of Antrim, northeastern Ireland, opposite Rathlin Isle, four miles to the northwest. It is formed of Carboniferous strata, overlaid by greenstone columns. See GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, Vol. X, p. 572. FAIR ISLE, a solitary island in the Atlantic, 25 miles S. of the Shetland Islands. (Sheep Craig) 480 feet above the sea. numbering a little over 200, are and making woolen articles. SHETLAND, Vol. XVII, p. 848. It rises in one part Its inhabitants, engaged in fishing See ORKNEY AND 1239 FAIRLIE, ROBERT F., an English engineer; born in 1831. He introduced into Britain the American system of bogie-trucks, known in the United States as the swiveling-truck, which was applied in America to locomotives in 1832. Fairlie contracted to double the traffic capacity of a narrow tramway leading from a neighboring quarry to Portmadoc, in the county of Carnarvon, Wales. He accomplished his purpose by building the Little Wonder locomotive, with double swiveling-trucks, which not only moved trains of two hundred cars, but made the curving road adaptable to passenger trains. His system was so successful that it was introduced into South America, Mexico, Canada and Russia. He received a gold medal from the czar in appreciation of the service of the new engines on the St. Petersburg and Moscow railway. He was also rewarded in Britain by being made a knight. In 1884 he went to Venezuela, where he died the following year from an attack of malarial fever. He was the author of Railways or No Railways? (1875). FAIRMONT, a village and the capital of Marion County, northeastern West Virginia, situated at the head of navigation, on the Monongahela River, 77 miles S.E. of Wheeling, on the Baltimore and Ohio and Monongahela River railroads. It contains a state normal school, has flour-mills, machine-shops, cigar and furniture factories, and there are coal mines in the vicinity. Population 1890, 1,023. FAIRMOUNT, a village and the capital of Martin County, central southern Minnesota, 111 miles S.W. of St. Paul, on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad. The vicinity is a farming and stock-raising district, abounding in small lakes. The principal industries of the village are cheese and butter making. Population 1895, 2,204. FAIR OAKS, a railroad station near Chickahominy, Virginia, on the Richmond and York River railroad, the scene of a battle fought May 31 and June 1, 1862. The engagement of Fair Oaks, or as it was termed by the Confederates, Seven Pines, was the first considerable encounter between the army of the Potomac under General George B. McClellan and the army of northern Virginia under General Joseph E. Johnston, who was succeeded by R. E. Lee during the progress of this battle. The first day's fighting was mainly at or near Seven Pines; the second day's, about Fair Oaks. Seven Pines is the junction of the Williamsburg and Ninemile roads, seven miles east of Richmond and one mile southeast of Fair Oaks. McClellan's main army lay north of the Chickahominy. On May 23d Keyes's and Heintzelman's corps (about two fifths of McClellan's army) had crossed the Chickahominy River, and by May 30th Keyes's corps was intrenched at Seven Pines, his outposts extending to within five miles of Richmond. Heintzelman lay a few miles It was then that Johnston decided to attempt to crush this part of the army of the Potomac before reinforcements could be sent across the swollen waters of the Chickahominy. The attack was made May 31st, by Gen. D. H. Hill upon the divisions of Casey and Couch at Seven Pines. The superior numbers of the Confederates forced the Union troops, after an obstinate defense, to abandon their east. |