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FISH FISHERIES QUESTION

Fish was lieutenant-governor, and from 1849 to 1851 governor, of the state of New York. In 1851 he was elected United States Senator. After 1857 he spent several years in Europe, and in 1869 was appointed United States minister to France. Under the administration of President Grant, Governor Fish was appointed Secretary of State, which office he filled for two terms with signal ability, settling several foreign disputes to this country's advantage, among them the famous Alabama claims. He died in New York City, Sept. 7, 1893.

FISH, NICHOLAS, an American soldier, father of the preceding; born in New York City, Aug. 28, 1758. In 1776 he became an aide-de-camp; the same year major of brigade, and then major of the Second New York Regiment. At the close of the Revolution he was a lieutenant-colonel, and in 1786 became adjutant-general of New York state, holding the office for many years. In 1794 he was supervisor of revenue under Washington, and in 1806-17 was a New York alderman. died in New York, June 20, 1833.

He

FISH-CULTURE. For a general historical discussion, see PISCICULTURE, Vol. XIX, pp. 126129. Fish-culture in the United States is under the jurisdiction of the United States Fish Commission. This commission is a bureau established by act of Congress of Feb. 9, 1871. The executive work of the bureau is in the hands of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. The object of the establishment was to investigate the condition of the food-fishes of the sea-coast and inland waters of the United States. The offices of the bureau have gradually been extended, until the commission now supervises the propagation and distribution of useful fishes, and promotes the fishing industries of the country. The bureau is now one of the most important of the government service. From a single commissioner it has grown into four divisions for carrying on the work the divisions of administration, of inquiry respecting food-fishes, of statistics and methods, and of fish-culture.

In the division of administration is included the department of publications, which, in 1893, distributed 2,700 bound volumes of reports and bulletins and about 11,000 copies of separate treatises. Every state in the Union is entitled to an allotment of fish and fish-eggs for culture. During 1893 19 states received such supplies, and in 1892-93 there were distributed of the various kinds of fish a total of about 180,000,000 eggs and fish, divided as follows: 12,000,000 eggs, 165,000,000 fry and 1,500,000 adult fish. Fish-hatcheries and stations are maintained as distributing-points in various sections of the country. Fish-culture is carried on by the authorities of almost every state. In a number of states a special officer, entitled the fish commissioner, is appointed by the executive and paid by the state for his services. The duties of this officer consist mainly in the enforcement of the laws enacted by the legislature for the protection of the fish. Fishing with seine is forbidden in most states, and in some

cases the time for the catching of certain fish is limited by law.

FISHER, FORT, a Confederate fortification for the protection of Wilmington, North Carolina, during the Civil War. It was situated on an embankment at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, and was, in the fall of 1864, the only fortification of importance remaining to the Confederacy. Early in December, 1864, the Union generals decided to assault it by a combined military and naval attack. Accordingly, December 15th, an attack was made by General Butler and Admiral Porter. They were repulsed on the land side, and the project abandoned for the time. Again, on January 13th, an attack was made, General Terry in command of the land forces. This was successful. The loss to the Union was 646 killed and wounded; to the Confederacy, 217 killed and wounded, and 2,083 made prisoners.

FISHER, GEORGE JACKSON, an American physician; born in Northcastle, New York, Nov. 27, 1825. He began practice in 1849, and in 1853-54 was physician and surgeon to the New York state prison at Sing Sing. For twenty years he was United States examining surgeon, and in 1874 was president of the State Medical Society. He wrote many works on anatomy, surgery and medicine, among the chief of which are Animal Substances Employed as Medicines by the Ancients (1862); Teratology (1875); and History of Surgery (1886). He died in Sing Sing, New York, Feb. 3, 1893.

FISHER, GEORGE PARK, an American theologian; born in Wrentham, Massachusetts, Aug. 10, 1827. 1827. After his graduation from Brown University in 1847, he studied theology at Yale Divinity School and at Andover, and in Germany; was called to the professorship of divinity in Yale; and from 1854 to 1861 was pastor of the college church. In the latter year he was chosen professor of ecclesiastical history in Yale Divinity School. In 1866 he became one of the editors of the New Englander. He was author of numerous works on ecclesiastical topics, those especially worthy of mention are The Beginnings of Christianity (1877); The Christian Religion (1882); History of the Christian Church (1888); and Colonial History of the United States (1892).

FISHERIES QUESTION, THE. For a summary of the fisheries dispute between Canada and the United States up to 1887, see FISHERIES, Vol. IX, pp. 268, 269. In 1887 a conference was arranged, to be held at Washington, at which all vexed questions should be discussed, and, if possible, some amicable and lasting conclusion arrived at with regard to outlines and boundaries, modes of preventing unjust seizure and detention of vessels, the question of obtaining bait and supplies, and also the question of payment of damages resulting from wrongful acts of officials. The members of this conference were Sir Charles Tupper, Canadian plenipotentiary; the Right Honorable Joseph Chamberlain, British commissioner, and Sir Lionel Sackville West, the British Minister at Washington, representing British

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most within the range of a cannon-shot, from the shore. These rights, however, are frequently regulated by treaty. Many controversies have

arisen between Great Britain and the United States relative to the fishery rights along the northern shores of the British possessions in America, but these rights have now become quite well defined by treaty.

and Canadian interests, while Secretary Bayard, such nation for a distance of three miles, or at William L. Putnam of Maine and President James B. Angell of Michigan University associated to guard American interests. The conference was opened in Washington in November, 1887, and on Feb. 15, 1888, a treaty was signed, subject to ratification or rejection by the United States Senate within two years. It was rejected by that body on Aug. 21, 1888. Under the modus vivendi clause of the treaty, however, the Canadian government continued to grant licenses to United States fishermen, which, in 1890, numbered 119, costing $14,461. In 1895 47 licenses were granted, costing $5,570. In November, 1895, the section (14) of the acts of 1888 under which the licenses were granted was declared, by the Canadian government, to be without force and no longer operative. Licenses for 1896 were granted under an old act of the Canadian Parliament. For an account of the Bering Sea fisheries question, see BERING SEA QUESTION, in these Supplements.

FISHERY LAWS. By the common law, the owner of the soil on streams or bodies of water is entitled to the exclusive right to fish in such waters. The owner, therefore, of the adjacent land on both sides of a stream enjoyed the sole right to fish in the stream within the limits of the boundary of his land, and the owner of the land on one side had the same right, but only to the exact center of the stream. This common-law right still prevails in the United States, except where restricted by statute or by well-defined local custom or usage. This right is so well established as to streams which are not navigable as to be the subject of separate transfer, but the right will pass with the land, unless specifically reserved. On navigable streams the owner's rights are subject to the right of navigation by the public, and no obstructions will be permitted which will prevent the free use of the stream as a highway for boats. The right of fishing in the sea, or in any bay or arm of the sea, or in tidewaters, belongs to the public in general.

Wherever the owner of adjacent land has the exclusive right to fish in contiguous waters, this right is always subject to the right of the state legislature to regulate the manner in which such right shall be exercised, and such owner has no right to obstruct the free passage of fish along such waters. The legislature may prohibit fishing, except at certain periods of the year, even in private bodies of water. By act of Congress the office of Fish Commissioner is created, and a similar office is provided for by statute in many of the states. The duties of such officer are to prosecute investigations to ascertain any diminution of food-fish in lakes and other coast waters, and report any failure of the supply thereof to the legis. lative body. Such officers in the various states are empowered to keep the stock of food-fish replenished in waters within the state.

It is gen

erally agreed, in international law, that the exclusive right to take fish in the sea over which a nation has jurisdiction belongs to the subjects of

FISH-HAWK. See OSPREY, Vol. XVIII, p. 56. FISHKILL-ON-THE-HUDSON OR FISHKILL LANDING, a village of Dutchess County, southern New York, on the New York Central and Hudson River railroad, 50 miles N. of New York City. It has good public schools, a hat factory, machine and boiler factory and an insecticide factory. Historically, Fishkill is full of interesting associations. The district was purchased from the Indians toward the end of the seventeenth century. By the time of the Revolution the whole district was well cultivated, populous and prosperous, with a community mainly Dutch and English. Fishkill village served as the meeting-place of the provincial convention, and held the patriots' treasury and state archives. It was one of the principal camps for the American army, and in the Verplanck House was framed the constitution of the Society of the Cincinnati. The Beacon Hills, northeastward of Fishkill, were used as alarm-posts in the struggle for freedom. Population 1890, 3,617.

FISH-LOUSE, a name applied to any of the copepod crustaceans which Occur as external parasites, both on fresh-water and marine fishes. FISHPLATES. See RAILWAY, Vol. XX, p.

242.

FISHWAY. An improved form of fishway, or fish-ladder, was exhibited at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago by the Pennsylvania State Fish Commission. It has been patented by William H. Rogers, and is in use in numerous rivers in Pennsylvania, New York, Canada and elsewhere. Its introduction has been very successful in causing shad to ascend dams that previously blocked the rivers above. Many rivers in Nova Scotia have been populated with gaspereaux and salmon through the medium of these fishways. Their construction is simple, consisting of a sluiceway five feet wide and three deep, running through the dam at a grade of one foot in ten, and provided with a series of fences or buckets, set alternately in either side, in such a manner that several inches of water are maintained throughout the whole of the sluiceway. Only a small quantity of water is let in from above, and its force is reduced to a minimum by the obstructions caused by the fences, which form a series of little pools. This sluiceway is made quite strong with timber cribwork, bolted to the bedrock and to the dam, and ballasted with stone. Provision is made for

the admission of light, so that the fish may be at-
tracted to the sluiceway. The head of the fish-
way is sloped so as to turn away floating ice, and
a breakwater is usually arranged to keep it free
from débris.
C. H. COCHRANE.

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FISK, CLINTON BOWEN, an American soldier | and educator; born in Greigsville, New York, Dec. 8, 1828. In 1830 he was taken to Michigan, where his father founded the town of Clinton. He was educated at Albion and Ann Arbor and afterward settled in business at Coldwater, Michigan, and St. Louis, Missouri. He entered the army in 1861, rose rapidly to the rank of brevet majorgeneral, and was commander of the Missouri district. After the war he was a commissioner of the Freedman's Bureau, and founder of Fisk University at Nashville, Tennessee, for colored men and women, with which he remained as president until his death. From 1874 until his death he was president of the Indian Commission. He was prominently connected with many educational and religious institutions. In 1888 he was the candidate of the Prohibition party for President of the United States. He died in New York July 9, 1890.

CLINTON B. FISK.

FISK, JAMES, an American jurist; born about 1762. He received no school education; but studied law and practiced in Vermont. In 1805 he was elected a member of Congress and served until 1809, and again from 1811 to 1815. He was chosen a judge of the Vermont supreme court, and in 1817 a United States Senator. In 1818 he resigned his Senatorship and received the appointment of collector of customs for the Vermont district, serving eight years. He died in Swanton, Vermont, Dec. 1, 1844.

FISK, WILBUR, an American clergyman and educator; born in Brattleboro, Vermont, Aug. 31, 1792. He graduated from Brown University in 1815, was licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1818, and from 1823 to 1827 was presiding elder of that part of Vermont east of the Green Mountains. In 1826 he was chaplain of the Vermont legislature, and from 1826 to 1831 was principal of the Wesleyan Academy in Wilbraham, Massachusetts. In 1830 he was elected the first president of Wesleyan University, Connecticut. He

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osophy, instructor in history and assistant librarian. As an author, he won his first audience as an expounder of the doctrine of evolution, which brought him the recognition of both Darwin and Herbert Spencer, while he enhanced his fame as an ardent student of American history. On these two notable topics he lectured generally and wrote industriously. In the winter of 1879-80 he delivered in London a series of lectures on American history, first at University College, and afterward at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Returning to this country, he again made Cambridge, Massachusetts, his home, although appointed professor of American history in Washington University, St. Louis, in 1884. His published works fall into the two classes toward which his acute mind early showed a bent-evolution, and its cognate study of religious philosophy, and American history. To both subjects he made many important contributions, the more valuable and imperishable of which relate to the national history, which are treated with masterly ability and with that interest which is the result of labo rious study and deep thought, and in this department of letters he established a reputation as being at once the first authority and the ablest exponent. The following are his chief published writings in the two classes referred to: (1) Myths and Mythmakers (1872); Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, Based on the Doctrine of Evolution (2 vols., 1874); The Unseen World, and Other Essays (1876); Darwinism and Other Essays (1879; enlarged ed. 1885); Excursions of an Evolutionist (1883); The Destiny of Man, Viewed in the Light of His Origin (1884); The Idea of God as Affected by Modern Knowledge (1885); Theodore Parker, a biography, in the American Religious Leaders Series (1893); (2) A History of the United States for Schools (1886); American Political Ideas, Viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History (1888); The Critical Period of American History (1888); The War of Independence, for young people (1889); Civil Government in the United States (1890); The American Revolution, Considered with Some Reference to its Origin (2 vols., 1891); The Discovery of America, with Some Account of American Antiquity and the Spanish Conquest (2 vols., 1892); and The Beginnings of New England; or, The Puritan Theocracy in its relation to Civil and Religious Liberty (1893).

FISKE, MINNIE MADDERN, an American ac tress; born in New Orleans in 1860, daughter of Thomas Davey, a Southern manager, and Lizzie Maddern, of an English family of stage people. At the age of three she appeared on the stage at Little Rock, Arkansas, as the Duke of York in Richard III. Her education was supervised carefully by her mother, who devoted her life to the purpose. Miss Maddern appeared with Laura Keene, in New York, in Hunted Down; as Prince Arthur in King John, at Booth's Theater; as François in Richelieu; as Louise in The Two Orphans. She was the original Ralph Rackstraw in Hooley's Juvenile Pinafore Company, and at the age of 16 appeared as Clip in A Messenger from Jarvis Section, and continued the success made

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the service until 1894, when he retired from public life. He was at various times special commissioner, and in 1888 visited America. He published Notes on American Schools and Colleges (1888) and a number of essays on teaching.

therein by appearing in Caprice. In 1890 she | government school inspector. He was active in married Harrison Grey Fiske, editor of the New York Dramatic Mirror, and retired from the stage 'to prepare for a career in more pretentious plays. She was recognized at once as a powerful actress on her reappearance, her later successes being in Marie Delroche; A Doll's House; A Light from St. Agnes; The White Pink; Cesarine; and Divorçons.

FISK UNIVERSITY, a co-educational institution for the higher education of colored persons, located at Nashville, Tennessee, organized in 1865 by Clinton Bowen Fisk, after whom it is named. The institution is nominally under the jurisdiction of the Congregational Church. According to the report for 1895, there were 30 instructors, 465 students and about 6,000 volumes in the library. Inclusive of 1895, 270 had been graduated. The institution has a small endowment, which is augmented by yearly contributions of various benevolent societies. majority of the students are supported by means of the manual-labor department. A complete industrial system is taught, and, in addition to the collegiate course, special instruction in medicine, theology and normal teaching is given.

The

FISSIROSTRES, an artificial group of birds, arranged by Cuvier. The name, signifying "cleft The name, signifying "cleft beak," refers to the great gape. The group in- | cluded swallows, swifts, goat-suckers, etc., but the members of the group are now distributed in various orders.

F.

FISTULINA, a genus of fungi, allied to Boletus, common on old oaks and various other trees. hepatica, the "beefsteak fungus," has a red, fleshy, edible body, with red juice, and is much esteemed in some parts of Europe and America as an esculent, being wholesome and nutritious.

FITCH, polecat fur. See FUR, Vol. IX, p. 838.

FITCH, ASA, an American entomologist; born at Fitch's Point, New York, Feb. 24, 1809. He studied medicine, and engaged in the practice of that profession until 1838, when his desire for scientific study led him to devote himself to research in natural history. He was appointed state entomologist of New York in 1854, and his reports on the economic side of his labors are of great value and much sought after. He died in Salem, New York, April 8, 1878.

FITCH, EBENEZER, an American educator, first president of Williams College; born in Norwich, Connecticut, Sept. 26, 1756. After his graduation from Yale in 1777, he was for a time tutor there, and became the principal of Williamstown Academy in 1791. In 1793, when this academy became Williams College, he continued as president. He remained in office 22 years, resigning to enter the ministry of the Presbyterian Church. He died at West Bloomfield, New York, March 21, 1833.

FITCH, JOSHUA GIRLING, a British inspector of schools; born in 1824. He graduated from the University of London, and entered immediately into educational work. From 1852 to 1856 he was vice-principal of the Normal College. He became principal, and in 1863 was appointed a

FITCH, JOHN LEE, an American artist; born in Hartford, Connecticut, June 25, 1836. He studied in Milan and Munich, under the three Zimmerman brothers, Albert, Max and Richard. He returned to his native city and remained there for a number of years, and then removed to New York. Among his paintings are A Mountain Brook (1870); In the Woods (1876); Waiting for a Bite (1874); and Twilight on John's Brook (1878). He died in Yonkers, New York, March 23, 1896.

FITCH, SIMON WALBROOKE, an American surgeon; born in Horton, Nova Scotia, Jan. 2, 1820. He studied in Acadia College, Nova Scotia, and in London and Paris, and graduated at Edinburgh University in 1841. He returned to America and practiced successively in New Brunswick, in Portland, Maine, in New York City, and in Halifax, Nova Scotia. During the Civil War he served with the Fifth Corps of the Union army as chief surgeon, and upon his removal to Halifax in 1871 became surgeon for the Provincial Hospital. He is best known on account of his inventions of surgical instruments, which include the dome trocar (1875), handy aspirator (1877), clamp forceps (1882) and the intra-uterine forceps in 1886. He published Excision of Uterine Tumors (1862); Paracentesis, Aspiration and Transfusion (1886); and other valuable works.

FITCHBURG, a city of north-central Massachusetts, in Worcester County, on the Nookagee River, and on the Fitchburg and New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads. The growth of the city during the last decade has been considerable. A well-equipped fire department has been established, with 60 telegraphic fire-alarm stations. There were, in 1890, 12 churches and 24 school buildings, the latter being valued at $275,000. A public library and art-gallery building costing $90,000 has been donated to the city by one of its public-spirited citizens, and another has given $450,000 for the establishment and endowment of a public hospital. The library contains 22,310 volumes. Manufacturing is carried on extensively, the principal establishments being paper-mills, machine-shops, iron foundries, saw factories, cotton, woolen and flour mills, shoe factories, woodturning establishments and shirt factories. It has street-railways, electric lights and other modern city conveniences. Population 1880, 12,429; 1890, 22,037; 1895, 26,394. See also FITCHBURG, Vol. IX, p. 270.

FITZGERALD, AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, Duke of Leinster, an Irish nobleman, the third of his title; born in London, Aug. 31, 1791. He succeeded to his title and estates when he was 13 years of age. He took part in British politics as a Liberal, but in Irish politics he was a Conservative. He received the appointment of lord-lieutenant of County Clare, Ireland, in 1831, and was a mem

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ber of the Queen's Privy Council. He died in London, Oct. 10, 1874.

FITZGERALD, EDWARD, chiefly known as the translator of the quatrains (Rubáiyát) of the Persian poet, Omar Khayyám, was born near Woodbridge, in Suffolk, England, March 31, 1809, and died at Mereton Rectory, Norfolk, June 14, 1883. His father, John Purcell, took his wife's family name of Fitzgerald on the death of her father, in 1818, and with the name he assumed the family arms. In 1816 the family, who were in good circumstances, went to France, where they resided for some years, partly at St. Germains and partly in Paris. In 1821 young Fitzgerald was sent to King Edward VI's School at Bury St. Edmunds, and from there he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his university degree in 1830. At both school and college he formed valued friendships, the more notable of which were with Thackeray, James Spedding (the editor of Lord Bacon's works) and the brothers Tennyson. Another fast friendship was that formed later in life with a grandson of the poet Crabbe, which had much to do in influencing his literary and social career.

After a period of travel abroad, Fitzgerald settled down in England to the life of a country gentleman, with ample leisure for reading and study, which began to bear fruit in the 50 s, when he published, anonymously, Euphranor, | a platonic dialogue on chivalry, and a collection of apothegms, entitled Polonius. His scholarly and dilettanti tastes at the same time attracted him to Spanish and Persian literature, the immediate fruit of which were his translations of Six Dramas of Calderon, and a translation from the Persian of Jámi's Sálámin and Absál. Meanwhile, he pursued his reading in Persian, and came across the writings of the astronomer-poet of the eleventh century, Omar Khayyám, whose work so fascinated him that he soon produced a matchless translation of his now famous quatrains. Rubaiyát first appeared in its English dress in 1859, but the work took nearly ten years to be at all widely known, and then their thoughtful philosophy, akin to that of Lucretius, and the wonderful felicity of the translation, attracted many admirers, whom later years have largely increased. A second edition appeared in 1868, a third in 1872, and a fourth in 1879-all published anonymously. American editions of the Rubaiyát were published in Boston in 1878 and 1888, and in 1884 appeared the sumptuous folio edition, with 56 full-page illustrations and ornamental title by Elihu Vedder. In 1889 Fitzgerald's Letters and Literary Remains, a collection of rare charm to men of letters, were edited, in three volumes, by Dr. W. Aldis Wright, and show the manifold gifts of their author as a scholar and poet. Readers of current literature need hardly be told that Fitzgerald was, throughout his life, the intimate friend, and, at times the severe but cultured critic, of the laureate Tennyson.

FITZGERALD, EDWARD, a Roman Catholic bishop; born in Limerick, Ireland, in 1833. He emigrated to the United States in 1849, and was

| educated at the Catholic schools-the College of the Barrens, Missouri, and Emmittsburg Mount St. Mary's College. Upon his ordination as a priest in 1857, he was stationed at Columbus, Ohio, where he made his influence so felt that in 1867 he was chosen bishop of Little Rock, Arkansas. There he was active in inducing immigration and establishing various church orders.

FITZGERALD, OSCAR PENN, a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South; born in Caswell County, North Carolina, Aug. 24, 1829. He went to California, in 1855-57, as a missionary to the miners, and became superintendent of public instruction there in 1867. In 1872 he was elected president of the Pacific College, Santa Rosa, California. He was chosen editor of the Nashville (Tennessee) Christian Advocate in 1878, and was elected a bishop of the Methodist Church South. He published California Sketches (1879); Centenary Cameos (1885); and Judge Longstreet: A Life Sketch (1891).

FITZGERALD, PERCY HETHERINGTON, an Irish novelist and lawyer; born in Fane Valley, County Louth, Ireland, in 1834. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and was called to the Irish bar, and received the appointment of crown prosecutor on the northeastern circuit. But it is upon his works of fiction that his reputation is based. The most of his writings have appeared in Once a Week and All the Year Round as serials. He wrote over sixty works; among them, The Life of Lawrence Sterne (1864); Bella Donna (1864); Second Mrs. Tillotson (1866); Never Forgotten (1865); 75 Brook Street (1867); The World Behind the Scenes (1881); Kings and Queens of an Hour (1883); and Henry Irving; or, Twenty Years at the Lyceum.

FITZPATRICK, WILLIAM JOHN, an Irish writer; born in Griffinrath, County Kildare, Ireland, Aug. 31, 1830. He received his education in Ireland, at both Protestant and Roman Catholic schools, and became a lawyer, and a magistrate for the counties of Longford and Dublin. His fame, however, rests upon his work as a biog rapher and miscellaneous writer. Two of his later historical works, Correspondence of Daniel O'Connell: His Life and Times (1888) and Secret Service under Pitt (1892), attracted widespread comment, and placed him among the best of British historians. Others of his works are Ireland

before the Union (1869); Irish Wits and Worthies (1873); and The Sham Squire and the Informers of | 1798 (1866).

FIVE FORKS, BATTLE OF, fought April 1, 1865, between the Confederates under Pickett and the Federals under Sheridan, at Five Forks, Dinwiddie County, Virginia. It was a decisive battle, being an immediate step toward the capture of Petersburg and the surrender at AppomatGrant had decided to move upon Lee's right and cut him off from Petersburg. To this end he sent Warren with the infantry and Sheridan with the cavalry around to the extreme left. Lee had concentrated a large force at Five Forks, determined to hold what he thought the key to

tox.

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